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{{short description|National legislature of Chile}}
{{short description|National legislature of Chile}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=September 2013}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=February 2020}}}}
{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
| name = National Congress of Chile
| name = National Congress of Chile
| native_name = Congreso Nacional de Chile
| native_name = Congreso Nacional de Chile
| legislature =[[LVI legislative period of the Chilean Congress|LVI legislative period]]
| transcription_name =
| legislature =[[LVI legislative period of the Chilean Congress|56th National Congress]]
| coa_pic = Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg
| coa_pic = Coat of arms of Chile (c).svg
| coa_res =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_alt =Coat of arms of Chile
| logo_pic =
|coa_caption=[[Coat of arms of Chile]]| logo_pic =
| logo_res =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| logo_alt =
| house_type = Bicameral
| house_type = Bicameral
|foundation=July 4, 1811 <br/><small>([[First Chilean National Congress|First National Congress]])</small>| houses = [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]<br>[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]
| body =
| houses = [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]<br>[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]
| leader1_type = [[President of the Senate of Chile|President of the Senate]]
| leader1_type = [[President of the Senate of Chile|President of the Senate]]
| leader1 = [[Juan Antonio Coloma Correa]]
| leader1 = [[José García Ruminot]]
| leader2_type = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2 = [[Karol Cariola]]
| seats = Total: 205 <br/>50 senators<br/>155 deputies
| leader2_type = [[List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile|President of the Chamber]]
| leader2 = {{ill|Ricardo Cifuentes|es}}
| house1 =[[Senate of Chile|Senate]]
| party2 =
| house2 =[[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]
| election2 =
| seats = 50 senators and 155 deputies
| house1 =
| house2 =
| structure1 = Senadores Chile.svg
| structure1 = Senadores Chile.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_res = 250px
Line 33: Line 24:
| structure2_res = 250px
| structure2_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Government]] (19)'''
'''Government (18)'''
*''[[Apruebo Dignidad]] (6)''
* ''[[Government Alliance]] (18)''
**{{Color box|#8B0000|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]] (2)
** {{color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]] (7)
**{{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} [[Social Green Regionalist Federation|FREVS]] (2)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Party for Democracy (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]] (6)
**{{Color box|#1D4C4F|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Revolution|RD]] (1)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of Chile}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]] (2)
**{{Color box|#C0C0C0|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] ([[Fabiola Campillai|1]])
** {{Color box|#83C926|border=darkgray}} [[Social Green Regionalist Federation|FREVS]] (2)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Broad Front (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)|FA]] (1)
*[[Democratic Socialism (Chile) |Democratic Socialism]] (13)
**{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]] (7)
**{{Color box|orange|border=darkgray}} [[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]] (6)
'''[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (27)'''
*''[[Chile Vamos]] (23)''
**{{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} [[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]] (11)
**{{Color box|navy|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Democrat Union|UDI]] (9)
**{{Color box|deepskyblue|border=darkgray}} [[Political Evolution|EVOPOLI]] (3)
*{{Color box|#31446C|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019) |PLR]] (2)
*{{Color box|#181B4C|border=darkgray}} [[Democrats (Chile)|Democrats]] (2)
'''Others (4)'''
*{{Color box|dodgerblue|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|DC]] (3)
*{{Color box|#C0C0C0|border=darkgray}} Independent (1)


'''External support (5)'''
* {{Color box|dodgerblue|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|DC]] (3)
* {{Color box|#808080|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independents]] (2)

'''Opposition (27)'''
*''[[Chile Vamos]] (22)''
** {{Color box|{{party color|National Renewal (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]] (10)
** {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]] (9)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Political Evolution}}|border=darkgray}} [[Political Evolution|Evópoli]] (3)

*''Others (5)''
** {{Color box|#0096BA|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Social Party (Chile)|PSC]] (2)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Democrats (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democrats (Chile)|Democrats]] (2)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (Chile, 2019)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|PLR]] (1)

<hr>


| political_groups2 =
| political_groups2 =
'''Government (67)'''
'''Government (67)'''
*''[[Apruebo Dignidad]] (37)''
* ''[[Government Alliance]] (67)''
**{{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of Chile}}|border=silver}} [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]] (12)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Broad Front (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Broad Front (Chilean political coalition)|FA]] (23)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Social Convergence}}|border=silver}} [[Social Convergence|CS]] (10)
** {{color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]] (13)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Revolution}}|border=silver}} [[Democratic Revolution|RD]] (7)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of Chile}}|border=darkgray}} [[Communist Party of Chile|PCCh]] (10)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Commons (political party)}}|border=silver}} [[Commons (Chilean political party)|Commons]] (6)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Party for Democracy (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]] (9)
** {{Color box|#008000|border=silver}} [[Social Green Regionalist Federation|FREVS]] (2)
** {{Color box|#FF03B2|border=darkgray}} [[Liberal Party of Chile (2013)|PL]] (5)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Radical Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Radical Party of Chile (2018)|PR]] (3)
* [[Democratic Socialism (Chile)|Democratic Socialism]] (30)<ref name="Diputados"/>
** {{Color box|{{party color|Socialist Party of Chile}}|border=silver}} [[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]] (13)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Humanist Action}}|border=darkgray}} [[Humanist Action|AH]] (2)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Party for Democracy (Chile)}}|border=silver}} [[Party for Democracy (Chile)|PPD]] (9)
** {{Color box|#83C926|border=darkgray}} [[Social Green Regionalist Federation|FREVS]] (1)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Radical Party}}|border=silver}} [[Radical Party of Chile (2018)|PR]] (4)
** {{Color box|#808080|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independents]] ([[Hernán Palma|1]])
** {{Color box|{{party color|Liberal Party (Chile)}}|border=silver}} [[Liberal Party of Chile (2013)|PL]] (4)


'''Opposition (68)'''
'''External support (7)'''
* {{Color box|dodgerblue|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|DC]] (7)
*''[[Chile Vamos]] (53)''
** {{Color box|{{party color|National Renewal (Chile)}}|border=silver}} [[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]] (25)<ref name="Diputados">{{cite web|language=Spanish|author=Cámara de Diputados de Chile|url=https://www.camara.cl/camara/diputados.aspx?prmTAB=partidos&prmPARAM=IND#TAB|title=Organización y Autoridades Parlamentarias periodo legislativo 2018 - 2022|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>
** {{Color box|{{party color|Independent Democratic Union}}|border=silver}} [[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]] (23)<ref name="Diputados"/>
** {{Color box|{{party color|Political Evolution}}|border=silver}} [[Political Evolution|EVÓPOLI]] (4)<ref name="Diputados"/>
** {{Color box|#11DECA|border=silver}} [[Independent politician|CV Independent]] (1)<ref name="Diputados"/>
* [[Christian Social Front]] (15)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (Chile, 2019)}}|border=silver}} [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|PLR]] (15)


'''Others (20)'''
'''Opposition (81)'''
*''[[Chile Vamos]] (48)''
* {{Color box|{{party color|Christian Democratic Party (Chile)}}|border=silver}} [[Christian Democratic Party (Chile)|DC]] (8)<ref name="Diputados"/>
* {{Color box|{{party color|Party of the People (Chile)}}|border=silver}} [[Party of the People (Chile)|PDG]] (7)
** {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Democratic Union|UDI]] (22)
* {{Color box|#E5E7E9|border=silver}} [[Independent politician| Independents]] (5)
** {{Color box|{{party color|National Renewal (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]] (22)
** {{Color box|{{party color|Political Evolution}}|border=darkgray}} [[Political Evolution|Evópoli]] (4)
| committees1 =

| committees2 =
*''Others (33)''
| joint_committees =
** {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (Chile, 2019)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (Chile, 2019)|PLR]] (12)
| voting_system1 = [[Open list]] [[proportional representation]]
** {{Color box|#0096BA|border=darkgray}} [[Christian Social Party (Chile)|PSC]] (7)
| voting_system2 =
** {{Color box|{{party color|Democrats (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democrats (Chile)|Democrats]] (6)
| last_election1 =
** {{Color box|{{party color|Party of the People (Chile)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Party of the People (Chile)|PDG]] (1)
| last_election2 =
** {{Color box|{{party color|Amarillos por Chile}}|border=darkgray}} [[Amarillos por Chile|AxCh]] (1)
| session_room = Congreso Nacional de Chile.jpg
** {{Color box|#808080|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician| Independents]] (6)
|term_length=* Senators: eight-years term with the option to go for re-election one time<br>
* Deputies: four-years term, may go for re-election two times| session_room = Congreso Nacional de Chile.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = Edificio del Congreso Nacional<br/>[[Valparaíso]]<br>[[Chile]]
| meeting_place = Edificio del Congreso Nacional<br/>[[Valparaíso]]<br>[[Chile]]
| website = [https://www.camara.cl// Cámara de Diputados {{in lang|es}}]<br>[http://www.senado.cl/ Senado {{in lang|es}}]
| website = [https://www.camara.cl// Cámara de Diputados {{in lang|es}}]<br>[http://www.senado.cl/ Senado {{in lang|es}}]
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
| motto =
}}
}}
The '''National Congress of Chile'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cabrera-Tapia|first=Roberto|date=2021|title=The Chilean Congress: Bicameralism in a Presidential System.|url=https://psaparliaments.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Chile.pdf|url-status=live|website=PSA Parliaments specialist group}}</ref> ({{lang-es|Congreso Nacional de Chile}}) is the [[Legislature|legislative branch]] of the government of the [[Chile|Republic of Chile]].


The '''National Congress of Chile'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cabrera-Tapia|first=Roberto|date=2021|title=The Chilean Congress: Bicameralism in a Presidential System.|url=https://psaparliaments.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Chile.pdf|website=PSA Parliaments specialist group}}</ref> ({{langx|es|Congreso Nacional de Chile}}) is the [[Legislature|legislative branch]] of the [[Chile|Republic of Chile]]. According to the current Constitution ([[Chilean Constitution of 1980]]), it is a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] organ made up of a [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] and a [[Senate of Chile|Senate]]. Established by law No. 18678,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Biblioteca del Congreso |title=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional {{!}} Ley Chile |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=es}}</ref> the city of [[Valparaíso]] is its official headquarters.
The National Congress of Chile was founded on July 4, 1811. It is a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature composed of the [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] (lower house), of 155 Deputies (120 before 2017) and by the [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] (upper house), formed by 43 Senators (38 before 2017) which will increase its size to 50 senators after the [[2021 Chilean general election|next general election]].


Chile's congress is the oldest operational in [[Latin America]] and one of the oldest in [[Ibero-America]]. The [[First Chilean National Congress]] was founded on July 4, 1811, to decide the best kind of government for the [[Captaincy General of Chile|Kingdom of Chile]] during the captivity of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|King Ferdinand VII]] in the hands of [[Napoleon]].
The organisation of Congress and its powers and duties are defined in articles 42 to 59 of the current [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|constitution]] and by the Constitutional Organic Law No. 18,918.


The Chamber of Deputies is constituted by 155 members called deputies or ''diputados'' in Spanish and they are elected for a four-years period. Re-election is possible for a maximum of two times, which means that the deputy may remain in the post for up to 12 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Congreso Nacional de Chile |first=Biblioteca |date=2014-11-27 |title=Limits to the re-election of deputies and senators |url=https://www.bcn.cl/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Portal de la Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile |language=Spanish}}</ref> The country has [[Electoral divisions of Chile|60 electoral districts]] and each one is represented by two deputies.
[[File:Congresschile.jpg|thumb|left|Chile Congress building]]
Congress meets in the Chile Congress building, which was built during the last years of the [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] regime and stands in the port city of [[Valparaíso]], some 140&nbsp;km west of the capital, [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]. This new building replaced the [[Former National Congress Building]], located in downtown Santiago.


The [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] is formed by 50 senators elected for an eight-years period and may go for re-election one time, which means a senator can remain in the role for 16 years.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Electoral divisions of Chile|electoral division]] is different from the deputies, it is made of [[Electoral divisions of Chile|19 senatorial constituencies]] (''Spanish:'' ''circunscripción senatorial''), where two senators are elected per constituency.

The Congress's powers, duties and processes are defined in articles 42 to 59 of the current [[Chilean Constitution of 1980|constitution]] of 1980 and through the Constitutional Organic Law No. 18918<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Biblioteca del Congreso |title=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional {{!}} Ley Chile |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=es}}</ref> published in 1990.

The current [[electoral system]] (or voting system) in Chile is proportional and inclusive according to the 2015 update of the organic law No. 18700, article 179 bis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biblioteca |first=Congreso Nacional de Chile |title=Organic law about popular vote |url=https://www.bcn.cl/leychile |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.bcn.cl/leychile |language=Spanish}}</ref>

The National Congress was closed without an immediate renewal of the members of its two chambers during three periods: [[Government Junta of Chile (1924)|1924-1925]], [[Socialist Republic of Chile|June-October 1932]] and [[Military dictatorship of Chile|1973-1989]].

A new four-years legislative period begins with the installation of the National Congress. The [[LVI legislative period of the Chilean Congress]] began on March 11, 2022 and will end in 2026.

==History==

=== Patria Vieja ===
{{Main article|First Chilean National Congress}}

=== Patria Nueva ===
{{Main article|Chilean Declaration of Independence}}

=== Dictatorship 1973-1990 ===
On 13 September 1973, the [[Government Junta of Chile (1973)|Government Junta of Chile]] [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|dissolved Congress]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/chile/story/0,,1033575,00.html "Junta general names himself as new President of Chile"]. ''The Guardian''. 14 September 1973. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</ref>
On 13 September 1973, the [[Government Junta of Chile (1973)|Government Junta of Chile]] [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|dissolved Congress]].<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/chile/story/0,,1033575,00.html "Junta general names himself as new President of Chile"]. ''The Guardian''. 14 September 1973. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</ref>
{{clear left}}


During the last years of the [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] regime, the current building of Congress was built in the port city of [[Valparaíso]], some 140 km west of the country's capital, [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]]. This new building replaced the [[Former National Congress Building]], located in downtown Santiago.
Statistical analysis suggest Chilean politicians in Congress "are not randomly drawn from the population, but over-represent high-income communities".<ref name=surmane/> As such, Chileans of [[Castilian-Basque aristocracy|Castilian-Basque]], [[Palestinian community in Chile|Palestinian]] and [[List of Chilean Jews|Jewish]] ancestry are overrepresented in it.<ref name="surmane">{{Cite journal|title=Surname affinity in Santiago, Chile: A network-based approach that uncovers urban segregation|journal=[[PLOS One]]|last1=Bro|first1=Naim|date=2021-01-06|last2=Mendoza|first2=Marcelo|volume=16|issue=1|pages=e0244372|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0244372|pmid=33406147|pmc=7787389|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1644372B|doi-access=free}}</ref>


=== Transition to Democracy ===
==Accusations of bias in the design of the legislative electoral system==
Between 1989 and 2013, elections in Chile were carried out following a [[binomial voting]] system, which was prescribed in 1980 during the [[Military dictatorship of Chile]].
{{update|section|date=March 2021}}

The 1980 Constitution defined a complicated scheme, unique in the world, for electing the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Each Deputy or Senator was elected from a two-member district. Parties or coalitions put two-member lists on the ballot. If the first-place list in a district won more than twice the votes of the second-place list, both its nominees were elected; otherwise, the top candidate from each list went to Valparaiso, the seat of Chile's Congress. It has been argued this scheme was expressly designed by the [[Pinochet regime]] to favour the election of [[Right-wing political parties|right-wing]] legislative majorities.<ref name=Dartmouth>Carey, John M. [https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.dartmouth.edu/dist/2/109/files/2013/02/Malapportionment-and-ideological-bias-in-Chilean-electoral-districts.pdf Malapportionment and ideological bias in Chilean electoral districts.] Dartmouth College. May 18, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pastor|first=Daniel|year=2004|title=Origins of the Chilean Binominal Election System|url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/revcipol/v24n1/art02.pdf|journal=Revista de Ciencia Política|volume=24|pages=38–57}}</ref> Several rounds of constitutional amendments have been enacted since 1980 to address this concern.<ref name=Dartmouth/><ref>Carey, John. [https://theglobalamericans.org/2015/05/chiles-electoral-reform/ Chile's electoral reform.] Global Americans. May 27, 2015.</ref>
The binomial system was considered by most analysts as the main constitutional lock that prevented completion of the [[Chilean transition to democracy]].


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Politics of Chile}}
{{Politics of Chile}}
* [[Republic of Chile]]
* [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile]]
* [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile]]
* [[List of legislatures by country]]
* [[Politics of Chile]]
* [[Senate of Chile]]
* [[Senate of Chile]]
* [[Politics of Chile]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 03:13, 25 October 2024

National Congress of Chile

Congreso Nacional de Chile
LVI legislative period
Coat of arms of Chile
Coat of arms of Chile
Type
Type
HousesSenate
Chamber of Deputies
History
FoundedJuly 4, 1811
(First National Congress)
Leadership
Structure
SeatsTotal: 205
50 senators
155 deputies
Senate political groups
Government (18)
  • Government Alliance (18)
    •   PS (7)
    •   PPD (6)
    •   PCCh (2)
    •   FREVS (2)
    •   FA (1)

External support (5)

Opposition (27)

Chamber of Deputies political groups
Government (67)

External support (7)

Opposition (81)

Length of term
  • Senators: eight-years term with the option to go for re-election one time
  • Deputies: four-years term, may go for re-election two times
Meeting place
Edificio del Congreso Nacional
Valparaíso
Chile
Website
Cámara de Diputados (in Spanish)
Senado (in Spanish)

The National Congress of Chile[1] (Spanish: Congreso Nacional de Chile) is the legislative branch of the Republic of Chile. According to the current Constitution (Chilean Constitution of 1980), it is a bicameral organ made up of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate. Established by law No. 18678,[2] the city of Valparaíso is its official headquarters.

Chile's congress is the oldest operational in Latin America and one of the oldest in Ibero-America. The First Chilean National Congress was founded on July 4, 1811, to decide the best kind of government for the Kingdom of Chile during the captivity of King Ferdinand VII in the hands of Napoleon.

The Chamber of Deputies is constituted by 155 members called deputies or diputados in Spanish and they are elected for a four-years period. Re-election is possible for a maximum of two times, which means that the deputy may remain in the post for up to 12 years.[3] The country has 60 electoral districts and each one is represented by two deputies.

The Senate is formed by 50 senators elected for an eight-years period and may go for re-election one time, which means a senator can remain in the role for 16 years.[3] The electoral division is different from the deputies, it is made of 19 senatorial constituencies (Spanish: circunscripción senatorial), where two senators are elected per constituency.

The Congress's powers, duties and processes are defined in articles 42 to 59 of the current constitution of 1980 and through the Constitutional Organic Law No. 18918[4] published in 1990.

The current electoral system (or voting system) in Chile is proportional and inclusive according to the 2015 update of the organic law No. 18700, article 179 bis.[5]

The National Congress was closed without an immediate renewal of the members of its two chambers during three periods: 1924-1925, June-October 1932 and 1973-1989.

A new four-years legislative period begins with the installation of the National Congress. The LVI legislative period of the Chilean Congress began on March 11, 2022 and will end in 2026.

History

[edit]

Patria Vieja

[edit]
Main article: First Chilean National Congress

Patria Nueva

[edit]
Main article: Chilean Declaration of Independence

Dictatorship 1973-1990

[edit]

On 13 September 1973, the Government Junta of Chile dissolved Congress.[6]

During the last years of the Pinochet regime, the current building of Congress was built in the port city of Valparaíso, some 140 km west of the country's capital, Santiago. This new building replaced the Former National Congress Building, located in downtown Santiago.

Transition to Democracy

[edit]

Between 1989 and 2013, elections in Chile were carried out following a binomial voting system, which was prescribed in 1980 during the Military dictatorship of Chile.

The binomial system was considered by most analysts as the main constitutional lock that prevented completion of the Chilean transition to democracy.

See also

[edit]
Politics of Chile
Executive
National Congress
Judiciary
Law
Administrative divisions
Recent elections
Independent institutions
Foreign relations
flag Chile portal

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cabrera-Tapia, Roberto (2021). "The Chilean Congress: Bicameralism in a Presidential System" (PDF). PSA Parliaments specialist group.
  2. ^ Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Ley Chile". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  3. ^ a b Congreso Nacional de Chile, Biblioteca (2014-11-27). "Limits to the re-election of deputies and senators". Portal de la Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  4. ^ Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Ley Chile". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  5. ^ Biblioteca, Congreso Nacional de Chile. "Organic law about popular vote". www.bcn.cl/leychile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  6. ^ "Junta general names himself as new President of Chile". The Guardian. 14 September 1973. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Congress of Chile.

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