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{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Short description|Ship class}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:Sparviero DN-ST-84-03940.jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=Italian Sparviero class hydrofoil-missile NIBBIO P-421 underway
| Ship image = Sparviero DN-ST-84-03940.jpg
| Ship caption = Italian ''Sparviero''-class hydrofoil ''Nibbio'' underway
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Class Overview
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Builders=[[Fincantieri]], Sumitomo
| Builders = [[Fincantieri]], Sumitomo
|Operators={{navy|Italy}},{{navy|Japan}}
| Operators = *{{navy|Italy}}
*{{navy|Japan}}
|Class before=
| Class before =
|Class after=
| Class after =
|Subclasses=
| Subclasses =
|Built range=1973-83 (Italy) , 1991-1995 (Japan)
| Built range = *1973–1983 (Italy)
*1991–1995 (Japan)
|In commission range=1974-2002? (Italy), 1993-2010 (Japan)
| In commission range = 1974–2010 {{Citation Needed|date=March 2024}}
⚫
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=
| Total ships building =
|Total ships completed=
| Total ships planned =
|Total ships cancelled=
| Total ships completed =
|Total ships active=0
| Total ships cancelled =
|Total ships laid up=
| Total ships active =
|Total ships lost=
| Total ships laid up =
|Total ships retired=11
| Total ships lost =
|Total ships scrapped=
| Total ships retired = 11
|Total ships preserved=
| Total ships scrapped =
⚫
| Total ships preserved =
}}
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=Sparveiero Class<ref name="cf98 p381-2">Baker 1998, pp. 381–382.</ref>
| Hide header =
| Header caption = ''Sparveiero'' class<ref name="cf98 p381-2">Baker 1998, pp. 381–382.</ref>
⚫
| Ship type = [[Fast attack craft|Fast attack]] [[hydrofoil]]
|Header caption=
⚫
| Ship displacement = 60.6 tons full load
⚫
|Ship type=[[Fast attack craft|Fast attack]] [[hydrofoil]]
⚫
| Ship length = {{convert|22.95|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
⚫
|Ship displacement=60.6 tons full load
|Ship length={{convert|22.95|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
{{convert|24.56|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (hydrofoils retracted)
{{convert|24.56|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (hydrofoils retracted)
| Ship beam = {{convert|7.01|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|7.01|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| Ship draught = {{convert|1.87|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
⚫
|Ship draught={{convert|1.87|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
{{convert|1.45|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (on foils at speed)
{{convert|1.45|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (on foils at speed)
|Ship draft=
| Ship draft =
|Ship propulsion=[[CODAG]]
| Ship propulsion = [[CODAG]]
1 × [[Rolls-Royce Proteus]] 15 M560 gas turbine driving waterjet, {{convert|5044|shp|kW|disp=flip|abbr=on}}
1 × [[Rolls-Royce Proteus]] 15 M560 gas turbine driving waterjet, {{convert|5044|shp|kW|order=flip|abbr=on}}
1 × Isotta-Fraschini ID38N6V deisel, 1 propellor, {{convert|290|bhp|kW|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
1 × Isotta-Fraschini ID38N6V diesel, 1 propeller, {{convert|290|bhp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|Ship speed={{convert|50|kn|km/h|abbr=on|disp=flip}}
| Ship speed = {{convert|50|kn|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|Ship range={{convert|400|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=flip}} at {{convert|45|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
| Ship range = {{convert|400|nmi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} at {{convert|45|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
{{convert|1050|nmi|km|abbr=on|disp=flip}} at {{convert|8|kn|km/h}}
{{convert|1050|nmi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} at {{convert|8|kn|km/h}}
|Ship complement=10 (2 officers))
| Ship complement = 8 enlisted plus 2 officers
|Ship sensors=SMA SPQ 701 navigation radar
| Ship sensors = SMA SPQ 701 navigation radar
AESN SPG-70 fire control radar
AESN SPG-70 fire control radar
|Ship EW=
| Ship EW =
|Ship armament=1 × [[Otobreda 76 mm]] gun
| Ship armament = *1 × [[Otobreda 76 mm]] gun
2 × [[Otomat]] [[Anti-ship missile]]s
*2 × [[Otomat]] [[Anti-ship missile]]s
*'''Or'''
⚫
|Ship armour=
*1 × [[M61 Vulcan]]
⚫
|Ship armor=
*4 × [[Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missile]]s
⚫
|Ship aircraft=
*(MSDF loadout)
⚫
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
| Ship armour =
⚫
| Ship armor =
⚫
| Ship aircraft =
⚫
| Ship aircraft facilities =
⚫
| Ship notes =
}}
}}
|}
|}


The '''Sparviero class''' are small [[hydrofoil]] [[missile boat]]s capable of traveling at speeds of 46 knots. They were designed for and formerly used by the [[Italian Navy]]. The Japanese '''1-go class''' missile boat is an updated version formerly used by the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] (JMSDF).
The '''''Sparviero'' class''', also known as the '''''Nibbio'' class''', are small [[hydrofoil]] [[missile boat]]s capable of traveling at speeds of {{convert|46|kn|lk=in}}. They were designed for and formerly used by the [[Italian Navy]]. The Japanese '''1-go-class missile boat''' is an updated version formerly used by the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] (JMSDF).


== History ==
== History ==


===Italy===
The Sparviero class fast attack hydrofoil was designed in Italy by Fincantieri located in [[Muggiano]] and based on the US Navy's Tucumcari class hydrofoil. The first of class (Sparviero P 420) was laid down by Alinavi in [[La Spezia, Italy]] and commissioned on 15 July 1974. Ultimately 8 of the class were built (P 420-P 426) with the last ship (P 920) built as a private venture by Fincantieri and was not bought by the [[Italian Navy]]. All were constructed with aluminium hulls and superstructure. The ships were capable of day running only and contained no sleeping accommodations. Plans to upgrade the engines were postponed, and all of the Italian ships have now been decommissioned.
The ''Sparviero''-class fast attack [[hydrofoil]] was designed in Italy by the Alinavi society, a consortium of the American company [[Boeing]], the Italian government's naval research branch, and Carlo Rodriquez , a [[Messina]]-based builder of commercial hydrofoils, based on Boeing's {{USS|Tucumcari|PGH-2|2}} for the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="conways47 p217">Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 217.</ref><ref name="cf98 p382">Baker 1998, p. 382.</ref> A prototype, named ''Sparviero'' was ordered in 1970 for the [[Italian Navy]],<ref name="conways47 p196">Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 196.</ref> ''Sparviero'' was [[Keel laying|laid down]] by Alinavi in [[La Spezia, Italy|La Spezia]] in April 1971, was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 9 May 1973 and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into Italian service on 15 July 1974.<ref name="JFS85 p275">Moore 1985, p. 275.</ref><ref name="cf90 p280"/>


The design used the Boeing Jetfoil system, with one hydrofoil forward and two aft, which folded out of the water when cruising. The boat was propelled at high speeds by a [[Rolls-Royce Proteus]] [[gas turbine]] driving a [[Pump-jet|water jet]], while a diesel engine driving a retractable propeller powered the boat at low speeds. The hull and [[superstructure]] were constructed entirely of aluminium. As the design was intended for short-range, high speed operations, no sleeping accommodation was fitted. Armament consisted of two [[Otomat]] [[anti-ship missile]]s aft and a single [[Otobreda 76 mm|Oto Melara {{cvt|76|mm|in}}]] rapid-fire gun forward.<ref name="conways47 p217"/><ref name="cf98 p382"/>
Three additional Sparviero class were built by Sumitomo in [[Uraga]], Japan with assistance from Fincantieri. Initial plans were to construct up to 12 of the type for use by the JMSDF. The first two were approved in FY90 and both were laid down on 25 March 1991. One more was approved in FY92 and laid down on 8 March 1993. A fourth was asked for but not authorized. Production ended with three vessels produced. Considering the falling popularity of hydrofoil designs in military service (US, Israel, Italy and Russia), this was a surprising design choice for Japan.


It was planned in 1974–1975 to order four more ''Sparviero''-class hydrofoils, to be supplemented by at least two larger {{sclass|Pegasus|hydrofoil|1}}s, but plans for a [[NATO]]-wide standardisation on the ''Pegasus'' class were abandoned. When orders were finally placed in 1977, they were for six more ''Sparviero''s (giving seven in total) and no ''Pegasus''-class boats.<ref name="cf98 p382"/><ref name="conways47 p197">Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 197.</ref> The new boats, built by [[Fincantieri]] at [[Muggiano]], entered service from 1982 to 1984, and differed from the prototype in having a more advanced installation for the Otomat missiles (using the Teseo control system) and having water injection fitted to the gas turbines.<ref name="conways47 p217"/><ref name="JFS85 p275"/><ref name="cf90 p280"/>
⚫
==Military use==
Italian ships all decommissioned.
The Sparviero class is currently used by the Japanese coastal patrol forces as a fast attack interceptor, and pose a serious threat to any attacker with their high maneuvering speed and long range missile armament.


The class proved to be underpowered, and it was hoped to re-engine them with more powerful ({{convert|6394|bhp|kW|lk=on|abbr=on|order=flip|disp=semicolon}}) Alison gas turbines, but these plans were later abandoned.<ref name="cf98 p382"/><ref name="cf90 p280"/> All of the Italian boats have now been decommissioned.
==Operators==

*{{navy|Italy}}
*{{navy|Japan}}
===Japan===
The [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] (JMSDF) selected a modified version of the ''Sparviero'' class as a replacement for its {{sclass2|PT 11|torpedo boat|1}}s. A license agreement was signed in 1991 to build up to 12 ''Sparviero''s, with the first two approved in [[Fiscal year|FY90]] and both were laid down by [[Sumitomo]] in [[Uraga, Kanagawa|Uraga]] on 25 March 1991. An order for a third boat was delayed to help pay for Japan's contribution to the [[Gulf War]], with it not being laid down until 1993. A request for a fourth boat under the FY 95 budget was rejected, and plans for further hydrofoils abandoned.<ref name="cf98 p382"/><ref name="cf98 p427-8"/>

The Japanese chose different armament than used in the Italian boats, with up to four [[Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missile]]s replacing the Otomats and a non-stabilised {{cvt|20|mm}} [[M61 Vulcan]] [[rotary cannon]] replacing the larger Oto Melara gun. The main powerplant is a {{convert|5200|shp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[General Electric LM500]] gas turbine.<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/>

⚫
==Military use==
Italian boats have all been decommissioned. The ''Sparviero'' class was used by the Japanese coastal patrol forces as a fast attack interceptor.


==Ships in class==
==Ships in class==
;Italy
===Italy===
(All decommissioned)
(All decommissioned)
{|Class="wikitable"
{|Class="wikitable"
Line 78: Line 90:
|''Sparviero''|| P 420 || April 1971<ref name="cf90 p280">Prézelin and Baker 1990, p. 280.</ref>|| 9 May 1973<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 15 July 1974<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 30 September 1991<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>||
|''Sparviero''|| P 420 || April 1971<ref name="cf90 p280">Prézelin and Baker 1990, p. 280.</ref>|| 9 May 1973<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 15 July 1974<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 30 September 1991<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>||
|-
|-
|''Nibbio''|| P 421 || 1 August 1977<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 29 February 1980<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 7 March 1980<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 10 October 1991<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>||
|''Nibbio''|| P 421 || 1 August 1977<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 29 February 1980<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 7 March 1980<ref name="cf90 p280"/> || 10 October 1996<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>||
|-
|-
|''Falcone''|| P 422 || 1 October 1977<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/> || 27 October 1980<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/> || 7 March 1982 <ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>|| ||
|''Falcone''|| P 422 || 1 October 1977<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/> || 27 October 1980<ref name="cf98 p381-2"/> || 7 March 1982 <ref name="cf98 p381-2"/>|| ||
Line 91: Line 103:
|}
|}


;Japan
===Japan===
(All currently decommissioned, but some may have been reactivated in 2014{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}})
(All decommissioned)
{|Class="wikitable"
**PG 01 (No 821) (Launched 17 July 1992) (Commissioned 25 March 1993)(decommissioned 6 June 2008)
! || Number || Laid down|| Launched || Commissioned || Decommissioned || Notes
**PG 02 (No 822) (Launched 17 July 1992) (Commissioned 25 March 1993)(decommissioned 6 June 2008)
|-
**PG 03 (No 823) (Launched 15 June 1994) (Commissioned 13 March 1995)(decommissioned 24 June 2010)
|''PG 01'' || 821 || 25 March 1991<ref name="cf98 p427-8">Baker 1998, pp. 427–428.</ref> ||17 July 1992<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 22 March 1993<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> ||6 June 2008{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}||
|-
|''PG 02'' || 822 || 25 March 1991<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 17 July 1992<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 22 March 1993<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 6 June 2008{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}||
|-
|''PG 03'' ||823 || 8 March 1993<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 15 June 1994<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 13 March 1995<ref name="cf98 p427-8"/> || 24 June 2010{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}||
|}


==Specifications==
== See also ==
* {{HMCS|Bras d'Or|FHE 400}}, a Canadian hydrofoil intended for anti-submarine duties
*Designer / Manufacturer: Fincantieri/Sumitomo
* {{HMS|Speedy|P296}}, a [[Royal Navy]] [[Jetfoil]] [[mine countermeasure vessel]].
*Dimensions
* {{sclass2|Matka|missile boat|1}}, a class of Soviet PHM
**Length 21.8 metres (24.6 meters on hydrofoil)
* {{sclass2|Sarancha|missile boat|1}}, a class of Soviet PHM
**Width 7 metres (7 meters on hydrofoil)
**full load displacement 50 tons (Italy 60.6 tons)
*Propulsion
**Motor: 1 gas turbine, 1 pumpjet, 1 diesel engine
**Power: 1 GE/IHI LM 500 gas turbine engine 5000 horspower sustained (Italy 1 Rolls-Royce Proteus 15M560 gas turbine driving waterjet pump 4500-5000 horsepower)
**Propellers: 1 retractable prop (hullborne)
*Weapons
**Missils: SSM: 4 Mitsubishi SSM-1B (deritive of land-based system); range 150&nbsp;km (Italy 2 OTO Melara/Matra Otomat Teseo Mk 2; active radar homing to 160&nbsp;km, 210&nbsp;kg warhead)
**Guns: 1GE 20mm/76 Sea Vulcan; 3 barrels on each mounting; 1,500 rounds/minute combined to 4&nbsp;km (Italy 1 OTO Melara 3 in (76mm)/62 compact)
*Countermeasures: Decoys: 2 Loral Hycor Mk 36 SRBOC chaff launchers (Japan only)
*Radar; Surface search; JRC OPS-28-2; G-band (Italy SMA 3 RM 7-250 (SPQ 701); I-band)


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


* Baker, A.D. ''The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55750-111-4.
* Baker, A.D. ''The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1998. {{ISBN|1-55750-111-4}}.
* Saunders, Stephen (RN) Jane's Fighting Ships 2003-2004 ISBN 0 7106 2546 4
* Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. ''Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995''. Annapolis, Maryland USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-55750-132-7}}.
* Moore, John. ''Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86''. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. {{ISBN|0-7106-0814-4}}.
* Prézelin, Bernard and Baker, A.D. ''The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1990/1991''. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-87021-250-8}}.
* Saunders, Stephen (RN) Jane's Fighting Ships 2003-2004 {{ISBN|0-7106-2546-4}}


[[Category:Hydrofoils]]
[[Category:Hydrofoils]]
[[Category:Patrol boats]]
[[Category:Missile boats]]
[[Category:Ships built in Italy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Japan]]
[[Category:Ships of the Marina Militare]]
[[Category:Ships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]]
[[Category:Patrol boat classes]]

Latest revision as of 17:36, 24 October 2024

Italian Sparviero-class hydrofoil Nibbio underway
Class overview
BuildersFincantieri, Sumitomo
Operators
Built
  • 1973–1983 (Italy)
  • 1991–1995 (Japan)
In commission1974–2010 [citation needed]
Retired11
General characteristics Sparveiero class[1]
TypeFast attack hydrofoil
Displacement60.6 tons full load
Length22.95 m (75 ft 4 in) 24.56 m (80 ft 7 in) (hydrofoils retracted)
Beam7.01 m (23 ft 0 in)
Draught1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) (on foils at speed)
PropulsionCODAG

1 × Rolls-Royce Proteus 15 M560 gas turbine driving waterjet, 3,761 kW (5,044 shp)

1 × Isotta-Fraschini ID38N6V diesel, 1 propeller, 220 kW (290 bhp)
Speed93 km/h (50 kn)
Range740 km (400 nmi) at 45 kn (83 km/h) 1,940 km (1,050 nmi) at 8 knots (15 km/h)
Complement8 enlisted plus 2 officers
Sensors and
processing systems		SMA SPQ 701 navigation radar AESN SPG-70 fire control radar
Armament

The Sparviero class, also known as the Nibbio class, are small hydrofoil missile boats capable of traveling at speeds of 46 knots (85 km/h; 53 mph). They were designed for and formerly used by the Italian Navy. The Japanese 1-go-class missile boat is an updated version formerly used by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

History

[edit]

Italy

[edit]

The Sparviero-class fast attack hydrofoil was designed in Italy by the Alinavi society, a consortium of the American company Boeing, the Italian government's naval research branch, and Carlo Rodriquez , a Messina-based builder of commercial hydrofoils, based on Boeing's Tucumcari for the United States Navy.[2][3] A prototype, named Sparviero was ordered in 1970 for the Italian Navy,[4] Sparviero was laid down by Alinavi in La Spezia in April 1971, was launched on 9 May 1973 and commissioned into Italian service on 15 July 1974.[5][6]

The design used the Boeing Jetfoil system, with one hydrofoil forward and two aft, which folded out of the water when cruising. The boat was propelled at high speeds by a Rolls-Royce Proteus gas turbine driving a water jet, while a diesel engine driving a retractable propeller powered the boat at low speeds. The hull and superstructure were constructed entirely of aluminium. As the design was intended for short-range, high speed operations, no sleeping accommodation was fitted. Armament consisted of two Otomat anti-ship missiles aft and a single Oto Melara 76 mm (3.0 in) rapid-fire gun forward.[2][3]

It was planned in 1974–1975 to order four more Sparviero-class hydrofoils, to be supplemented by at least two larger Pegasus-class hydrofoils, but plans for a NATO-wide standardisation on the Pegasus class were abandoned. When orders were finally placed in 1977, they were for six more Sparvieros (giving seven in total) and no Pegasus-class boats.[3][7] The new boats, built by Fincantieri at Muggiano, entered service from 1982 to 1984, and differed from the prototype in having a more advanced installation for the Otomat missiles (using the Teseo control system) and having water injection fitted to the gas turbines.[2][5][6]

The class proved to be underpowered, and it was hoped to re-engine them with more powerful (4,768 kW; 6,394 bhp) Alison gas turbines, but these plans were later abandoned.[3][6] All of the Italian boats have now been decommissioned.

Japan

[edit]

The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) selected a modified version of the Sparviero class as a replacement for its PT 11-class torpedo boats. A license agreement was signed in 1991 to build up to 12 Sparvieros, with the first two approved in FY90 and both were laid down by Sumitomo in Uraga on 25 March 1991. An order for a third boat was delayed to help pay for Japan's contribution to the Gulf War, with it not being laid down until 1993. A request for a fourth boat under the FY 95 budget was rejected, and plans for further hydrofoils abandoned.[3][8]

The Japanese chose different armament than used in the Italian boats, with up to four Type 90 Ship-to-Ship Missiles replacing the Otomats and a non-stabilised 20 mm (0.79 in) M61 Vulcan rotary cannon replacing the larger Oto Melara gun. The main powerplant is a 3,900 kW (5,200 shp) General Electric LM500 gas turbine.[8]

Military use

[edit]

Italian boats have all been decommissioned. The Sparviero class was used by the Japanese coastal patrol forces as a fast attack interceptor.

Ships in class

[edit]

Italy

[edit]

(All decommissioned)

Number Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Notes
Sparviero P 420 April 1971[6] 9 May 1973[6] 15 July 1974[6] 30 September 1991[1]
Nibbio P 421 1 August 1977[6] 29 February 1980[6] 7 March 1980[6] 10 October 1996[1]
Falcone P 422 1 October 1977[1] 27 October 1980[1] 7 March 1982 [1]
Astore P 423 1 July 1978[1] 20 July 1981[1] 5 February 1983[1]
Grifone P 424 15 November 1978[1] 1 December 1981[1] 5 February 1983[1]
Gheppio P 425 16 May 1979[1] 24 June 1982[1] 20 September 1983[1]
Condor P 426 21 March 1980[1] 25 January 1983[1] 7 April 1984[1]

Japan

[edit]

(All currently decommissioned, but some may have been reactivated in 2014[citation needed])

Number Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Notes
PG 01 821 25 March 1991[8] 17 July 1992[8] 22 March 1993[8] 6 June 2008[citation needed]
PG 02 822 25 March 1991[8] 17 July 1992[8] 22 March 1993[8] 6 June 2008[citation needed]
PG 03 823 8 March 1993[8] 15 June 1994[8] 13 March 1995[8] 24 June 2010[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Baker 1998, pp. 381–382.
  2. ^ a b c Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 217.
  3. ^ a b c d e Baker 1998, p. 382.
  4. ^ Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 196.
  5. ^ a b Moore 1985, p. 275.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prézelin and Baker 1990, p. 280.
  7. ^ Gardiner and Chumbley 1995, p. 197.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Baker 1998, pp. 427–428.
  • Baker, A.D. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55750-111-4.
  • Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-132-7.
  • Moore, John. Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. ISBN 0-7106-0814-4.
  • Prézelin, Bernard and Baker, A.D. The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 1990/1991. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1990. ISBN 0-87021-250-8.
  • Saunders, Stephen (RN) Jane's Fighting Ships 2003-2004 ISBN 0-7106-2546-4
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