Emperor of India: Difference between revisions

Emperor of India
Emperor of India
Kaisar-i-Hind
Imperial
	The Star of India
	Last to reign; George VI; 11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
Details
First monarch	Victoria
Last monarch	George VI; (continued as monarch of India and Pakistan)
Formation	1 May 1876
Abolition	22 June 1948

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Emperor or Empress of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948^[1]^[2]^[3] to signify their sovereignty over the Indian Empire as its imperial head of state. The image of the emperor or empress appeared on Indian currency, in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on statues etc. Oaths of allegiance were made to the emperor or empress and the lawful successors by the governors-general, princes, governors, commissioners in India in events such as imperial durbars.

The title was abolished on 22 June 1948, with the Indian Independence Act 1947, under which George VI made a royal proclamation that the words "Emperor of India" were to be omitted in styles of address and from customary titles. This was almost a year after he became the titular head of the newly partitioned and independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. These were abolished upon the establishment of the Republic of India in 1950 and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.

History

After the nominal Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed at the conclusion of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858), the government of the United Kingdom decided to transfer control of British India and the princely states from the mercantile East India Company (EIC) to the Crown, thus marking the beginning of the British Raj. The EIC was officially dissolved on 1 June 1874, and the British prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli, decided to offer Queen Victoria the title "Empress of India" shortly afterwards. Victoria accepted this style on 1 May 1876. The first Delhi Durbar (which served as an imperial coronation) was held in her honour eight months later on 1 January 1877.^[5]

The idea of having Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India was not particularly new, as Lord Ellenborough had already suggested it in 1843 upon becoming the governor-general of India. By 1874, Major-General Sir Henry Ponsonby, the Queen's private secretary, had ordered English charters to be scrutinised for imperial titles, with Edgar and Stephen mentioned as sound precedents. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, and the realisation that her influence was manifestly on the decline, was urging the move.^[6] Another factor may have been that the Queen's first child, Victoria, was married to Frederick, the heir apparent to the German Empire. Upon becoming empress, she would outrank her mother.^[7] By January 1876, the Queen's insistence was so great that Benjamin Disraeli felt that he could procrastinate no longer.^[6] Initially, Victoria had considered the style "Empress of Great Britain, Ireland, and India", but Disraeli had persuaded the Queen to limit the title to India in order to avoid controversy.^[8] Hence, the title Kaisar-i-Hind was coined in 1876 by the orientalist G.W. Leitner as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.^[9] The term Kaisar-i-Hind means emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word kaisar, meaning 'emperor', is a derivative of the Roman imperial title caesar (via Persian and Ottoman Turkish – see Kaiser-i-Rum), and is cognate with the German title Kaiser, which was borrowed from the Latin at an earlier date.^[10]

Many in the United Kingdom, however, regarded the assumption of the title as an obvious development from the Government of India Act 1858, which resulted in the founding of British India, ruled directly by the Crown. The public were of the opinion that the title of "queen" was no longer adequate for the ceremonial ruler of what was often referred to informally as the "Indian Empire". The new styling underlined the fact that the native states were no longer a mere agglomeration but a collective entity.^[11]

When Edward VII ascended to the throne on 22 January 1901, he continued the imperial tradition laid down by his mother, Queen Victoria, by adopting the title Emperor of India. Three subsequent British monarchs followed in his footsteps, and the title continued to be used after India and Pakistan had become independent on 15 August 1947. It was not until 22 June 1948 that the style was officially abolished during the reign of George VI.^[2]

The first emperor to visit India was George V. For his imperial coronation ceremony at the Delhi Durbar, the Imperial Crown of India was created. The Crown weighs 920 g (2.03 lb) and is set with 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies, and 4 sapphires. At the front is a very fine emerald weighing 32 carats (6.4 g).^[12] The king wrote in his diary that it was heavy and uncomfortable to wear: "Rather tired after wearing my crown for 3+1⁄2 hours; it hurt my head, as it is pretty heavy."^[13]

The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear when British India became the Union of India (1947–1950) and Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1952) after independence in 1947. George VI retained the title until 22 June 1948, the date of a Royal Proclamation^[14] made in accordance with Section 7 (2) of the Indian Independence Act 1947, reading: "The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words Indiae Imperator and the words "Emperor of India" and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm."^[15] Thereafter, George VI remained monarch of Pakistan until his death in 1952 and of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950.

British coins, as well as those of the Empire and the Commonwealth, had routinely included the abbreviated title Ind. Imp. Coins in India, on the other hand, had the word empress, and later king-emperor in English. The title appeared on coinage in the United Kingdom throughout 1948, with a further Royal Proclamation made on 22 December under the Coinage Act 1870 to omit the abbreviated title.^[16]

List of emperors and empresses

Name	Birth	Reign	Death	Consort	Imperial Durbar	Royal House
Victoria	24 May 1819	1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901	22 January 1901	None^[a]	1 January 1877 (represented by Lord Lytton)	Hanover
Edward VII	9 November 1841	22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910	6 May 1910	Alexandra of Denmark	1 January 1903 (represented by Lord Curzon)	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
George V	3 June 1865	6 May 1910 – 20 January 1936	20 January 1936	Mary of Teck	12 December 1911	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1910–1917) Windsor (1917–1936)
Edward VIII	23 June 1894	20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936	28 May 1972	None	None^[b]	Windsor
George VI	14 December 1895	11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947	6 February 1952	Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon	None^[c]	Windsor

Notes

^ Victoria's husband Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861.
^ Edward VIII abdicated after less than one year of reign.
^ A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to poverty and demands for independence.^[17]

References

^ "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647. Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30. ('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the style and titles 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith'
^ ^a ^b Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30)
^ David Kenneth Fieldhouse (1985). Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: Settler self-government, 1840–1900. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-313-27326-1.
^ Harold E. Raugh (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-Clio. p. 122. ISBN 9781576079256.
^ L. A. Knight, "The Royal Titles Act and India", The Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1968), pp. 488–489.
^ ^a ^b L. A. Knight, p. 489.
^ "Remembering Vicky, the Queen Britain never had". New Statesman. 10 June 2021.
^ L. A. Knight, p. 488.
^ B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1983), 165–209, esp. 201-2.
^ See Witzel, Michael, "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 PDF Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ L. A. Knight, pp. 491, 496
^ Edward Francis Twining (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. B. T. Batsford. p. 169. ASIN B00283LZA6.
^ Brooman, Josh (1989). The World Since 1900 (3rd ed.). Longman. p. 96. ISBN 0-5820-0989-8.
^ "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647.
^ Indian Independence Act 1947, Section 7 (2)
^ "No. 38487". The London Gazette. 24 December 1948. p. 6665.
^ Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, p. 175, ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7

[17] Victoria's husband Prince Albert died on 14 December 1861.

[18] Edward VIII abdicated after less than one year of reign.

[20] A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to poverty and demands for independence.^[17]

[gazette1948-06-22a-1] "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647. Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30. ('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the style and titles 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith'

[Act1947-2] Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30)

[3] David Kenneth Fieldhouse (1985). Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: Settler self-government, 1840–1900. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-313-27326-1.

[4] Harold E. Raugh (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-Clio. p. 122. ISBN 9781576079256.

[5] L. A. Knight, "The Royal Titles Act and India", The Historical Journal, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1968), pp. 488–489.

[Knight_489-6] L. A. Knight, p. 489.

[7] "Remembering Vicky, the Queen Britain never had". New Statesman. 10 June 2021.

[8] L. A. Knight, p. 488.

[9] B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1983), 165–209, esp. 201-2.

[10] See Witzel, Michael, "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 PDF Archived 23 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine

[11] L. A. Knight, pp. 491, 496

[12] Edward Francis Twining (1960). A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. B. T. Batsford. p. 169. ASIN B00283LZA6.

[13] Brooman, Josh (1989). The World Since 1900 (3rd ed.). Longman. p. 96. ISBN 0-5820-0989-8.

[RP-14] "No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647.

[15] Indian Independence Act 1947, Section 7 (2)

[16] "No. 38487". The London Gazette. 24 December 1948. p. 6665.

[19] Vickers, Hugo (2006), Elizabeth: The Queen Mother, Arrow Books/Random House, p. 175, ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 to 22 June 1948}}
+{{short description|Title used by British monarchs from 1876 to 1948}}
-{{about|the official title "Emperor of India" which was used by British monarchs|the list of native Indian emperors|List of Indian monarchs|the British battleship|HMS Emperor of India}}
+{{about|an official title used by British monarchs|other emperors in the Indian subcontinent|List of Indian monarchs|the British battleship|HMS Emperor of India}}
-{{Redirect|Empress of India}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
 {{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
 {{Infobox former monarchy
 | royal_title       = Emperor
@@ Line 11: / Line 10: @@
 | realm             = India
 | border            = imperial
-| image              = King George VI LOC matpc.14736 (cleaned).jpg
+| image             = King George VI LOC matpc.14736 (cleaned).jpg
-| image_size         =
+| image_size        =
-| alt                =
+| alt               =
-| caption            = '''Last to Reign<br />[[George VI]]'''<br />11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
+| caption           = '''Last to reign<br />[[George VI]]'''<br />11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
 | first_monarch     = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
 | last_monarch      = [[George VI]]<br />(continued as [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|monarch of India]] and [[Monarchy of Pakistan|Pakistan]])
@@ Line 20: / Line 19: @@
 | ended             = 22 June 1948
 }}
-'''Emperor''' or '''Empress of India''' was a title used by [[British monarch]]s from 1 May 1876 (with the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]]) to 22 June 1948<ref name="gazette1948-06-22a">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}} Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30.]('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the [[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of British sovereigns|style and titles]] 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith'</ref><ref name="Act1947">''[[Indian Independence Act 1947]]'' (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30)</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Kenneth Fieldhouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZHdAZDr-kYC&pg=PA37 |title=Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: Settler self-government, 1840–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-313-27326-1 |page=37}}</ref> to signify [[British Raj|their sovereignty]] over the [[Indian Empire]] as its imperial [[head of state]]. The image of the emperor or empress appeared on [[Indian currency]], in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on statues etc. Oaths of allegiance were made to the emperor or empress and the lawful successors by the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|governors-general]], [[Princely State|princes]], governors, [[Chief Commissioner's Province|commissioners]] in India in events such as [[imperial durbar]]s.
+'''Emperor''' or '''Empress of India''' was a title used by [[British monarch]]s from 1 May 1876 (with the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]]) to 22 June 1948<ref name="gazette1948-06-22a">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}} Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. CH. 30.] ('Section 7: ...(2)The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words " Indiae Imperator " and the words " Emperor of India " and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm.'). According to this Royal Proclamation, the King retained the [[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of British sovereigns|style and titles]] 'George VI by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith'</ref><ref name="Act1947">''[[Indian Independence Act 1947]]'' (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 30)</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Kenneth Fieldhouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZHdAZDr-kYC&pg=PA37 |title=Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: Settler self-government, 1840–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-313-27326-1 |page=37}}</ref> to signify their sovereignty over the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] as its imperial [[head of state]]. The image of the emperor or empress appeared on [[Indian currency]], in government buildings, railway stations, courts, on statues etc. Oaths of allegiance were made to the emperor or empress and the lawful successors by the [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|governors-general]], [[Princely State|princes]], governors, [[Chief Commissioner's Province|commissioners]] in India in events such as [[Delhi Durbar|imperial durbar]]s.
-The title was abolished on 22 June 1948, with the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], under which [[George VI]] made a [[royal proclamation]] that the words "Emperor of India" were to be omitted in [[styles of address]] and from [[customary title]]s. This was almost a year after he became the [[titular head]] of the newly [[partition of India|partitioned]] and independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1947. These were abolished upon the establishment of the [[Republic of India]] in 1950 and the [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] in 1956.
+The title was abolished on 22 June 1948, with the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], under which [[George VI]] made a [[royal proclamation]] that the words "Emperor of India" were to be omitted in [[styles of address]] and from [[customary title]]s. This was almost a year after he became the [[titular head]] of the newly [[partition of India|partitioned]] and independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1947. These were abolished upon the establishment of the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1950 and the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] in 1956.
 ==History==
 {{See also|Style of the British sovereign}}
-[[File:Victoria Disraeli cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''New Crowns for Old'', the cartoon's caption references a scene in [[Aladdin]] where lamps are exchanged. The prime minister, Benjamin Disraeli, is offering Queen Victoria an imperial crown in exchange for an earl's coronet. She made him [[Earl of Beaconsfield]] at this time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harold E. Raugh|title=The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA122|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=122|isbn=9781576079256}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Victoria Disraeli cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''New Crowns for Old'': Disraeli and Victoria in a cartoon mimicking a scene in [[Aladdin]] where lamps are exchanged. She made him [[Earl of Beaconsfield]] at this time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Harold E. Raugh |title=The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvE_Pa_ZlfsC&pg=PA122 |year=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=122 |isbn=9781576079256 }}</ref>]]
-After the nominal [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] was deposed at the conclusion of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858), the government of the [[United Kingdom]] decided to transfer control of [[British India]] and the [[princely state]]s from the mercantile [[East India Company]] (EIC) to [[British Crown|the Crown]], thus marking the beginning of the [[British Raj]]. The EIC was officially dissolved on 1 June 1874, and the [[British prime minister]], [[Benjamin Disraeli]], decided to offer [[Queen Victoria]] the title "Empress of India" shortly afterwards. Victoria accepted this style on 1 May 1876. The first [[Delhi Durbar]] (which served as an imperial coronation) was held in her honour eight months later on 1 January 1877.<ref>L. A. Knight, "The Royal Titles Act and India", ''The Historical Journal'', Cambridge University Press, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1968), pp. 488–489.</ref>
+After the nominal [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] was deposed at the conclusion of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (10 May 1857 – 1 November 1858), the government of the [[United Kingdom]] decided to transfer control of [[British India]] and the [[princely state]]s from the mercantile [[East India Company]] (EIC) to [[British Crown|the Crown]], thus marking the beginning of the [[British Raj]]. The EIC [[East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873|was officially dissolved on 1 June 1874]], and the [[British prime minister]], [[Benjamin Disraeli]], decided to offer [[Queen Victoria]] the title "Empress of India" shortly afterwards. Victoria accepted this style on 1 May 1876. The first [[Delhi Durbar]] (which served as an imperial coronation) was held in her honour eight months later on 1 January 1877.<ref>L. A. Knight, "The Royal Titles Act and India", ''The Historical Journal'', Cambridge University Press, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1968), pp. 488–489.</ref>
 [[File:ImperialCrownOfIndia2.jpg|thumb|The [[Imperial Crown of India]]]]
-The idea of having Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India was not particularly new, as [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]] had already suggested it in 1843 upon becoming the [[governor-general of India]]. By 1874, [[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Sir Henry Ponsonby]], the Queen's private secretary, had ordered English charters to be scrutinised for imperial titles, with [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]] and [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]] mentioned as sound precedents. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, and the realisation that her influence was manifestly on the decline, was urging the move.<ref name="Knight 489">L. A. Knight, p. 489.</ref> Another factor may have been that the Queen's first child, [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], was married to [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick]], the heir apparent to the [[German Empire]]. Upon becoming empress, she would outrank her mother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Vicky, the Queen Britain never had |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2013/07/remembering-vicky-queen-britain-never-had |website=www.newstatesman.com|date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> By January 1876, the Queen's insistence was so great that Benjamin Disraeli felt that he could procrastinate no longer.<ref name="Knight 489" /> Initially, Victoria had considered the style "Empress of Great Britain, Ireland, and India", but Disraeli had persuaded the Queen to limit the title to India in order to avoid controversy.<ref>L. A. Knight, p. 488.</ref> Hence, the title ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' was coined in 1876 by the orientalist [[G.W. Leitner]] as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.<ref>B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), ''The Invention of Tradition'' (1983), 165–209, esp. 201-2.</ref> The term ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' means emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word ''kaisar'', meaning 'emperor', is a derivative of the Roman imperial title [[Caesar (title)|caesar]] (via Persian, Turkish – see ''[[Kaiser-i-Rum]]''), and is cognate with the German title ''[[Kaiser]]'', which was borrowed from the Latin at an earlier date.<ref>See [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094912/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf|date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
+The idea of having Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India was not particularly new, as [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Lord Ellenborough]] had already suggested it in 1843 upon becoming the [[governor-general of India]]. By 1874, [[Major General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Sir Henry Ponsonby]], the Queen's private secretary, had ordered English charters to be scrutinised for imperial titles, with [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]] and [[Stephen, King of England|Stephen]] mentioned as sound precedents. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, and the realisation that her influence was manifestly on the decline, was urging the move.<ref name="Knight 489">L. A. Knight, p. 489.</ref> Another factor may have been that the Queen's first child, [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], was married to [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick]], the heir apparent to the [[German Empire]]. Upon becoming empress, she would outrank her mother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remembering Vicky, the Queen Britain never had |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2013/07/remembering-vicky-queen-britain-never-had |work=[[New Statesman]] |date=10 June 2021 }}</ref> By January 1876, the Queen's insistence was so great that Benjamin Disraeli felt that he could procrastinate no longer.<ref name="Knight 489" /> Initially, Victoria had considered the style "Empress of Great Britain, Ireland, and India", but Disraeli had persuaded the Queen to limit the title to India in order to avoid controversy.<ref>L. A. Knight, p. 488.</ref> Hence, the title ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' was coined in 1876 by the orientalist [[G.W. Leitner]] as the official imperial title for the British monarch in India.<ref>B.S. Cohn, "Representing Authority in Victorian India", in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), ''The Invention of Tradition'' (1983), 165–209, esp. 201-2.</ref> The term ''Kaisar-i-Hind'' means emperor of India in the vernacular of the Hindi and Urdu languages. The word ''kaisar'', meaning 'emperor', is a derivative of the Roman imperial title {{lang|it|[[caesar (title)|caesar]]}} (via [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Ottoman Turkish]] – see {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Kaiser-i-Rum]]}}), and is cognate with the German title {{lang|de|[[Kaiser]]}}, which was borrowed from the Latin at an earlier date.<ref>See [[Michael Witzel|Witzel, Michael]], "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts", p. 29, 12.1 [http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094912/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0703/ejvs0703article.pdf|date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
-Many in the United Kingdom, however, regarded the assumption of the title as an obvious development from the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which resulted in the founding of British India, ruled directly by [[the Crown]]. The public were of the opinion that the title of "queen" was no longer adequate for the ceremonial ruler of what was often referred to informally as the "Indian Empire." The new styling underlined the fact that the native states were no longer a mere agglomeration but a collective entity.<ref>L. A. Knight, pp. 491, 496</ref>
+Many in the United Kingdom, however, regarded the assumption of the title as an obvious development from the [[Government of India Act 1858]], which resulted in the founding of British India, ruled directly by [[the Crown]]. The public were of the opinion that the title of "queen" was no longer adequate for the ceremonial ruler of what was often referred to informally as the "Indian Empire". The new styling underlined the fact that the native states were no longer a mere agglomeration but a collective entity.<ref>L. A. Knight, pp. 491, 496</ref>
-[[File:George V Signature.svg|thumb|George V's signature with the initials ''R I (Rex Imperator)'']]
+[[File:George V Signature.svg|thumb|George V's signature with the initials {{lang|la|R I}} ({{lang|la|Rex Imperator}})]]
-[[File:Epreuve de 1 cent en laiton représentant un rameau d' érable.jpg|thumb|A Canadian 1-cent coin with the inscription ''Ind. Imp. (Indiae Imperator)'']]
+[[File:Epreuve de 1 cent en laiton représentant un rameau d' érable.jpg|thumb|A Canadian 1-cent coin with the inscription {{lang|la|Ind. Imp.}} ({{lang|la|Indiae Imperator}})']]
 When [[Edward VII]] ascended to the throne on 22 January 1901, he continued the imperial tradition laid down by his mother, Queen Victoria, by adopting the title Emperor of India. Three subsequent British monarchs followed in his footsteps, and the title continued to be used after India and Pakistan had become independent on 15 August 1947. It was not until 22 June 1948 that the style was officially abolished during the reign of [[George VI]].<ref name="Act1947" />
-The first emperor to visit India was [[George V]]. For his imperial coronation ceremony at the [[Delhi Durbar]], the [[Imperial Crown of India]] was created. The Crown weighs {{convert|920|g|lb|abbr=on}} and is set with 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies, and 4 sapphires. At the front is a very fine emerald weighing {{convert|32|carat|g}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Francis Twining |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe |publisher=B. T. Batsford |year=1960 |page=169 |asin=B00283LZA6 |author-link=Edward_Twining}}</ref> The king wrote in his diary that it was heavy and uncomfortable to wear: "Rather tired after wearing my crown for {{frac|3|1|2}} hours; it hurt my head, as it is pretty heavy."<ref>{{cite book |last=Brooman |first=Josh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyWgAAAAMAAJ |title=The World Since 1900 |publisher=Longman |year=1989 |isbn=0-5820-0989-8 |edition=3rd |page=96}}</ref>
+The first emperor to visit India was [[George V]]. For his imperial coronation ceremony at the [[Delhi Durbar]], the [[Imperial Crown of India]] was created. The Crown weighs {{convert|920|g|lb|abbr=on}} and is set with 6,170 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 4 rubies, and 4 sapphires. At the front is a very fine emerald weighing {{convert|32|carat|g}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Francis Twining |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvIOAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe |publisher=B. T. Batsford |year=1960 |page=169 |asin=B00283LZA6 |author-link=Edward Twining}}</ref> The king wrote in his diary that it was heavy and uncomfortable to wear: "Rather tired after wearing my crown for {{frac|3|1|2}} hours; it hurt my head, as it is pretty heavy."<ref>{{cite book |last=Brooman |first=Josh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyWgAAAAMAAJ |title=The World Since 1900 |publisher=Longman |year=1989 |isbn=0-5820-0989-8 |edition=3rd |page=96}}</ref>
-The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear when British India became the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] (1947–1950) and [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (1947–1952) after independence in 1947. George VI retained the title until 22 June 1948, the date of a Royal Proclamation<ref name="RP">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}}</ref> made in accordance with Section 7 (2) of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], reading: "The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words "Indiae Imperator" and the words "Emperor of India" and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm."<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947], Section 7 (2)</ref> Thereafter, George VI remained monarch of Pakistan until his death in 1952 and of India until it became the [[Republic of India]] in 1950.
+The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear when British India became the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] (1947–1950) and [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (1947–1952) after independence in 1947. George VI retained the title until 22 June 1948, the date of a Royal Proclamation<ref name="RP">{{London Gazette |issue=38330 |date=22 June 1948 |page=3647}}</ref> made in accordance with Section 7 (2) of the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], reading: "The assent of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is hereby given to the omission from the Royal Style and Titles of the words {{lang|la|Indiae Imperator}} and the words "Emperor of India" and to the issue by His Majesty for that purpose of His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm."<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf Indian Independence Act 1947], Section 7 (2)</ref> Thereafter, George VI remained monarch of Pakistan until his death in 1952 and of India until it became the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1950.
-[[British coins]], as well as those of the [[British Empire|Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], had routinely included the abbreviated title ''Ind. Imp.'' Coins in India, on the other hand, had the word "empress", and later "king-emperor" in English. The title appeared on coinage in the United Kingdom throughout 1948, with a further Royal Proclamation made on 22 December under the [[Coinage Act 1870]] to omit the abbreviated title.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38487|date=24 December 1948|page=6665}}</ref>
+[[British coins]], as well as those of the [[British Empire|Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], had routinely included the abbreviated title {{lang|la|Ind. Imp}}. Coins in India, on the other hand, had the word ''empress'', and later ''king-emperor'' in English. The title appeared on coinage in the United Kingdom throughout 1948, with a further Royal Proclamation made on 22 December under the [[Coinage Act 1870]] to omit the abbreviated title.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38487|date=24 December 1948|page=6665}}</ref>
-==List of emperors and empresses==
+==List of emperors and empresses ==
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 !Portrait
@@ Line 61: / Line 60: @@
 |1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901
 |22 January 1901
-|''None''{{efn|Victoria's husband [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] died on 14 December 1861.}}
+|''None''{{efn|Victoria's husband [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Albert]] died on 14 December 1861.}}
 |[[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1877|1 January 1877]]<br>(''represented by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]]'')
 |[[House of Hanover|Hanover]]
 |-
-|[[File:King-Edward-VII (cropped).jpg|120px]]
+|[[File:Eduard VII.jpg|120px]]
 |{{Nowrap|[[Edward VII]]}}
 |9 November 1841
@@ Line 85: / Line 84: @@
 |Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<br>{{small|(1910–1917)}}<br><hr />[[House of Windsor|Windsor]]<br>{{small|(1917–1936)}}
 |-
-|[[File:Edward VIII 1920.jpg|120px]]
+|[[File:HRH The Prince of Wales No 4 (HS85-10-36416).jpg|120px]]
 |{{Nowrap|[[Edward VIII]]}}
 |23 June 1894
@@ Line 91: / Line 90: @@
 |28 May 1972
 |''None''
-|''None''{{efn|Edward VIII [[Abdication of Edward VIII|abdicated]] after less than one year of reign.}}
+|''None''{{efn|[[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward VIII abdicated]] after less than one year of reign.}}
 |Windsor
 |-
-|[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 (cleaned).jpg|120px]]
+|[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|120px]]
 |[[George VI]]
 |14 December 1895
 |11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
 |6 February 1952
-|[[File:Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother portrait.jpg |70px]]
+|[[File:Queen Elizabeth - NARA - 5730844.jpg|70px]]
 [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
 |''None''{{efn|A durbar was deemed expensive and impractical due to [[Poverty in India#Poverty prevalence and estimates|poverty]] and demands for [[Indian independence movement|independence]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Vickers|first=Hugo|title=Elizabeth: The Queen Mother|publisher=Arrow Books/Random House|year=2006|page=175|isbn=978-0-09-947662-7}}</ref>}}
@@ Line 106: / Line 105: @@
 ==See also==
+*[[Indian independence movement]]
 *[[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Emperor of India}}
-[[Category:British monarchy]]
+[[Category:Monarchy of the United Kingdom]]
 [[Category:Emperors of India| ]]
 [[Category:Heads of state of India]]
-[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
 [[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
 [[Category:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations]]