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{{Short description|Extinct genus of therapsids}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Middle Permian]] {{fossilrange|267|260}}
| fossil_range = [[Middle Permian]] {{fossilrange|267|260}}
|taxon=Syodon
⚫
| authority = Kutorga, [[1838 in paleontology|1838]]
| image = Syodon DB.jpg
| image = Syodon DB.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| genus = Syodon
⚫
| parent_authority = Kutorga, [[1838 in paleontology|1838]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''S. biarmicum'''''
| species = biarmicum
| type_species_authority = Kutorga, 1838
| authority = Kutorga, 1838
|subdivision_ranks=[[Species (biology)|Species]]
}}
|subdivision=}}


This extinct genus of [[Dinocephalia|dinocephalian]] [[therapsid]] lived approximately 267-260 million years ago during the middle [[Permian]] period of the [[Paleozoic]] era. These reptiles, located in Russia <ref name=":0">http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/anteosauridae.html#Syodon</ref> were initially believed to be mammals.  Syodon was first named by Stephan Kutorga in 1838.<ref name=":1">'''Kutorga, S. S.''' 1838. ''Beitrag zur Kenntniss der organischen U ̈ berreste des Kupfersandsteins am Westlichen Abhange des Urals''. St Petersburg. Gretsch, 38 pp. 
'''''Syodon''''' (from {{langx|el|kleio}}, "close, shut" and {{langx|el|odon}}, "tooth", "closed-root tooth")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dicynodont/Syodon.asp|title=Syodon|website=Paleofile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414200407/http://www.paleofile.com/Dicynodont/Syodon.asp|archive-date=April 14, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an extinct [[genus]] of [[dinocephalian]] [[therapsids]] that lived approximately 267-260 million years ago during the middle [[Permian]] period of the [[Paleozoic]] era. These therapsids, discovered in Russia<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/anteosauridae.html#Syodon|title = Palaeos Vertebrates Therapsida: Anteosauridae}}</ref> were initially believed to be true mammals. ''Syodon'' was first named by Stephan Kutorga in 1838.<ref name=":1">'''Kutorga, S. S.''' 1838. ''Beitrag zur Kenntniss der organischen U ̈ berreste des Kupfersandsteins am Westlichen Abhange des Urals''. St Petersburg. Gretsch, 38 pp.
</ref>The fossils of these [[Synapsid|Synapsids]] were first discovered in the Molotov Province region of Russia in limestone beds with a high content of copper. However, scientists believe that these organisms likely come from higher rock beds due to increased specializations in their morphology. <ref name=":2">Olson, Everett C. "Catalogue of Localities of Permian and Triassic Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Territories of the USSR." ''The Journal of Geology'' 65.2 (1957): 196-226.</ref>
</ref> The fossils of these [[synapsids]] were first discovered in the Molotov Province region of Russia in limestone beds with a high content of [[copper]]. However, scientists believe that these organisms likely come from higher rock beds due to increased specializations in their morphology.<ref name=":2">Olson, Everett C. "Catalogue of Localities of Permian and Triassic Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Territories of the USSR." ''The Journal of Geology'' 65.2 (1957): 196-226.</ref>


== Entomology ==
== Etymology ==


The name Syodon translated from Greek means pig's tooth from "Choíros--pig" and "dónti --tooth". The latin translation would be "with tooth". This name likely stemmed from the protruding canines similar to that of the lower canines of a wild boar.
The name ''Syodon'' is derived from Greek meaning pig's tooth. This name likely stemmed from the protruding canines similar to that of the lower canines of a wild boar.


== Diet ==
== Diet ==


Syodon is characterized as a carnivore, likely feeding on small-bodied prey.  They lack the ‘expansion of supraorbital bones over the orbits, which would act as a stress sink’ in certain hypercarniverous species such as [[Thalattosuchia|thalattosuchian]] ''[[Dakosaurus]]''. This thickened supraorbital regions also found in large [[Theropoda|therapods]] would have alleviated cranial stress used for feeding on large prey.<ref name=":3">'''Young, M. T.''', '''Brusatte, S. L.''', '''Ruta, M.''' & '''Andrade, M. B.''' 2010. The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeu- crocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biome- chanics. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', '''158''', 801–859. 
''Syodon'' is characterized as a carnivore, likely feeding on small-bodied prey. They lack the ‘expansion of supraorbital bones over the orbits, which would act as a stress sink’ in certain hypercarniverous species such as [[thalattosuchia]]n ''[[Dakosaurus]]''. This thickened supraorbital regions also found in large [[Theropoda|theropods]] would have alleviated cranial stress used for feeding on large prey.<ref name=":3">'''Young, M. T.''', '''Brusatte, S. L.''', '''Ruta, M.''' & '''Andrade, M. B.''' 2010. The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeu- crocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biome- chanics. ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society'', '''158''', 801–859.
</ref> Since this adpation is not found in Syodon it is thought they were limited to small animals and prey which they could easily consume with their limited jaw architechture.
</ref> Since this adaption is not found in Syodon it is thought they were limited to small animals and prey which they could easily consume with their limited jaw architecture.


== Paleobiology ==
== Paleobiology ==


[[File:Syodon.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Left lateral view of Syodon Skull]]
[[File:Syodon.jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|Left lateral view of the ''Syodon'' skull]]


Syodon is characterized by possessing "bulbous" post-canines featuring significant wear facets in adults, whereas juveniles tend to have ‘bladelike’ post canines. The canine of Syodon is highly distinctive and allows it to be distinguished easily. They also possess a large, strongly curved ‘hook-like canine. Syodon also feature a set of smaller, replacement teeth out-of-place from the main palatine tooth row. <ref name=":4">Kammerer, Christian F. "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9.2 (2011): 261-304.</ref>
''Syodon'' is characterized by possessing "bulbous" post-canines featuring significant wear facets in adults, whereas juveniles tend to have ‘bladelike’ post canines. The canine of ''Syodon'' is highly distinctive and allows it to be distinguished easily. They also possess a large, strongly curved ‘hook-like canine. Syodon also feature a set of smaller, replacement teeth out-of-place from the main palatine tooth row.<ref name=":4">Kammerer, Christian F. "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9.2 (2011): 261-304.</ref>


The snout of syodon is relatively long narrow compared to the rest of the body. The snout comprises approximately 1/4 the length of the skill. These reptiles were not very large and only reached 1.2 m (4 ft) in length. <ref name=":5">http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/dinocephalia/syodon</ref>
The snout of ''Syodon'' is relatively long narrow compared to the rest of the body. The snout comprises approximately 1/4 the length of the skill. These synapsids reached 1.2&nbsp;m (4&nbsp;ft) in length.<ref>{{cite web |title=Syodon biarmicum - Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals |url=http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/dinocephalia/syodon |website=Palaeocritti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318231444/http://www.palaeocritti.com/by-group/dinocephalia/syodon |archive-date=18 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of synapsids]]
* [[List of therapsids]]
* [[Archaeosyodon]]
* ''[[Archaeosyodon]]''
* [[Microsyodon]]
* ''[[Microsyodon]]''


==References==
==References==
{{commons category|Syodon}}
{{commons category|Syodon}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
⚫
[[Category:Dinocephalians]]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/Dicynodont/Syodon.asp|title=Syodon|website=Paleofile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414200407/http://www.paleofile.com/Dicynodont/Syodon.asp|archive-date=April 14, 2023|url-status=dead}}

{{Dinocephalia}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q138403}}

⚫
[[Category:Anteosaurs]]
[[Category:Prehistoric therapsid genera]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Russia]]
[[Category:Extinct animals of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1838]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1838]]
{{therapsid-stub}}

Latest revision as of 23:39, 24 October 2024

Syodon
Temporal range: Middle Permian 267–260 Ma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Clade: Therapsida
Suborder: †Dinocephalia
Family: †Anteosauridae
Genus: †Syodon
Kutorga, 1838
Species:
†S. biarmicum
Binomial name
†Syodon biarmicum
Kutorga, 1838

Syodon (from Greek: kleio, "close, shut" and Greek: odon, "tooth", "closed-root tooth")[1] is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived approximately 267-260 million years ago during the middle Permian period of the Paleozoic era. These therapsids, discovered in Russia[2] were initially believed to be true mammals. Syodon was first named by Stephan Kutorga in 1838.[3] The fossils of these synapsids were first discovered in the Molotov Province region of Russia in limestone beds with a high content of copper. However, scientists believe that these organisms likely come from higher rock beds due to increased specializations in their morphology.[4]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Syodon is derived from Greek meaning pig's tooth. This name likely stemmed from the protruding canines similar to that of the lower canines of a wild boar.

Diet

[edit]

Syodon is characterized as a carnivore, likely feeding on small-bodied prey. They lack the ‘expansion of supraorbital bones over the orbits, which would act as a stress sink’ in certain hypercarniverous species such as thalattosuchian Dakosaurus. This thickened supraorbital regions also found in large theropods would have alleviated cranial stress used for feeding on large prey.[5] Since this adaption is not found in Syodon it is thought they were limited to small animals and prey which they could easily consume with their limited jaw architecture.

Paleobiology

[edit]
Left lateral view of the Syodon skull

Syodon is characterized by possessing "bulbous" post-canines featuring significant wear facets in adults, whereas juveniles tend to have ‘bladelike’ post canines. The canine of Syodon is highly distinctive and allows it to be distinguished easily. They also possess a large, strongly curved ‘hook-like canine. Syodon also feature a set of smaller, replacement teeth out-of-place from the main palatine tooth row.[6]

The snout of Syodon is relatively long narrow compared to the rest of the body. The snout comprises approximately 1/4 the length of the skill. These synapsids reached 1.2 m (4 ft) in length.[7]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Syodon.
  1. ^ "Syodon". Paleofile. Archived from the original on April 14, 2023.
  2. ^ "Palaeos Vertebrates Therapsida: Anteosauridae".
  3. ^ Kutorga, S. S. 1838. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der organischen U ̈ berreste des Kupfersandsteins am Westlichen Abhange des Urals. St Petersburg. Gretsch, 38 pp.
  4. ^ Olson, Everett C. "Catalogue of Localities of Permian and Triassic Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Territories of the USSR." The Journal of Geology 65.2 (1957): 196-226.
  5. ^ Young, M. T., Brusatte, S. L., Ruta, M. & Andrade, M. B. 2010. The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (Mesoeu- crocodylia, Thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biome- chanics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158, 801–859.
  6. ^ Kammerer, Christian F. "Systematics of the Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9.2 (2011): 261-304.
  7. ^ "Syodon biarmicum - Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals". Palaeocritti. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016.
[edit]
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