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A sea breeze or onshore breeze is any wind that blows from a large body of water toward or onto a landmass. By contrast, a land breeze or offshore breeze is any wind that blows from a landmass toward or onto a large body of water. Sea breezes and land breezes are both important factors in coastal regions' prevailing winds.^[1]

Sea breeze and land breeze develop due to differences in air pressure created by the differing heat capacities of water and dry land. As such, sea breezes and land breezes are more localised than prevailing winds. Since land heats up much faster than water under solar radiation, a sea breeze is a common occurrence along coasts after sunrise. On the other hand, dry land also cools faster than water without solar radiation, so the wind instead flows from the land towards the sea when the sea breeze dissipates after sunset.

The land breeze at nighttime is usually shallower than the sea breeze in daytime. Unlike the daytime sea breeze, which is driven by convection, the nighttime land breeze is driven by convergence^{[definition needed]}.^{[citation needed]}

The term offshore wind refers to any wind over open water, which is related to but not synonymous with offshore breeze.

Causes

Sea breeze

The sea has a greater heat capacity than land, so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the surface of the land.^[1] As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by convection. The hypsometric equation states that the hydrostatic pressure depends on the temperature. Thus, the hydrostatic pressure over the land decreases less at higher altitude. As the air above the coast has a relatively higher pressure, it starts moving towards the sea at high altitude. This creates an inverse airflow near the ground.^[2] The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land and the sea. If a strong offshore wind is present (that is, a wind greater than 8 knots (15 km/h)) and opposing the direction of a possible sea breeze, the sea breeze is not likely to develop.^[3]

Land breeze

At night, the land cools off faster than the ocean due to differences in their heat capacity, which forces the dying of the daytime sea breeze as the temperature of the land approaches that of the ocean. If the land becomes cooler than the adjacent sea surface temperature, the air pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, setting up a land breeze blowing from the land to the sea, as long as the environmental surface wind pattern is not strong enough to oppose it.

Effects

Sea breeze

A sea-breeze front is a weather front created by a sea breeze, also known as a convergence zone. The cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary like a shallow cold front. When powerful this front creates cumulus clouds, and if the air is humid and unstable, the front can sometimes trigger thunderstorms. If the flow aloft is aligned with the direction of the sea breeze, places experiencing the sea breeze frontal passage will have benign, or fair, weather for the remainder of the day. At the front warm air continues to flow upward and cold air continually moves in to replace it and so the front moves progressively inland. Its speed depends on whether it is assisted or hampered by the prevailing wind, and the strength of the thermal contrast between land and sea. At night, the sea breeze usually changes to a land breeze, due to a reversal of the same mechanisms.

Sea breezes in Florida

Sea breeze convergence in Cuba is very similar to that in Florida. The northern sea breeze meets the southern sea breeze, creating a sharp convergence line in the cumulus field.

Thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in Florida, a peninsula bounded on the east and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, respectively. During the wet season, which typically lasts from June through September/October, any direction that the winds are blowing would always be off the water, thus making Florida the place most often struck by lightning in the United States,^[4] and one of the most on Earth.^{[citation needed]} These storms can also produce significant hail due to the tremendous updraft it causes in the atmosphere especially during times when the upper atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall.

On calm summer afternoons with little prevailing wind, sea breezes from both coasts may collide in the middle, creating especially severe storms down the center of the state. These thunderstorms can drift towards either the west or east coast depending on the relative strengths of the sea breezes, and sometimes survive to move out over the water at night, creating spectacular cloud-to-cloud lightning shows for hours after sunset.^[5]^[6] Due to its large size Lake Okeechobee may also contribute to this activity by creating its own lake breeze which collides with the east and west coast sea breezes.

In Cuba similar sea breeze collisions with the northern and southern coasts sometimes lead to storms.

Sea breezes in Southeast Australia

In the southeast Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria, an intense sea breeze called the southerly buster^[7] causes an abrupt, squally southerly wind change, with gusts in excess of 40 knots (74 km/h), in coastal cities such as Sydney in New South Wales south to Mallacoota, Victoria and Melbourne, as it approaches from the southeast, mainly on a hot day, bringing in cool, usually severe weather and a dramatic temperature drop, thus ultimately replacing and relieving the prior hot conditions. Marking the boundary between hot and cool air masses, the southerly buster is sometimes represented by a roll-up cloud perpendicular to the coast.^[8]

The southerly buster is caused by the interaction of a shallow cold front with the blocking mountain range (Great Dividing Range) that aligns the coast, as the cool air becomes trapped against the ranges. The mountains create a channelling effect as the southerly gale winds move across the New South Wales coast, and frictional contrasts over the mainland and the ocean that disconnect the flow.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] Temperature changes can be dramatic, with falls of 10 to 15 °C (18 to 27 °F) often occurring in a few minutes.^[13]

Land breeze

Land breeze, which consists of cool air coming from the land, pushes the warmer air upwards over the sea. If there is sufficient moisture and instability available, the land breeze can cause showers, or even thunderstorms, over the water. Overnight thunderstorm development offshore due to the land breeze can be a good predictor for the activity on land the following day, as long as there are no expected changes to the weather pattern over the following 12–24 hours. This is mainly because the strength of the land breeze is weaker than the sea breeze.^[3] The land breeze will die once the land warms up again the next morning.

Utilisation

Wind farms are often situated near a coast to take advantage of the normal daily fluctuations of wind speed resulting from sea or land breezes. While many onshore wind farms and offshore wind farms do not rely on these winds, a nearshore wind farm is a type of offshore wind farm located on shallow coastal waters to take advantage of both sea and land breezes. For practical reasons, other offshore wind farms are situated further out to sea and rely on prevailing winds rather than sea breezes.

References

^ ^a ^b Ackerman, Steve (1995). "Sea and Land Breezes". Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
^ Stull, Roland. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science (PDF). Univ. of British Columbia. pp. 654–656. ISBN 978-0-88865-283-6. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
^ ^a ^b "The Sea Breeze". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
^ "Emergency Management - Lightning - How Bad Is Lightning In Florida?". Florida State University. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
^ Winsberg, Morton (2003). Florida Weather. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2684-9.
^ Henry, James (1998). The Climate and Weather of Florida. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press (FL). ISBN 1-56164-036-0.
^ 1850, B. C. Peck, Recollections of Sydney, quoted in 1978, G. A. Wilkes, A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms, ISBN 0-424-00034-2
^ "SOUTHERLY BUSTER". Wellington Times. National Library of Australia. December 23, 1901. p. 2. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
^ Southerly Busters Explained. The Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Accessed 21 February 2012.
^ Southerly buster Marine Glossary
^ Shallow Cold Fronts - Cloud Structure In Satellite Images by EUMeTrain
^ Reid, H.J. 2000, "Regeneration of the Southerly Buster of Southeast Australia". Weather and Forecasting Vol.15, pp432-446
^ THE DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTHERLY BUSTER P.G. Baines CSIRO Division of Atmospheric physics, Aspendale, June 1980

External links

Sea and Land Breezes

[ackerman-1] Ackerman, Steve (1995). "Sea and Land Breezes". Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. University of Wisconsin. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2023.

[stull-2] Stull, Roland. Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science (PDF). Univ. of British Columbia. pp. 654–656. ISBN 978-0-88865-283-6. Retrieved July 31, 2023.

[Jet-3] "The Sea Breeze". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.

[4] "Emergency Management - Lightning - How Bad Is Lightning In Florida?". Florida State University. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2020.

[5] Winsberg, Morton (2003). Florida Weather. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2684-9.

[6] Henry, James (1998). The Climate and Weather of Florida. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press (FL). ISBN 1-56164-036-0.

[7] 1850, B. C. Peck, Recollections of Sydney, quoted in 1978, G. A. Wilkes, A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms, ISBN 0-424-00034-2

[8] "SOUTHERLY BUSTER". Wellington Times. National Library of Australia. December 23, 1901. p. 2. Retrieved March 27, 2015.

[9] Southerly Busters Explained. The Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Accessed 21 February 2012.

[marine-10] Southerly buster Marine Glossary

[11] Shallow Cold Fronts - Cloud Structure In Satellite Images by EUMeTrain

[12] Reid, H.J. 2000, "Regeneration of the Southerly Buster of Southeast Australia". Weather and Forecasting Vol.15, pp432-446

[13] THE DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTHERLY BUSTER P.G. Baines CSIRO Division of Atmospheric physics, Aspendale, June 1980

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Wind blowing from sea to land}}
+{{Distinguish|Offshore wind}}
-{{hatnote|"Offshore wind" redirects here. For sea breezes' use as a renewable energy source, see [[Offshore wind power]]. For other uses, see [[Sea breeze (disambiguation)]] and [[Bay breeze (disambiguation)]].}}
+{{other uses|Sea breeze (disambiguation)|Bay breeze (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2020}}
 [[File:Sea-breeze in Hobart.jpg|thumb|300px|Sea breeze moving across the water (towards the viewer) in [[Hobart]], Tasmania, Australia]]
-[[Image:LAKE BREEZE.gif|thumb|250px|Lake - Sea breeze and atmospheric depth]]
+[[File:LAKE BREEZE-en.gif|thumb|250px|Lake - Sea breeze and atmospheric depth]]
-A '''sea breeze''' or '''onshore breeze''' is any [[wind]] that blows from a large [[body of water]] toward or onto a [[landmass]]; it develops due to differences in [[air pressure]] created by the differing [[heat capacity|heat capacities]] of water and dry land. As such, sea breezes are more localised than [[prevailing winds]]. Because land absorbs [[solar radiation]] far more quickly than water, a sea breeze is a common occurrence along [[coast]]s after [[sunrise]]. By contrast, a '''[[#Land breezes|land breeze]]''' or '''offshore breeze''' is the reverse effect: dry land also cools more quickly than water and, after [[sunset]], a sea breeze dissipates and the wind instead flows from the land towards the sea. Sea breezes and land breezes are both important factors in coastal regions' [[prevailing winds]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Steve Ackerman|year=1995|url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/seabrz.html|title=Sea and Land Breezes|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]|accessdate=2006-10-24}}</ref> The term '''offshore wind''' may refer to any wind over open water.
+A '''sea breeze''' or '''onshore breeze''' is any [[wind]] that blows from a large [[body of water]] toward or onto a [[landmass]]. By contrast, a '''land breeze''' or '''offshore breeze''' is any wind that blows from a landmass toward or onto a large body of water. Sea breezes and land breezes are both important factors in coastal regions' [[prevailing winds]].<ref name="ackerman">{{cite web |last=Ackerman |first=Steve |year=1995 |title=Sea and Land Breezes |url=http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/seabrz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213172659/http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/seabrz.html |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]]}}</ref>
+Sea breeze and land breeze develop due to differences in [[air pressure]] created by the differing [[heat capacity|heat capacities]] of water and dry land. As such, sea breezes and land breezes are more localised than [[prevailing winds]]. Since land heats up much faster than water under [[solar radiation]], a sea breeze is a common occurrence along [[coast]]s after [[sunrise]]. On the other hand, dry land also cools faster than water without solar radiation, so the wind instead flows from the land towards the sea when the sea breeze dissipates after [[sunset]].
-[[Wind farm]]s are often situated near a coast to take advantage of the normal daily fluctuations of [[wind speed]] resulting from sea or land breezes.  While many [[List of onshore wind farms|onshore wind farms]] and [[offshore wind farm]]s do not rely on these winds, a [[nearshore wind farm]] is a type of offshore wind farm located on shallow coastal waters to take advantage of both sea and land breezes. (For practical reasons, other offshore wind farms are situated further out to sea and rely on prevailing winds rather than sea breezes.)
+The land breeze at nighttime is usually shallower than the sea breeze in daytime. Unlike the daytime sea breeze, which is driven by [[convection]], the nighttime land breeze is driven by convergence{{Definition needed|date=October 2024}}.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
-==Cause==
-The sea has a greater [[heat capacity]] than [[landform|land]], so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land's.<ref>University of Wisconsin. [http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/seabrz.html Sea and Land Breezes.] Retrieved on 2006-10-24.</ref> As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by [[convection]]. The warming air expands and becomes less dense, decreasing the pressure over the land near the coast. The air above the sea has a relatively higher pressure, causing air near the coast to flow towards the lower pressure over land.  The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land and the sea.  If a strong offshore wind is present (that is, a wind greater than {{convert|sp=us|8|kn|km/h}}) and opposing the direction of a possible sea breeze, the sea breeze is not likely to develop.<ref name="Jet"/>
+The term [[offshore wind]] refers to any wind over open water, which is related to but not synonymous with offshore breeze.
+==Causes==
+=== Sea breeze ===
+The sea has a greater [[heat capacity]] than [[landform|land]], so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the surface of the land.<ref name="ackerman" /> As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by [[convection]]. The [[hypsometric equation]] states that the hydrostatic pressure depends on the temperature. Thus, the hydrostatic pressure over the land decreases less at higher altitude. As the air above the coast has a relatively higher pressure, it starts moving towards the sea at high altitude. This creates an inverse airflow near the ground.<ref name="stull">{{cite book |last1=Stull |first1=Roland |title=Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of Atmospheric Science |publisher=Univ. of British Columbia |isbn=978-0-88865-283-6 |pages=654–656 |url=https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/prmet102/Ch17-Regional-v102.pdf |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land and the sea. If a strong offshore wind is present (that is, a wind greater than {{convert|sp=us|8|kn|km/h}}) and opposing the direction of a possible sea breeze, the sea breeze is not likely to develop.<ref name="Jet">{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/seabreeze |title=The Sea Breeze |work=[[National Weather Service]] |access-date=June 2, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215005255/https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/seabreeze |archive-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref>
+=== Land breeze ===
+At night, the land cools off faster than the ocean due to differences in their heat capacity, which forces the dying of the daytime sea breeze as the temperature of the land approaches that of the ocean. If the land becomes cooler than the adjacent [[sea surface temperature]], the air pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, setting up a land breeze blowing from the land to the sea, as long as the environmental surface wind pattern is not strong enough to oppose it.
 ==Effects==
+=== Sea breeze ===
 [[Image:SeaBreeze.svg|thumb|right|441px|Schematic cross section through a sea-breeze front. If the air inland is moist, cumulus often marks the front.]]
-A '''sea-breeze front''' is a [[weather front]] created by a sea breeze, also known as a [[convergence zone]].  The cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary like a shallow [[cold front]].  When powerful this front creates [[cumulus cloud|cumulus]] clouds, and if the air is [[humid]] and [[unstable]],  the front can sometimes trigger [[thunderstorm]]s.  If the flow aloft is aligned with the direction of the sea breeze, places experiencing the sea breeze frontal passage will have benign, or fair, weather for the remainder of the day.  At the front warm air continues to flow upward and cold air continually moves in to replace it and so the front moves progressively inland.  Its speed depends on whether it is assisted or hampered by the prevailing wind, and the strength of the thermal contrast between land and sea.  At night, the sea breeze usually changes to a land breeze, due to a reversal of the same mechanisms.
+A '''sea-breeze front''' is a [[weather front]] created by a sea breeze, also known as a [[convergence zone]]. The cold air from the sea meets the warmer air from the land and creates a boundary like a shallow [[cold front]]. When powerful this front creates [[cumulus cloud|cumulus]] clouds, and if the air is [[humid]] and [[unstable]], the front can sometimes trigger [[thunderstorm]]s. If the flow aloft is aligned with the direction of the sea breeze, places experiencing the sea breeze frontal passage will have benign, or fair, weather for the remainder of the day. At the front warm air continues to flow upward and cold air continually moves in to replace it and so the front moves progressively inland. Its speed depends on whether it is assisted or hampered by the prevailing wind, and the strength of the thermal contrast between land and sea. At night, the sea breeze usually changes to a land breeze, due to a reversal of the same mechanisms.
-===Sea breezes in Florida===
+==== Sea breezes in Florida ====
 {{see also|Climate of Florida}}
 [[Image:Cubanseabreezeconvergence.gif|thumb|right|250px|Sea breeze convergence in [[Cuba]] is very similar to that in [[Florida]]. The northern sea breeze meets the southern sea breeze, creating a sharp convergence line in the [[Cumulus cloud|cumulus]] field.]]
-Thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in [[Florida]], a [[peninsula]] surrounded on both the east and west by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Gulf of Mexico]], respectively.  During the wet season which typically lasts from June through September/October, any direction that the winds are blowing would always be off the water, thus making Florida the place most often struck by [[lightning]] in the United States, and one of the most on Earth.<ref>[http://www.lightning.ece.ufl.edu/ Lightning Research Laboratory (UF)]. Lightning.ece.ufl.edu. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.</ref> These storms can also produce significant [[hail]] due to the tremendous [[updraft]] it causes in the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] especially during times when the upper atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall.
+Thunderstorms caused by powerful sea breeze fronts frequently occur in [[Florida]], a [[peninsula]] bounded on the east and west by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Gulf of Mexico]], respectively. During the wet season, which typically lasts from June through September/October, any direction that the winds are blowing would always be off the water, thus making Florida the place most often struck by [[lightning]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergency.fsu.edu/resources/hazards/lightning |title=Emergency Management - Lightning - How Bad Is Lightning In Florida? |work=[[Florida State University]] |access-date=June 2, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928230536/https://emergency.fsu.edu/resources/hazards/lightning |archive-date=September 28, 2019}}</ref> and one of the most on Earth.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} These storms can also produce significant [[hail]] due to the tremendous [[updraft]] it causes in the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] especially during times when the upper atmosphere is cooler such as during the spring or fall.
 On calm summer afternoons with little prevailing wind, sea breezes from both coasts may collide in the middle, creating especially severe storms down the center of the state. These thunderstorms can drift towards either the west or east coast depending on the relative strengths of the sea breezes, and sometimes survive to move out over the water at night, creating spectacular cloud-to-cloud lightning shows for hours after sunset.<ref>Winsberg, Morton (2003). Florida Weather. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. {{ISBN|0-8130-2684-9}}.</ref><ref>Henry, James (1998). The Climate and Weather of Florida. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press (FL). {{ISBN|1-56164-036-0}}.</ref> Due to its large size [[Lake Okeechobee]] may also contribute to this activity by creating its own lake breeze which collides with the east and west coast sea breezes.
@@ Line 25: / Line 38: @@
 In Cuba similar sea breeze collisions with the northern and southern coasts sometimes lead to storms.
-==Land breezes==
+==== Sea breezes in Southeast Australia ====
+{{main|Southerly buster}}
-At night, the land cools off faster than the ocean due to differences in their heat capacity, which forces the dying of the daytime sea breeze as the temperature of the land approaches that of the ocean. If the land becomes cooler than the adjacent [[sea surface temperature]], the air pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land, setting up a land breeze blowing from the land to the sea, as long as the environmental surface wind pattern is not strong enough to oppose it. If there is sufficient moisture and instability available, the land breeze can cause showers, or even thunderstorms, over the water. Overnight thunderstorm development offshore due to the land breeze can be a good predictor for the activity on land the following day, as long as there are no expected changes to the weather pattern over the following 12–24 hours. This is mainly because the strength of the land breeze is weaker than the sea breeze.<ref name="Jet">JetStream:  An Online School For Weather (2008). [http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/ocean/seabreezes.htm The Sea Breeze.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923233344/http://www.srh.weather.gov/srh/jetstream/ocean/seabreezes.htm |date=2006-09-23 }} [[National Weather Service]]. Retrieved on   The land breeze will die once the land warms up again the next morning.Cute si Emanuel
+[[File:12 Foot Skiff Flat Out.jpg|thumb|A sailing [[skiff]] during an afternoon sea breeze in the [[Sydney Harbour]]]]
+In the southeast Australian states of [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], an intense sea breeze called the ''southerly buster''<ref>1850, B. C. Peck, ''Recollections of Sydney'', quoted in 1978, G. A. Wilkes, ''A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms'', {{ISBN|0-424-00034-2}}</ref> causes an abrupt, squally southerly wind change, with gusts in excess of {{convert|40|kn|km/h}}, in coastal cities such as [[Sydney]] in New South Wales south to [[Mallacoota, Victoria]] and [[Melbourne]], as it approaches from the southeast, mainly on a hot day, bringing in cool, usually [[severe weather]] and a dramatic temperature drop, thus ultimately replacing and relieving the prior hot conditions. Marking the boundary between hot and cool air masses, the southerly buster is sometimes represented by a [[Arcus cloud|roll-up cloud]] perpendicular to the coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138978287 |title=SOUTHERLY BUSTER. |newspaper=[[Wellington Times]] |date=23 December 1901 |accessdate=27 March 2015 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
+The southerly buster is caused by the interaction of a shallow [[cold front]] with the blocking mountain range ([[Great Dividing Range]]) that aligns the coast, as the cool air becomes trapped against the ranges. The mountains create a [[Channelling (physics)|channelling effect]] as the southerly [[gale]] winds move across the New South Wales coast, and frictional contrasts over the mainland and the ocean that disconnect the flow.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/social/2011/10/southerly-busters/ Southerly Busters Explained]. The Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Accessed 21 February 2012.</ref><ref name= marine>[https://www.starpath.com/cgi-bin/web_card/courses/glossary.pl?show_def=1334&cat= Southerly buster] Marine Glossary</ref><ref>[http://www.eumetrain.org/satmanu/CM4SH/Australia/ShCF/print.htm Shallow Cold Fronts - Cloud Structure In Satellite Images] by EUMeTrain</ref><ref>Reid, H.J. 2000, "Regeneration of the Southerly Buster of Southeast Australia". Weather and Forecasting Vol.15, pp432-446</ref> Temperature changes can be dramatic, with falls of {{convert|10|to|15|C-change}} often occurring in a few minutes.<ref>THE DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTHERLY BUSTER P.G. Baines CSIRO Division of Atmospheric physics, Aspendale, June 1980</ref>
+=== Land breeze ===
+Land breeze, which consists of cool air coming from the land, pushes the warmer air upwards over the sea. If there is sufficient moisture and instability available, the land breeze can cause showers, or even thunderstorms, over the water. Overnight thunderstorm development offshore due to the land breeze can be a good predictor for the activity on land the following day, as long as there are no expected changes to the weather pattern over the following 12–24 hours. This is mainly because the strength of the land breeze is weaker than the sea breeze.<ref name="Jet" /> The land breeze will die once the land warms up again the next morning.
+== Utilisation ==
+[[Wind farm]]s are often situated near a coast to take advantage of the normal daily fluctuations of [[wind speed]] resulting from sea or land breezes. While many [[List of onshore wind farms|onshore wind farms]] and [[offshore wind farm]]s do not rely on these winds, a nearshore wind farm is a type of offshore wind farm located on shallow coastal waters to take advantage of both sea and land breezes. For practical reasons, other offshore wind farms are situated further out to sea and rely on prevailing winds rather than sea breezes.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 39: / Line 62: @@
 *[http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/elements/seabrz.htm Sea and Land Breezes]
-[[Category:Marine meteorology and sailing]]
+[[Category:Marine meteorology|Breeze]]
 [[Category:Wind]]