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{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}
{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}

{{refimprove|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox church
{{Infobox church
|name=Basilica of St. Mary of the Altar of Heaven
|name=Basilica of Saint Mary of the Altar in Heaven
|native_name={{unbulleted list|{{native name|it|Basilica di Santa Maria in Aracoeli}}|{{native name|la|Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara coeli}}}}
|native_name={{unbulleted list|{{native name|it|Basilica di Santa Maria in Aracœli}}|{{native name|la|Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara Cœli}}}}
|image=Santa Maria in Aracoeli (Rome) - Facade.jpg
|image=Santa Maria in Aracoeli 001.jpg
|caption=Façade of the Basilica with the monumental staircase
|caption=Façade of the Basilica with the Ara Coeli staircase and the adjacent [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument|Monumento a Vittorio Emanuele II]]
|location=Scala dell'Arce Capitolina 12<br>[[Rome]]
|location=Scala dell'Arce Capitolina 12, [[Rome]]
|country=[[Italy]]
|country=[[Italy]]
|tradition=[[Latin Church]]
⚫
|status=[[Minor basilica]]<br>[[titular church]]<br>[[regional church]]
|religious order=[[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscan Friars Minor]]
⚫
|status=[[Minor basilica]]<br>[[Titular church]]<br>[[Conventual church]]<br>[[Regional church]]
|coordinates={{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
|coordinates={{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
|image_size=270
|image_size=270
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|mapframe-wikidata=yes
|mapframe-wikidata=yes
|denomination=[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
|denomination=[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
|founded date=7th cent
|dedication=[[Mary, mother of Jesus]]
|dedication=[[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] [[Queen of Heaven]]
|cult=[[Santo Bambino of Aracoeli]]
|relics=* [[Helena, mother of Constantine|Saint Helena]]
* [[Juniper (friar)|Brother Juniper]]
|cardinal protector=[[Salvatore De Giorgi]]
|cardinal protector=[[Salvatore De Giorgi]]
|style=[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
|style=[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
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}}
}}


The '''Basilica of St. Mary of the Altar of Heaven''' ({{lang-la|Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara coeli in Capitolio}}, {{lang-it|Basilica di Santa Maria in Ara coeli al Campidoglio}}) is a [[Titular church|titular]] [[basilica]] in [[churches of Rome|Rome]], located on the highest summit of the [[Campidoglio]]. It is still the designated Church of the city council of Rome, which uses the ancient title of ''[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus]]''. The present [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus Sanctae Mariae de Aracoeli'' is [[Salvatore De Giorgi]].
The '''Basilica of Saint Mary of the Altar in Heaven''' ({{langx|la|Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara Cœli in Capitolio}}, {{langx|it|Basilica di Santa Maria in Ara Cœli al Campidoglio}}) is a [[Titular church|titular]] [[basilica]] and [[conventual church]] of the [[Order of Friars Minor|Franciscan]] [[Convent of Aracoeli]] located the highest summit of the [[Capitoline Hill]] in [[churches of Rome|Rome]], [[Italy]]. From 1250-1798 it was the headquarters of the General Curia of the [[Order of Friars Minor]] as well as being once of the cities principal civic churches. It is still the designated church of the city council of Rome, which uses the ancient title of ''[[SPQR|Senatus Populusque Romanus]]''. The present [[cardinal priest]] of the ''Titulus Sanctae Mariae de Aracoeli'' is [[Salvatore De Giorgi]].


The shrine is known for housing relics belonging to [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helena]], mother of [[Emperor Constantine]], various minor relics from the [[Holy Sepulchre]], both the canonically crowned images of ''Nostra Signora di Mano di Oro di Aracoeli'' (1636) on the high altar and the [[Santo Bambino of Aracoeli]] (1897).
The shrine is known for housing relics belonging to [[Helena (empress)|Helena]], mother of [[Emperor Constantine]], various minor relics from the [[Holy Sepulchre]], both the pontifically crowned images of ''Nostra Signora di Mano di Oro di Aracoeli'' (1636) on the high altar and the [[Santo Bambino of Aracoeli]] (1897). It is also famous for the exquisite [[Pinturicchio]] frescos in the [[Bufalini Chapel]] on the right hand side of the west doors.


== History ==
== History ==
[[Image:Rom, Basilika Santa Maria in in Aracoeli, Innenansicht.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of the church.]]
[[Image:Rom, Basilika Santa Maria in in Aracoeli, Innenansicht.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of the church.]]
[[Image:Cavallini fresco - Aracoeli - antmoose - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Fresco of ''Madonna and the Child'' by [[Pietro Cavallini]].]]
[[Image:Cavallini fresco - Aracoeli - antmoose - cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Fresco of ''Madonna and the Child'' by [[Pietro Cavallini]].]]
The church stands on the [[Arx (Roman)|Arx]], the northern of the two peaks of the Capitoline hill, at an elevation of c. 48 m above sea level.<ref name=Claridge>A. Claridge, [https://archive.org/details/romeoxfordarchae0000clar_d1w9/page/258/ ''Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide''], Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1998, pp. 260-264, 273.</ref> In antiquity, this was the site of the [[Temple of Juno Moneta]], but no remains of the temple have been certainly identified, and its precise location is a subject of debate.<ref>L. Richardson, Jr., [https://archive.org/details/newtopographical0000rich/page/215/ ''A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome''], Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 215, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes; P. J. Aicher, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t6m9g5G8Z1YC&pg=PA66 ''Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City'', Volume I], Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 60.</ref> The ancient walls discovered in the cellars beneath the church appear to belong chiefly to shops and houses,<ref name=Claridge/> and some scholars have argued that temple itself was situated in the garden to the southeast of the church, where other walls of tufa and concrete are visible.<ref>G. Giannelli, "Il tempio di Giunone Moneta e la casa di Marco Manlio Capitolino", ''Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma'' 87 (1980-1981), pp. 7-36. {{JSTOR|44514841}}; F. Coarelli, ''Rome and Environs: An Archaeological Guide'', trans. J. J. Clauss and D. P. Harmon, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007, p. 40.</ref>
⚫
Originally the church was named ''Sancta Maria in Capitolio'', since it was sited on the [[Capitoline Hill]] (Campidoglio, in [[Italian language|Italian]]) of Ancient Rome; by the 14th century it had been renamed. A medieval legend included in the mid-12th-century guide to [[Rome]], ''[[Mirabilia Urbis Romae]]'', claimed that the church was built over an [[Caesar Augustus|Augustan]] ''Ara primogeniti Dei'', in the place where the [[Tiburtine Sibyl]] prophesied to Augustus the coming of the [[Christ]]. "For this reason the figures of Augustus and of the Tiburtine sibyl are painted on either side of the arch above the high altar" (Lanciani chapter 1). A later legend substituted an [[Marian apparition|apparition of the Virgin Mary]].<ref name=Lang>[https://depts.washington.edu/hrome/Authors/plang/Aracoeli/pub_zbarticle_view_printable.html Lang, Peter. "Santa Maria in Aracoeli", University of Washington]</ref>

In ''The History of Money'', anthropologist Jack Weatherford goes into some detail about the church's previous incarnation as the [[temple of Juno Moneta]]—on the [[Arx (Roman)|Arx]]—after whom [[Money]] is named.

<blockquote>According to Roman historians, in the fourth century B.C., the irritated honking of the sacred geese around Juno's temple on Capitoline Hill warned the people of an impending night attack by the Gauls, who were secretly scaling the walls of the citadel. From this event, the goddess acquired [the] surname-Juno Moneta, from Latin monere (to warn) . . . As patroness of the state, Juno Moneta presided over various activities of the state, including the primary activity of issuing money.</blockquote>

<blockquote>. . . from Moneta came the modem English words mint and money and, ultimately, from the Latin word meaning warning.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Today, the site of the Temple of Juno Moneta, the source of the great stream of Roman currency, has given way to the ancient . . . brick church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli. Centuries ago, church architects incorporated the ruins of the ancient temple into the new building.<ref>{{cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack McIver |author-link=Jack McIver Weatherford |title=The History of Money: From Sandstone to Cyberspace |publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]] |location=New York |year=1997 |page=48 |isbn=9780609801727 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8oxCs1eWgsC&pg=PA48}}</ref></blockquote>

The church is also thought to have replaced the ''[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#auguraculum|auguraculum]]'', the seat of the [[augur]]s.


The foundation of the church was laid on the site of a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] abbey mentioned in 574. Many buildings were built around the first church; in the upper part they gave rise to a cloister, while on the slopes of the hill a little quarter and a market grew up. Remains of these buildings - such as the little church of San Biagio de Mercato and the underlying "[[Insula Romana (Capitoline Hill)|Insula Romana]]") - were discovered in the 1930s.
The foundation of the church was laid on the site of a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] abbey mentioned in 574. Many buildings were built around the first church; in the upper part they gave rise to a cloister, while on the slopes of the hill a little quarter and a market grew up. Remains of these buildings - such as the little church of San Biagio de Mercato and the underlying "[[Insula Romana (Capitoline Hill)|Insula Romana]]") - were discovered in the 1930s.
At first the church followed the Greek rite, a sign of the power of the Byzantine exarch. Taken over by the papacy by the 9th century, the church was given first to the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictines]], then, by papal bull to the [[Franciscan]]s in 1249–1250;<ref name=Lang/> under the Franciscans it received its [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] aspect. The arches that divide the [[nave]] from the aisles are supported on columns, no two precisely alike, scavenged from Roman ruins.
At first the church followed the Greek rite, a sign of the power of the Byzantine exarch. Taken over by the papacy by the 9th century, the church was given first to the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictines]], then, by papal bull to the [[Franciscan]]s in 1249–1250;<ref name=Lang>[https://depts.washington.edu/hrome/Authors/plang/Aracoeli/pub_zbarticle_view_printable.html Lang, Peter. "Santa Maria in Aracoeli", University of Washington]</ref> under the Franciscans it received its [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]-[[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] aspect. The arches that divide the [[nave]] from the aisles are supported on columns, no two precisely alike, scavenged from Roman ruins.
[[Image:Aracoeli2b.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ceiling.]]
[[Image:Aracoeli2b.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Ceiling.]]


⚫
Originally the church was named ''Sancta Maria in Capitolio'', since it was sited on the [[Capitoline Hill]] (Campidoglio, in [[Italian language|Italian]]) of Ancient Rome; by the 14th century it had been renamed. A medieval legend included in the mid-12th-century guide to [[Rome]], ''[[Mirabilia Urbis Romae]]'', claimed that the church was built over an [[Caesar Augustus|Augustan]] ''Ara primogeniti Dei'', in the place where the [[Tiburtine Sibyl]] prophesied to Augustus the coming of the [[Christ]]. "For this reason the figures of Augustus and of the Tiburtine sibyl are painted on either side of the arch above the high altar".<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/Lanciani/LANPAC/1*.html Rodolfo Lanciani, ''Pagan and Christian Rome'', ch 1 "The Transformation of Rome from a Pagan to a Christian City"]</ref> Its name originates from a legend according to which a sibyl predicted the coming of the son of God to Augustus by saying: "Haec est ara Filii Dei" (This is the altar of the son of God): hence the name Ara Coeli.<ref name=turismo>[https://www.turismoroma.it/en/places/basilica-santa-maria-aracoeli "The Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department]</ref>
⚫
During the Middle Ages, this church became the centre of the religious and civil life of the city. in particular during the republican experience of the 14th century, when self-proclaimed Tribune and reviver of the Roman Republic [[Cola di Rienzo]] inaugurated the monumental stairway of 124 steps in front of the church, designed in 1348 by Simone Andreozzi, on the occasion of the [[Black Death]]. Condemned criminals were executed at the foot of the steps; there Cola di Rienzo met his death, near the spot where his statue commemorates him.


⚫
During the Middle Ages, this church became the centre of the religious and civil life of the city. It was here in 1341 that [[Petrarch]] was proclaimed [[Poet laureate]].<ref>Plumb, J. H., ''The Italian Renaissance'', Houghton Mifflin, 2001, p. 164 {{ISBN| 0-618-12738-0}}</ref> During the republican experience of the 14th century, when self-proclaimed Tribune and reviver of the Roman Republic [[Cola di Rienzo]] inaugurated the monumental stairway of 124 steps in front of the church, designed in 1348 by Simone Andreozzi, on the occasion of the [[Black Death]]. Condemned criminals were executed at the foot of the steps; there Cola di Rienzo met his death, near the spot where his statue commemorates him.
⚫
In 1571, Santa Maria in Aracoeli hosted the celebrations honoring [[Marcantonio Colonna]] after the victorious [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] over the Turkish fleet. Marking this occasion, the compartmented ceiling was gilded and painted (finished 1575), to thank the Blessed Virgin for the victory. In 1797, with the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]], the basilica was deconsecrated and turned into a stable.
[[File:Aracoeli-fachada.jpg|thumb|Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli. The Vittoriano can be seen on the left.]]
[[File:Eckersberg_Marmortrappen_som_fører_op_til_S._Maria_in_Aracoeli_1816.jpg|thumb|Same view as above in 1816.]]
⚫
In 1571, Santa Maria in Aracoeli hosted the celebrations honoring [[Marcantonio Colonna]] after the victorious [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] over the Turkish fleet. Marking this occasion, the compartmented ceiling was gilded and painted (finished 1575), to thank the Blessed Virgin for the victory. In 1797, during the French occupation and the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]], the basilica was deconsecrated and turned into a stable. It was almost demolished in the 1880s during the construction of the nearby [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument|Vittoriano]].<ref name=turismo/>


== Exterior ==
== Exterior ==
[[Image:Aracoeli8.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Central fresco by Pinturicchio in the Santo Bernardino Chapel (1486).]]
[[Image:Aracoeli8.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Central fresco by Pinturicchio in the [[Bufalini Chapel]] (1486).]]
The original unfinished façade lost the mosaics and subsequent frescoes that originally decorated it, save a mosaic in the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the main door, one of three doors that were later additions. The Gothic window is the primary detail that tourists observe from the bottom of the stairs; it is the only authentically Gothic detail of the basilica.
The original unfinished façade lost the mosaics and subsequent frescoes that originally decorated it, save a mosaic in the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] of the main door, one of three doors that were later additions. The gothic window is the primary detail that tourists observe from the bottom of the stairs; it is the only authentically Gothic detail of the basilica.


== Interior ==
== Interior ==
The basilica is built as a nave and two aisles that are divided by Roman columns, which were taken from diverse antique monuments and are all different.<ref name=Lang/> Among its numerous treasures are [[Pinturicchio]]'s 15th-century frescoes depicting the life of Saint [[Bernardino of Siena]] in the [[Bufalini Chapel]], the first chapel on the right. Other features are the wooden ceiling, the inlaid [[cosmatesque]] floor, a ''Transfiguration'' painted on wood by [[Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta]], and works by other artists like [[Pietro Cavallini]] (of his frescoes only one survives), [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], and [[Giulio Romano]].
The basilica is built as a nave and two aisles that are divided by Roman columns, which were taken from diverse antique monuments and are all different.<ref name=Lang/> Among its numerous treasures are [[Pinturicchio]]'s 15th-century frescoes depicting the life of Saint [[Bernardino of Siena]] in the [[Bufalini Chapel]], the first chapel on the right. Other features are the wooden ceiling, the inlaid [[cosmatesque]] floor, a ''Transfiguration'' painted on wood by [[Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta]], and works by other artists like [[Pietro Cavallini]] (of his frescoes only one survives), [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], and [[Giulio Romano]].
[[File:Vergine Aracoeli.jpg|thumb|upright|''Madonna Aracoeli'', the primary icon of the basilica]]
[[File:MADONNA OF THE GOLDEN HANDS, VENERATED AT SANTA MARIA IN ARACOELI.jpg|thumb|upright|''Madonna Aracoeli'', the primary icon of the basilica]]
It also houses the ''Madonna Aracoeli'' (Our Lady of the Golden Hands), a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] icon of the 10-11th century, in the [[altar]]. This Marian image was Pontifically [[Canonical coronation|coronated]] on 29 March 1636 by [[Pope Urban VIII]]. [[Pope Pius XII]] [[Consecration and entrustment to Mary|consecrated]] the people of Rome to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Most Blessed Virgin Mary]] and her [[Immaculate Heart of Mary|Immaculate Heart]] in front of this image on 30 May 1948. In the [[transept]] there is a sepulchral monument by [[Arnolfo di Cambio]].
It also houses the ''Madonna Aracoeli'' (Our Lady of the Golden Hands), a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] icon of the 10-11th century, in the [[altar]]. This Marian image was Pontifically [[Canonical coronation|crowned]] on 29 March 1636 by [[Pope Urban VIII]]. [[Pope Pius XII]] [[Consecration and entrustment to Mary|consecrated]] the people of Rome to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Most Blessed Virgin Mary]] and her [[Immaculate Heart of Mary|Immaculate Heart]] in front of this image on 30 May 1948. In the [[transept]] there is a sepulchral monument by [[Arnolfo di Cambio]].


The church was also famous in Rome for the wooden statue of the [[Santo Bambino of Aracoeli]], carved in the 15th century of olive wood from the [[Gethsemane|Garden of Gethsemane]] in modern [[Israel]] and covered with valuable ''[[ex-voto]]s''. Many Romans believed in the spiritual efficacy of devotion to this statue. The [[France|French]] took the statue in 1797, it was then recovered, and then stolen again in February 1994. A copy was made from wood from [[Gethsemane]],<ref>Ingrid D. Rowland (2012) Anachronic Renaissance, Konsthistorisk tidskrift/
The church was also famous in Rome for the wooden statue of the [[Santo Bambino of Aracoeli]], carved in the 15th century of olive wood from the [[Gethsemane|Garden of Gethsemane]] and covered with valuable ''[[ex-voto]]s''. Many Romans believed in the spiritual efficacy of devotion to this statue. The [[France|French]] took the statue in 1797, it was then recovered, and then stolen again in February 1994. A copy was made from wood from [[Gethsemane]],<ref>Ingrid D. Rowland (2012) Anachronic Renaissance, Konsthistorisk tidskrift/
Journal of Art History, 81:3, 172-177, DOI: 10.1080/00233609.2012.706234</ref> which copy is presently displayed in its own chapel near the sacristy. At midnight Mass on [[Christmas Eve]] the image is brought out to a throne before the high altar and unveiled at the ''[[Gloria in Excelsis Deo|Gloria]]''. Until [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]] the bejeweled image resides in the Nativity crib in the left nave of the basilica.
Journal of Art History, 81:3, 172–177, DOI: 10.1080/00233609.2012.706234</ref> which copy is presently displayed in its own chapel near the sacristy. At midnight Mass on [[Christmas Eve]] the image is brought out to a throne before the high altar and unveiled at the ''[[Gloria in Excelsis Deo|Gloria]]''. Until [[Epiphany (Christian)|Epiphany]] the bejeweled image resides in the Nativity crib in the left nave of the basilica.


The relics of [[Helena of Constantinople|Saint Helena]], mother of [[Constantine the Great]], are housed in the basilica, as is the tablet with the [[christogram|monogram of Jesus]] that Saint [[Bernardino of Siena]] used to promote [[Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus|devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus]].
The relics of [[Helena of Constantinople|Helena]], mother of [[Constantine the Great]], are housed in the basilica, as is the tablet with the [[christogram|monogram of Jesus]] that [[Bernardino of Siena]] used to promote [[Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus|devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus]].


== Burials ==
== Burials ==
{{Category see also|Burials at Santa Maria in Ara Coeli}}
{{Category see also|Burials at Santa Maria in Ara Coeli}}
{{multiple image
* [[Catherine of Bosnia]], Bosnian Queen
| align = right
| total_width = 200
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = Tomb of Queen Catherine of Bosnia.jpg
| alt1 = Tomb of Queen Catherine of Bosnia
| caption1 = The [[ledger stone]] of Queen [[Catherine of Bosnia]].
| image2 = Santa Maria in Aracoeli; Grabmal Giovanna Aldobrandeschi.JPG
| alt2 = Tomb of Honorius IV
| caption2 = The tomb of Honorius IV.
}}
* [[Catherine of Bosnia]], Bosnian Queen<ref>Regan, Krešimir. ''Bosanska kraljica Katarina'', Breza, 2010, p. 60 {{ISBN| 978-9537036553}}</ref>
* [[Pope Honorius IV]], son of Luca Savelli
* [[Pope Honorius IV]], son of Luca Savelli
* [[Juniper (friar)|Brother Juniper]], one of the original followers of Saint Francis of Assisi
* [[Juniper (friar)|Brother Juniper]], one of the original followers of Saint Francis of Assisi
* [[Giulio Salvadori]], the poet
* [[Giulio Salvadori]], the poet<ref>M. Gianturco, ''Giulio Salvadori'' (Milan, 1930)</ref>
* [[Luca Savelli]], right transept, left side
* [[Luca Savelli]], right transept, left side
* Giovanna Aldobransdeschi dei Conti di Santa Fiora, wife of Luca Savelli, right transept, right side
* Giovanna Aldobransdeschi dei Conti di Santa Fiora, wife of Luca Savelli, right transept, right side
* Cardinal [[Matteo d'Acquasparta]]
* Cardinal [[Matteo d'Acquasparta]]<ref>Lorenzo Cardella, ''Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa'' (Rome 1793), p. 30.</ref>
* Carlo Crivelli, Archdeacon of Acquilea, sculpted by Donatello
* Carlo Crivelli, Archdeacon of Acquilea, sculpted by [[Donatello]]<ref name=turismo/>
* Cardinal [[Louis d'Albret]] (Lodovico Lebretto)
* Cardinal [[Louis d'Albret]] (Lodovico Lebretto)
* Fillipo Della Valle, fifth chapel on left
* Fillipo Della Valle, fifth chapel on left
* Cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Savelli]]<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQoNAQAAIAAJ Renascence: The Sculptured Tombs of the Fifteenth Century in Rome], by Gerald Stanley Davies, page 250.</ref>
* Cardinal [[Giovanni Battista Savelli]]
* Cardinal Pietro di Vicenti, passage to side door
* Cardinal Pietro di Vicenti, passage to side door
* [[Pietro Della Valle]], Italian traveler, and Sitti Maani, his wife from Baghdad
* [[Federico di Sanseverino]] Cardinal (d. 1516)


== Curiosities ==
== Curiosities ==


* The church also contains the marble tomb of [[Cecchino Bracci]], pupil of artist [[Michelangelo]] who had dedicated a number of poems in his name. The tomb's design (not the carving) is by Michelangelo.
* The church also contains the marble tomb of [[Cecchino Bracci]], pupil of artist [[Michelangelo]] who had dedicated a number of poems in his name. The tomb's design (not the carving) is by Michelangelo.
* A part of the last mission of the game [[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] takes place in this basilica, which the Assassins discover has been built on top of an ancient Isu temple.
* A part of the last mission of the game ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' takes place in this basilica, which the Assassins discover has been built on top of an ancient Isu temple.
* In this church, football player [[Francesco Totti]] and Ilary Blasi celebrated their marriage in 2005, followed by thousands of fans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heavy.com/sports/2017/05/francesco-totti-wife-ilary-blasi/ |title=Ilary Blasi, Francesco Totti's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |last=Farrell |first=Paul |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=[[Heavy.com]]}}</ref>
* In this church, football player [[Francesco Totti]] and Ilary Blasi celebrated their marriage in 2005, followed by thousands of fans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heavy.com/sports/2017/05/francesco-totti-wife-ilary-blasi/ |title=Ilary Blasi, Francesco Totti's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know |last=Farrell |first=Paul |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=29 May 2018 |work=[[Heavy.com]]}}</ref>
* It was this church where Edward Gibbon was struck with the idea to write his “[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]”. "It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1764," he wrote in his "Autobiography", "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the capitol, while the bare-footed friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter [Gibbon was mistaken; this church was actually the former Temple of Juno Moneta], that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicunderthehood.com/category/italian-history/|title = Italian History}}</ref>
* It was this church where Edward Gibbon was struck with the idea to write his ''[[Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]''. "It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1764," he wrote in his "Autobiography", "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the capitol, while the bare-footed friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter [Gibbon was mistaken; this church was actually the former Temple of Juno Moneta], that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicunderthehood.com/category/italian-history/|title = Italian History}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 126: Line 138:
[[Category:Churches of Rome (rione Campitelli)]]
[[Category:Churches of Rome (rione Campitelli)]]
[[Category:Capitoline Hill]]
[[Category:Capitoline Hill]]
[[Category:Helena, mother of Constantine I]]

Latest revision as of 07:12, 25 October 2024

Basilica of Saint Mary of the Altar in Heaven
  • Basilica di Santa Maria in Aracœli (Italian)
  • Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara Cœli (Latin)
Façade of the Basilica with the Ara Coeli staircase and the adjacent Monumento a Vittorio Emanuele II
Map
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41°53′38″N 12°29′00″E / 41.8939°N 12.4833°E / 41.8939; 12.4833
LocationScala dell'Arce Capitolina 12, Rome
CountryItaly
DenominationCatholic
TraditionLatin Church
Religious orderFranciscan Friars Minor
WebsiteOfficial Website
History
StatusMinor basilica
Titular church
Conventual church
Regional church
Founded7th cent
DedicationMary Queen of Heaven
Cult(s) presentSanto Bambino of Aracoeli
Relics held
Architecture
StyleRomanesque, Gothic
Completed12th century
Specifications
Length80 metres (260 ft)
Width45 metres (148 ft)
Nave width20 metres (66 ft)
Clergy
Cardinal protectorSalvatore De Giorgi

The Basilica of Saint Mary of the Altar in Heaven (Latin: Basilica Sanctae Mariae de Ara Cœli in Capitolio, Italian: Basilica di Santa Maria in Ara Cœli al Campidoglio) is a titular basilica and conventual church of the Franciscan Convent of Aracoeli located the highest summit of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. From 1250-1798 it was the headquarters of the General Curia of the Order of Friars Minor as well as being once of the cities principal civic churches. It is still the designated church of the city council of Rome, which uses the ancient title of Senatus Populusque Romanus. The present cardinal priest of the Titulus Sanctae Mariae de Aracoeli is Salvatore De Giorgi.

The shrine is known for housing relics belonging to Helena, mother of Emperor Constantine, various minor relics from the Holy Sepulchre, both the pontifically crowned images of Nostra Signora di Mano di Oro di Aracoeli (1636) on the high altar and the Santo Bambino of Aracoeli (1897). It is also famous for the exquisite Pinturicchio frescos in the Bufalini Chapel on the right hand side of the west doors.

History

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Interior of the church.
Fresco of Madonna and the Child by Pietro Cavallini.

The church stands on the Arx, the northern of the two peaks of the Capitoline hill, at an elevation of c. 48 m above sea level.[1] In antiquity, this was the site of the Temple of Juno Moneta, but no remains of the temple have been certainly identified, and its precise location is a subject of debate.[2] The ancient walls discovered in the cellars beneath the church appear to belong chiefly to shops and houses,[1] and some scholars have argued that temple itself was situated in the garden to the southeast of the church, where other walls of tufa and concrete are visible.[3]

The foundation of the church was laid on the site of a Byzantine abbey mentioned in 574. Many buildings were built around the first church; in the upper part they gave rise to a cloister, while on the slopes of the hill a little quarter and a market grew up. Remains of these buildings - such as the little church of San Biagio de Mercato and the underlying "Insula Romana") - were discovered in the 1930s. At first the church followed the Greek rite, a sign of the power of the Byzantine exarch. Taken over by the papacy by the 9th century, the church was given first to the Benedictines, then, by papal bull to the Franciscans in 1249–1250;[4] under the Franciscans it received its Romanesque-Gothic aspect. The arches that divide the nave from the aisles are supported on columns, no two precisely alike, scavenged from Roman ruins.

Ceiling.

Originally the church was named Sancta Maria in Capitolio, since it was sited on the Capitoline Hill (Campidoglio, in Italian) of Ancient Rome; by the 14th century it had been renamed. A medieval legend included in the mid-12th-century guide to Rome, Mirabilia Urbis Romae, claimed that the church was built over an Augustan Ara primogeniti Dei, in the place where the Tiburtine Sibyl prophesied to Augustus the coming of the Christ. "For this reason the figures of Augustus and of the Tiburtine sibyl are painted on either side of the arch above the high altar".[5] Its name originates from a legend according to which a sibyl predicted the coming of the son of God to Augustus by saying: "Haec est ara Filii Dei" (This is the altar of the son of God): hence the name Ara Coeli.[6]

During the Middle Ages, this church became the centre of the religious and civil life of the city. It was here in 1341 that Petrarch was proclaimed Poet laureate.[7] During the republican experience of the 14th century, when self-proclaimed Tribune and reviver of the Roman Republic Cola di Rienzo inaugurated the monumental stairway of 124 steps in front of the church, designed in 1348 by Simone Andreozzi, on the occasion of the Black Death. Condemned criminals were executed at the foot of the steps; there Cola di Rienzo met his death, near the spot where his statue commemorates him.

Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli. The Vittoriano can be seen on the left.
Same view as above in 1816.

In 1571, Santa Maria in Aracoeli hosted the celebrations honoring Marcantonio Colonna after the victorious Battle of Lepanto over the Turkish fleet. Marking this occasion, the compartmented ceiling was gilded and painted (finished 1575), to thank the Blessed Virgin for the victory. In 1797, during the French occupation and the Roman Republic, the basilica was deconsecrated and turned into a stable. It was almost demolished in the 1880s during the construction of the nearby Vittoriano.[6]

Exterior

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Central fresco by Pinturicchio in the Bufalini Chapel (1486).

The original unfinished façade lost the mosaics and subsequent frescoes that originally decorated it, save a mosaic in the tympanum of the main door, one of three doors that were later additions. The gothic window is the primary detail that tourists observe from the bottom of the stairs; it is the only authentically Gothic detail of the basilica.

Interior

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The basilica is built as a nave and two aisles that are divided by Roman columns, which were taken from diverse antique monuments and are all different.[4] Among its numerous treasures are Pinturicchio's 15th-century frescoes depicting the life of Saint Bernardino of Siena in the Bufalini Chapel, the first chapel on the right. Other features are the wooden ceiling, the inlaid cosmatesque floor, a Transfiguration painted on wood by Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta, and works by other artists like Pietro Cavallini (of his frescoes only one survives), Benozzo Gozzoli, and Giulio Romano.

Madonna Aracoeli, the primary icon of the basilica

It also houses the Madonna Aracoeli (Our Lady of the Golden Hands), a Byzantine icon of the 10-11th century, in the altar. This Marian image was Pontifically crowned on 29 March 1636 by Pope Urban VIII. Pope Pius XII consecrated the people of Rome to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary and her Immaculate Heart in front of this image on 30 May 1948. In the transept there is a sepulchral monument by Arnolfo di Cambio.

The church was also famous in Rome for the wooden statue of the Santo Bambino of Aracoeli, carved in the 15th century of olive wood from the Garden of Gethsemane and covered with valuable ex-votos. Many Romans believed in the spiritual efficacy of devotion to this statue. The French took the statue in 1797, it was then recovered, and then stolen again in February 1994. A copy was made from wood from Gethsemane,[8] which copy is presently displayed in its own chapel near the sacristy. At midnight Mass on Christmas Eve the image is brought out to a throne before the high altar and unveiled at the Gloria. Until Epiphany the bejeweled image resides in the Nativity crib in the left nave of the basilica.

The relics of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, are housed in the basilica, as is the tablet with the monogram of Jesus that Bernardino of Siena used to promote devotion to the Holy Name of Jesus.

Burials

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See also: Category:Burials at Santa Maria in Ara Coeli
Tomb of Queen Catherine of Bosnia
The ledger stone of Queen Catherine of Bosnia.
Tomb of Honorius IV
The tomb of Honorius IV.

Curiosities

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  • The church also contains the marble tomb of Cecchino Bracci, pupil of artist Michelangelo who had dedicated a number of poems in his name. The tomb's design (not the carving) is by Michelangelo.
  • A part of the last mission of the game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood takes place in this basilica, which the Assassins discover has been built on top of an ancient Isu temple.
  • In this church, football player Francesco Totti and Ilary Blasi celebrated their marriage in 2005, followed by thousands of fans.[13]
  • It was this church where Edward Gibbon was struck with the idea to write his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. "It was at Rome, on the 15th of October 1764," he wrote in his "Autobiography", "as I sat musing amid the ruins of the capitol, while the bare-footed friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter [Gibbon was mistaken; this church was actually the former Temple of Juno Moneta], that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind.” [14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b A. Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 1998, pp. 260-264, 273.
  2. ^ L. Richardson, Jr., A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, p. 215, s.v. Iuno Moneta, Aedes; P. J. Aicher, Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Volume I, Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 60.
  3. ^ G. Giannelli, "Il tempio di Giunone Moneta e la casa di Marco Manlio Capitolino", Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 87 (1980-1981), pp. 7-36. JSTOR 44514841; F. Coarelli, Rome and Environs: An Archaeological Guide, trans. J. J. Clauss and D. P. Harmon, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007, p. 40.
  4. ^ a b Lang, Peter. "Santa Maria in Aracoeli", University of Washington
  5. ^ Rodolfo Lanciani, Pagan and Christian Rome, ch 1 "The Transformation of Rome from a Pagan to a Christian City"
  6. ^ a b c "The Basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli", Turismo Roma, Major Events, Sport, Tourism and Fashion Department
  7. ^ Plumb, J. H., The Italian Renaissance, Houghton Mifflin, 2001, p. 164 ISBN 0-618-12738-0
  8. ^ Ingrid D. Rowland (2012) Anachronic Renaissance, Konsthistorisk tidskrift/ Journal of Art History, 81:3, 172–177, DOI: 10.1080/00233609.2012.706234
  9. ^ Regan, Krešimir. Bosanska kraljica Katarina, Breza, 2010, p. 60 ISBN 978-9537036553
  10. ^ M. Gianturco, Giulio Salvadori (Milan, 1930)
  11. ^ Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa (Rome 1793), p. 30.
  12. ^ Renascence: The Sculptured Tombs of the Fifteenth Century in Rome, by Gerald Stanley Davies, page 250.
  13. ^ Farrell, Paul (27 May 2017). "Ilary Blasi, Francesco Totti's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
  14. ^ "Italian History".

Bibliography

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  • Johanna Elfriede Louise Heideman, The cinquecento chapel decorations in S. Maria in Aracoeli in Rome, Academische Pers, 1982.
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Media related to Santa Maria in Aracoeli (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
Santa Maria in Domnica 		Landmarks of Rome
Santa Maria in Ara Coeli 		Succeeded by
Santa Maria del Popolo
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