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{{refimprove|date=May 2015}}
{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}
{{Infobox church
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| name = Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
| name = Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
| native_name = {{lang|it|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme}}<br>{{lang|la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}
| native_name = {{lang|it|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme}}<br>{{lang|la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}
| image = Santa croce di gerusalemme at Night.jpg
| image = Santa croce di gerusalemme at Night.jpg
⚫
| caption = Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at night
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
|image_size=270
⚫
| mapframe-caption = Click on the map to see marker.
| mapframe-zoom = 13
|mapframe-frame-width=270
| mapframe-marker = religious-christian
|mapframe=yes
⚫
|mapframe-caption=Click on the map for a fullscreen view
|mapframe-zoom=12
|mapframe-marker=religious-christian
|mapframe-wikidata=yes
| location =Piazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme, [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| location =Piazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme, [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| tradition = [[Latin Rite]]
| tradition = [[Latin Church]]
| religious order = [[Cistercians]] (1561-2011)
| website = {{URL|santacroceroma.it}}
| website = {{URL|santacroceroma.it}}
| consecration year = ca. AD 325
| consecration year = ca. AD 325
| status = [[Minor basilica]], [[titular church]]
| status = [[Minor basilica]], [[titular church]]
|relics=*Fragments of the [[True Cross]]
* [[Titulus Crucis|The Titulus Crucis]]
* A [[Holy Nail]]
* Two [[Crown of thorns|Holy Thorns]]
* Finger of [[Thomas the Apostle]]
* [[The Venerable|Ven.]] [[Antonietta Meo]]
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]
| length = {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| length = {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|37|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|37|m|ft}}
| diocese = [[Diocese of Rome]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]
| language(s) = Italian
| language(s) = Italian
| dedication = [[True Cross]]
| dedication = [[True Cross]]
}}
}}


The '''Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''' or '''Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''', ({{lang-la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}) is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Basilicas in the Catholic Church#Minor basilicas|Minor basilica]] and [[titular church]] in [[rione]] [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]], [[Rome]], Italy. It is one of the [[Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome]].
The '''Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''' or '''Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''' ({{langx|la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}) is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Basilicas in the Catholic Church#Minor basilicas|Minor basilica]] and [[titular church]] in [[rione]] [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]], [[Rome]], Italy. It is one of the [[Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome]].


According to Christian tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the [[relic]]s of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Jesus Christ]] brought to Rome from the [[Holy Land]] by [[Helena of Constantinople|Empress Helena]], mother of Roman [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine I]]. The basilica's floor was covered with soil from [[Jerusalem]], thus acquiring the title ''in Hierusalem''; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, but the basilica was considered in a sense to be "in Jerusalem" (much in the way that an [[embassy]] today is considered extra-territorial). The current [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem'' is [[Juan José Omella]].
According to Christian tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the [[relic]]s of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Jesus Christ]] brought to Rome from the [[Holy Land]] by [[Helena of Constantinople|Empress Helena]], mother of Roman [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine I]]. The basilica's floor was supposed to be covered with soil from [[Jerusalem]], thus acquiring the title ''in Hierusalem''; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, but the basilica was considered in a sense to be "in Jerusalem" (much in the way that an [[embassy]] today is considered extraterritorial). Between 1561 and 2011 it was the [[conventual church]] of an adjacent and now dissolved [[Abbey]] of [[Cistercian]] monks whose aesthetic simplicity greatly influenced the interior of the basilica. The church is now run directly by the [[Diocese of Rome]]. The current [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem'' is [[Juan José Omella]].


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
The basilica is built on the foundations of an imperial villa called ''Horti Variani ad Spem Veterem'' which was begun by the Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] and finished by the Emperor [[Elagabalus]] in the third century. The site included the [[Amphitheatrum Castrense]], the [[Circus Varianus]] and the Eleniane Baths (so called after the restoration carried out by the [[Empress Helena]]). It contained a residential nucleus in which there was a large hall (later forming the basis for the basilica) and an apsed hall.


⚫
The villa was deprived of some of its material when the [[Aurelian Walls]] were constructed in 272. At the beginning of the 4th century the palace was chosen as a residence by the [[Empress Helena]], mother of Constantine, with the name of Palazzo Sessoriano. The name Sessoriano comes from the Latin sedeo, or "siedo" since in the late imperial era the imperial council used to meet in a hall of the palace. It was on her initiative that the large rectangular hall was transformed into a Christian basilica around 320, originally covered by a flat ceiling, illuminated by twenty windows placed five on each side and with valuable marble decoration in the lower register.<ref>{{cite book| last=Hughes| first=Robert| title=Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History| date=1 November 2011| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9uXoKaGK7YC&q=santa+croce| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf| isbn=978-0-307-26844-0| page=147| access-date=2024-09-21}}</ref> Helena had some soil from [[Calvary]] dispersed.
⚫
The basilica is built on the foundations of an imperial villa called ''Horti Variani ad Spem Veterem'' which was begun by the Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] and finished by the Emperor [[Elagabalus]] in the third century. The site included the Amphitheatre of Castrense, the Circus of Variano, and the Eleniane Baths (so called after the restoration carried out by the Empress Helena). It contained a residential nucleus in which there was a large hall (later forming the basis for the basilica) and an apse hall.


⚫
The basilica of Santa Croce was declared a titular church by [[Pope Gregory I]] in 523. Despite the fact it was located on the outskirts of Rome, it became a destination of regular pilgrimage, thanks to the popularity of the relics it kept. In the eighth century, the basilica was restored by [[Pope Gregory II]].<ref>[http://www.santacroceroma.it/en/features-3/storia.html "History"]. ''The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''.</ref> After the Basilica fell into neglect, [[Pope Lucius II]] restored it in the 12th century, giving it a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] appearance, with a nave, two aisles, [[belfry (architecture)|belfry]], and porch. The [[Cosmatesque]] pavement dates from this period. Of the eight original floors of the bell tower, only the last four remain visible; the first four floors are instead incorporated into the monastery below.
⚫
The villa was deprived of some of its material when the Aurelian Walls were constructed in 272. At the beginning of the 4th century the palace was chosen as a residence by the [[Empress Helena]], mother of Constantine, with the name of Palazzo Sessoriano. The name Sessoriano comes from the Latin sedeo, or "siedo" since in the late imperial era the imperial council used to meet in a hall of the palace. It was on her initiative that the large rectangular hall was transformed into a Christian basilica around 320, originally covered by a flat ceiling, illuminated by twenty windows placed five on each side and with valuable marble decoration in the lower register.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History|year=2011|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26844-0|pages=147}}</ref> Helena had some soil from [[Calvary]] dispersed.


⚫
The foundation of the monastery dates to the 10th century. Over the centuries, various religious communities have alternated in the complex. [[Pope Leo IX]], in 1049, entrusted the monastery to the Benedictines of Montecassino. In 1062 [[Pope Alexander II]] installed the [[Canon regular|Canons Regular]] of [[Fridianus|San Frediano di Lucca]], who abandoned it during the period of the [[Avignonese Papacy|Avignonese papacy]]. Around 1370, [[Pope Urban V]] assigned Santa Croce to the [[Carthusians]], who remained there until 1561, when the Lombard [[Cistercian]]s of the Congregation of Saint Bernard took over. This congregation was finally suppressed in 2011 by a decree of the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], after an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as irregular lifestyle.<ref name="bbc2011">{{cite news| title=Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome| date=26 May 2011| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559219| work=[[BBC News]]| access-date=2011-05-26}}</ref>
⚫
The basilica of Santa Croce was declared a titular church by [[Pope Gregory I]] in 523. Despite the fact it was located on the outskirts of Rome, it became a destination of regular pilgrimage, thanks to the popularity of the relics it kept. In the eighth century, the basilica was restored by Pope Gregory II.<ref>[http://www.santacroceroma.it/en/features-3/storia.html "History", The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem]</ref> After the Basilica fell into neglect, [[Pope Lucius II]] restored it in the 12th century, giving it a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] appearance, with a nave, two aisles, [[belfry (architecture)|belfry]], and porch. The [[Cosmatesque]] pavement dates from this period. Of the eight original floors of the bell tower, only the last four remain visible; the first four floors are instead incorporated into the monastery below.


⚫
Throughout the course of the Middle Ages the basilica was a popular destination for pilgrimages, particularly of a penitential type, and especially during the period of [[Lent]]. On [[Good Friday]] popes themselves walked barefoot, as a sign of penance, along the road that connected Saint John Lateran (official Cathedral of Rome) to the basilica of Santa Croce to come and venerate the relic of the Passion of Jesus. This tradition was then taken up by the Roman Missal and integrated into the Liturgy of Good Friday, which includes a period of adoration of the cross.
⚫
The foundation of the monastery dates to the 10th century. Over the centuries, various religious communities have alternated in the complex. [[Pope Leo IX]], in 1049, entrusted the monastery to the Benedictines of Montecassino. In 1062 [[Pope Alexander II]] installed the Canons Regular of San Frediano di Lucca, who abandoned it during the period of the Avignonese papacy. Around 1370, [[Pope Urban V]] assigned Santa Croce to the [[Carthusians]], who remained there until 1561, when the Lombard [[Cistercian]]s of the Congregation of Saint Bernard took over. This congregation was finally suppressed in 2011 by a decree of the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], after an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as irregular lifestyle.<ref name="bbc2011">{{cite web|title= Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome|date= 26 May 2011 | url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559219 | work= [[BBC News]] | access-date=2011-05-26}}</ref>


⚫
In the vault is a mosaic designed by [[Melozzo da Forlì]], created some time before 1485 and depicting ''Jesus Blessing'', ''Histories of the Cross'', and various saints. The altar has a large statue of St. Helena, which was created by adapting an ancient statue of the Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] discovered at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]]. The basilica was further modified in the 16th century.
⚫
Throughout the course of the Middle Ages the basilica was a popular destination for pilgrimages, particularly of a penitential type, and especially during the period of [[Lent]]. On [[Good Friday]] popes themselves walked barefoot, as a sign of penance, along the road that connected Saint John Lateran (papal residence) to the basilica of Santa Croce to come and worship the relic of the Cross of Jesus. This tradition was then taken up by the Roman Missal and integrated into the Liturgy of Good Friday, which includes a moment of adoration of the cross.


⚫
In 1601, during his first stay in Rome, [[Peter Paul Rubens]] was commissioned by Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]] to paint his first altarpiece, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'', for one of the side chapels.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIlA0kuX5DAC&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&pg=PR16| last=Zirpolo| first=Lilian H.| title=Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture| publisher=Scarecrow Press| date=17 September 2010| page=xvi| isbn=978-1-4616-5919-8}}</ref> Two of the side panels, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'' and ''The Mocking of Christ'', are now in [[Grasse]], [[France]]. The third, ''The Elevation of the Cross'', has been lost. The church assumed its current late Baroque appearance under [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–58), who had been its titular, prior to his elevation to the Papacy. This eighteenth-century restructuring led to a total renewal of the interior, with the vault painted by [[Corrado Giaquinto]] (a celebrated artist of the time). Finally, new streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by Pietro Passalacqua and Domenico Gregorini, shares the typical late Roman [[Baroque]] style of these other basilicas.<ref name=wmf>[https://www.wmf.org/project/santa-croce-gerusalemme-church "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church"]. ''[[World Monuments Fund]]''.</ref>
⚫
In the vault is a mosaic designed by [[Melozzo da Forlì]], created some time before 1485 and depicting ''Jesus Blessing'', ''Histories of the Cross'', and various saints. The altar has a large statue of St. Helena, which was created by adapting an ancient statue of the Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] discovered at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]]. The basilica was further modified in the 16th century.

⚫
In 1601, during his first stay in Rome, [[Peter Paul Rubens]] was commissioned by Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]] to paint his first altarpiece, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'', for one of the side chapels.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VIlA0kuX5DAC&pg=PR16&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirzoeCr63XAhWP0YMKHU1JC0oQ6AEIWDAJ#v=onepage&q=santa%20croce%20in%20gerusalemme%20rome%20italy&f=false Zirpolo, Lilian H., ''Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture'', Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. xvi], {{ISBN|9781461659198}}</ref> Two of the side panels, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'' and ''The Mocking of Christ'', are now in [[Grasse]], [[France]]. The third, ''The Elevation of the Cross'', has been lost. The church assumed its current late Baroque appearance under [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–58), who had been its titular prior to his elevation to the Papacy. This eighteenth-century restructuring led to a total renewal of the interior, with the vault painted by [[Corrado Giaquinto]] (a celebrated artist of the time). Finally, new streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by Pietro Passalacqua and [[Domenico Gregorini]],<ref name=wmf>[https://www.wmf.org/project/santa-croce-gerusalemme-church "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church", World Monuments Fund]</ref> shares the typical late Roman [[Baroque]] style of these other basilicas.

⚫
[[File:Roma, Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, esposizione dell'icona Caesarius Diaconus, opera di Giovanni Guida.jpg|thumb|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, interior ]]


⚫
[[File:Roma, Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, esposizione dell'icona Caesarius Diaconus, opera di Giovanni Guida.jpg|thumb|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, interior]]
[[File:The_BL_King’s_Topographical_Collection-_"(Templa_Diversa)."_-_51194598337.jpg|thumb|Renaissance-era engraving of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme]]
[[File:Friedrich Loos Blick auf die Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme c1848.jpg|thumb|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme surrounded by countryside, 1848 painting]]
==Cappella delle Reliquie ==
==Cappella delle Reliquie ==
Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the ''Cappella delle Reliquie'', built in 1930 by architect [[Florestano Di Fausto]], including part of the ''Elogium'' or [[Titulus Crucis]], i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars<ref>{{cite book| last= Morris| first=Colin |title=The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600| publisher= OUP Oxford|date=2005|pages=32|isbn=978-0-19-826928-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URaNqLThbDkC&pg=PA32}}</ref> or considered to be a mediaeval forgery<ref>{{cite book| last1= Byrne| first1= Ryan|last2= McNary-Zak|first2=Bernadette |title=Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics |date=2009| pages=87 |isbn=978-0-8078-3298-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_R50kbDC0LIC&pg=PA87|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref>); two thorns of the [[Crown of Thorns]]; part of a nail; the index finger of St. Thomas; and three small wooden pieces of the [[True Cross]]. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1629 to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by [[Andrea Bolgi]] in 1639.<ref>Partially referenced by [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm Basilica of St. Peter]</ref>
Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the ''Cappella delle Reliquie'', built in 1930 by architect [[Florestano Di Fausto]], including part of the ''Elogium'' or [[Titulus Crucis]], i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars<ref>{{cite book| last= Morris| first=Colin |title=The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600| publisher=Oxford Univ Press| location=Oxford| date=17 March 2005| page=32| isbn=978-0-19-826928-1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URaNqLThbDkC&pg=PA32| url-access=subscription}}</ref> or considered to be a medieval forgery<ref>{{cite book| last1=Byrne| first1=Ryan| last2=McNary-Zak| first2=Bernadette| title=Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics| date=30 November 2009| page=87| isbn=978-0-8078-3298-1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R50kbDC0LIC&pg=PA87| publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref>); two thorns of the [[Crown of Thorns]]; part of a nail; the index finger of St. Thomas; and three small wooden pieces of the [[True Cross]]. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1629 to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by [[Andrea Bolgi]] in 1639.<ref>Partially referenced by {{cite web| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm| title=Basilica of St. Peter| website=The Catholic Encyclopedia| last=Baumgarten| first=Paul Maria| volume=13| location=New York| publisher=Robert Appleton Company| year=1912| via=New Advent| access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>


== Other Art ==
== Other Art ==
The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the ''Legends of the True Cross'', attributed to [[Melozzo]], [[Antoniazzo Romano]], and [[Marco Palmezzano]]. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic icon which, according to the legend, [[Pope Gregory I]] had made after a vision of Christ. The icon, however, is believed to have been given to the Basilica around 1385 by [[Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OvCiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA222&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6kfiKsq3XAhXH6oMKHfRmB2o4ChDoAQhZMAg#v=onepage&q=santa%20croce%20in%20gerusalemme%20rome%20italy&f=false ''Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)'', Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004, p. 222], {{ISBN|9781588391131}}</ref> Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal [[Francisco de Quiñones]] sculpted by [[Jacopo Sansovino]] in 1536.
The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the ''Legends of the True Cross'', attributed to [[Melozzo]], [[Antoniazzo Romano]], and [[Marco Palmezzano]]. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic icon which, according to the legend, [[Pope Gregory I]] had made after a vision of Christ. The icon, however, is believed to have been given to the Basilica around 1385 by [[Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvCiDQAAQBAJ&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&pg=PA222| title=Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)| publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]| year=2004| page=222| location=New York| isbn=978-1-5883-9113-1}}</ref> Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal [[Francisco de Quiñones]] sculpted by [[Jacopo Sansovino]] in 1536.


==List of Cardinal-Priests==
==List of Cardinal-Priests==
{{refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Amicus (1120 – 1121/2)
* Amicus (1120 – 1121/2)
* [[Pope Lucius II|Gerardo Caccianemici]] (1123–44)<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09412a.htm Ott, Michael. "Pope Lucius II." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Pope Lucius II|Gerardo Caccianemici]] (1123–44)<ref>Ott, Michael (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09412a.htm "Pope Lucius II"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Ubaldo Caccianemici]] (1144 – 1170/1171)
* [[Ubaldo Caccianemici]] (1144 – 1170/1171)
* [[Ardoino da Piacenza]] (1178–1183)
* [[Ardoino da Piacenza]] (1178–1182)
* [[Albinus (cardinal)|Albinus]] (1185–1189)
* [[Albinus (cardinal)|Albinus]] (March 1185–1189)
* Leone Brancaleone (1202–1224)
* Leone Brancaleone (1202–1224)
* Pietro d'Aquila (1294–1298)
* Pietro d'Aquila (1294–1298)
Line 68: Line 81:
* Francesco Lando (1411–1424)
* Francesco Lando (1411–1424)
* [[Niccolò Albergati]] (1426–1433)
* [[Niccolò Albergati]] (1426–1433)
* [[Domenico Capranica]] (1444–1458) <ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03312b.htm Shahan, Thomas. "Domenico Capranica." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Domenico Capranica]] (1444–1458) <ref>Shahan, Thomas (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03312b.htm "Domenico Capranica"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Angelo Capranica]] (1460–1472)<ref>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1460.htm#Capranica Miranda, Salvador. "Capranica, Angelo", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Angelo Capranica]] (1460–1472)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1460.htm#Capranica |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Capranica, Angelo", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121130348/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1460.htm#Capranica |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Pedro González de Mendoza]] (1478–1495)<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10187b.htm Ott, Michael. "Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Pedro González de Mendoza]] (1478–1495)<ref>Ott, Michael (1911). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10187b.htm "Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Bernardino López de Carvajal]] (1495–1507), ''[[in commendam]]'' (1507–1511)<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03393a.htm Shahan, Thomas. "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Bernardino López de Carvajal]] (1495–1507), ''[[in commendam]]'' (1507–1511)<ref>Shahan, Thomas (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03393a.htm "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte]], in commendam (1511–1527)<ref>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1511.htm#Ciocchi Miranda, Salvador. "Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte]], in commendam (1511–1527)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1511.htm#Ciocchi |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028235424/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1511.htm#Ciocchi |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Francisco de Quiñones]] (1527–1540)
* [[Francisco de Quiñones]] (1527–1540)
* [[Marcellus II|Marcello Cervini]] (1540–1555)
* [[Marcellus II|Marcello Cervini]] (1540–1555)
* [[Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo|Bartolomé de la Cueva de Albuquerque]] (1555–1562)<ref>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1544.htm#Cueva Miranda, Salvador. "Cueva yY Toledo, Bartolomé de la", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University] {{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo|Bartolomé de la Cueva de Albuquerque]] (1555–1562)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1544.htm#Cueva |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Cueva yY Toledo, Bartolomé de la", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105084831/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1544.htm#Cueva |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Gianantonio Capizucchi|Giovanni Antonio Capizucchi]] (1562–1565)<ref>[http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm#Capizucchi Miranda, Salvador. "Capizucchi, Gianantonio", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, FIU] {{dead link|date=December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Gianantonio Capizucchi|Giovanni Antonio Capizucchi]] (1562–1565)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-iihtm#Capizucchi |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Capizucchi, Gianantonio", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, FIU |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175609/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm#Capizucchi |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Francisco Pacheco de Toledo]] (1565–1579)
* [[Francisco Pacheco de Toledo]] (1565–1579)
* [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] (1580–1598)<ref>Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi'' Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923), p. 45.</ref>
* [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] (1580–1598)<ref>Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi'' Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923), p. 45.</ref>
Line 103: Line 116:
* Alessandro Giustiniani (1834–1843)
* Alessandro Giustiniani (1834–1843)
* [[Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo]] (1844–1854)
* [[Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo]] (1844–1854)
* [[János Scitovszky]] (1854–1866)<ref>Miranda, Salvador. [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1853.htm "Scitovszky, János"]. ''Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'', Florida International University.</ref>
* [[János Scitovszky]] (1854–1866)
* [[Raffaele Monaco La Valletta]] (1868–1884)
* [[Raffaele Monaco La Valletta]] (1868–1884)
* [[Lucido Maria Parocchi]] (1884–1889)
* [[Lucido Maria Parocchi]] (1884–1889)
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== References ==
== References ==
* Raimondo Besozzi, ''La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme'' (Roma: Generoso Salomoni 1750).
* Raimondo Besozzi (1750). ''La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''. Roma: Generoso Salomoni.
* Marie-Théodore de Busierre, Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second (Paris: Jacques Lecoffre 1846), pp. 157-178.
* Marie-Théodore de Busierre (1846). Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre. pp.&nbsp;157–178.
* Paolo Coen, ''Le Sette Chiese'' (Rome: Newton Compton). {{Date missing|March 2016}}
* {{cite book| last=Coen| first=Paolo| year=1994| title=Le Sette Chiese: Le basiliche giubilari romane| location=Rome| publisher=Newton Compton| isbn=978-8-8798-3502-2}}
* Claudio Rendina, ''La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma'' (Rome: Newton Compton){{Date missing|March 2016}}
* {{cite book| last=Rendina| first=Claudio| year=2000| title=La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma| location=Rome| publisher=Newton Compton| isbn=978-8-8828-9316-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Belkin | first = Kristin Lohse | title = Rubens | pages=63–6 | publisher = Phaidon | location = Oxford Oxfordshire | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7148-3412-2 }}
* {{cite book| last=Belkin| first=Kristin Lohse| title=Rubens| pages=63–6| publisher=Phaidon| location=Oxford Oxfordshire| year=1998| isbn=978-0-7148-3412-2}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
⚫
{{commons|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme}}
* [http://www.santacroceroma.it/ Official Site]
* [http://www.santacroceroma.it/ Official Site]
* ''[http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/archaeological-precinct-holy-cross-jerusalem Description in the site of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il MNR e l'Area archeologica di Roma"]''
* ''[http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/archaeological-precinct-holy-cross-jerusalem Description in the site of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il MNR e l'Area archeologica di Roma"]''
*High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of [https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/santa-croce-gerusalemme Santa Croce in Gerusalemme | Art Atlas]
*High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of [https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/santa-croce-gerusalemme Santa Croce in Gerusalemme | Art Atlas]


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[[Category:True Cross]]
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Latest revision as of 10:38, 25 October 2024

Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at night
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
41°53′16″N 12°30′59″E / 41.8878°N 12.5164°E / 41.8878; 12.5164
LocationPiazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, Italy
Language(s)Italian
DenominationCatholic Church
TraditionLatin Church
Religious orderCistercians (1561-2011)
Websitesantacroceroma.it
History
StatusMinor basilica, titular church
DedicationTrue Cross
Consecratedca. AD 325
Relics held
Architecture
Architectural typeChurch
StyleBaroque
Specifications
Length70 metres (230 ft)
Width37 metres (121 ft)
Administration
DioceseRome

The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem or Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Latin: Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem) is a Catholic Minor basilica and titular church in rione Esquilino, Rome, Italy. It is one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome.

According to Christian tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the relics of the Passion of Jesus Christ brought to Rome from the Holy Land by Empress Helena, mother of Roman Emperor Constantine I. The basilica's floor was supposed to be covered with soil from Jerusalem, thus acquiring the title in Hierusalem; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, but the basilica was considered in a sense to be "in Jerusalem" (much in the way that an embassy today is considered extraterritorial). Between 1561 and 2011 it was the conventual church of an adjacent and now dissolved Abbey of Cistercian monks whose aesthetic simplicity greatly influenced the interior of the basilica. The church is now run directly by the Diocese of Rome. The current Cardinal Priest of the Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem is Juan José Omella.

History

[edit]

The basilica is built on the foundations of an imperial villa called Horti Variani ad Spem Veterem which was begun by the Emperor Septimius Severus and finished by the Emperor Elagabalus in the third century. The site included the Amphitheatrum Castrense, the Circus Varianus and the Eleniane Baths (so called after the restoration carried out by the Empress Helena). It contained a residential nucleus in which there was a large hall (later forming the basis for the basilica) and an apsed hall.

The villa was deprived of some of its material when the Aurelian Walls were constructed in 272. At the beginning of the 4th century the palace was chosen as a residence by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine, with the name of Palazzo Sessoriano. The name Sessoriano comes from the Latin sedeo, or "siedo" since in the late imperial era the imperial council used to meet in a hall of the palace. It was on her initiative that the large rectangular hall was transformed into a Christian basilica around 320, originally covered by a flat ceiling, illuminated by twenty windows placed five on each side and with valuable marble decoration in the lower register.[1] Helena had some soil from Calvary dispersed.

The basilica of Santa Croce was declared a titular church by Pope Gregory I in 523. Despite the fact it was located on the outskirts of Rome, it became a destination of regular pilgrimage, thanks to the popularity of the relics it kept. In the eighth century, the basilica was restored by Pope Gregory II.[2] After the Basilica fell into neglect, Pope Lucius II restored it in the 12th century, giving it a Romanesque appearance, with a nave, two aisles, belfry, and porch. The Cosmatesque pavement dates from this period. Of the eight original floors of the bell tower, only the last four remain visible; the first four floors are instead incorporated into the monastery below.

The foundation of the monastery dates to the 10th century. Over the centuries, various religious communities have alternated in the complex. Pope Leo IX, in 1049, entrusted the monastery to the Benedictines of Montecassino. In 1062 Pope Alexander II installed the Canons Regular of San Frediano di Lucca, who abandoned it during the period of the Avignonese papacy. Around 1370, Pope Urban V assigned Santa Croce to the Carthusians, who remained there until 1561, when the Lombard Cistercians of the Congregation of Saint Bernard took over. This congregation was finally suppressed in 2011 by a decree of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, after an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as irregular lifestyle.[3]

Throughout the course of the Middle Ages the basilica was a popular destination for pilgrimages, particularly of a penitential type, and especially during the period of Lent. On Good Friday popes themselves walked barefoot, as a sign of penance, along the road that connected Saint John Lateran (official Cathedral of Rome) to the basilica of Santa Croce to come and venerate the relic of the Passion of Jesus. This tradition was then taken up by the Roman Missal and integrated into the Liturgy of Good Friday, which includes a period of adoration of the cross.

In the vault is a mosaic designed by Melozzo da Forlì, created some time before 1485 and depicting Jesus Blessing, Histories of the Cross, and various saints. The altar has a large statue of St. Helena, which was created by adapting an ancient statue of the Roman goddess Juno discovered at Ostia. The basilica was further modified in the 16th century.

In 1601, during his first stay in Rome, Peter Paul Rubens was commissioned by Archduke Albert of Austria to paint his first altarpiece, St. Helena with the True Cross, for one of the side chapels.[4] Two of the side panels, St. Helena with the True Cross and The Mocking of Christ, are now in Grasse, France. The third, The Elevation of the Cross, has been lost. The church assumed its current late Baroque appearance under Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58), who had been its titular, prior to his elevation to the Papacy. This eighteenth-century restructuring led to a total renewal of the interior, with the vault painted by Corrado Giaquinto (a celebrated artist of the time). Finally, new streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to San Giovanni in Laterano and Santa Maria Maggiore. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by Pietro Passalacqua and Domenico Gregorini, shares the typical late Roman Baroque style of these other basilicas.[5]

Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, interior
Renaissance-era engraving of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme surrounded by countryside, 1848 painting

Cappella delle Reliquie

[edit]

Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the Cappella delle Reliquie, built in 1930 by architect Florestano Di Fausto, including part of the Elogium or Titulus Crucis, i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars[6] or considered to be a medieval forgery[7]); two thorns of the Crown of Thorns; part of a nail; the index finger of St. Thomas; and three small wooden pieces of the True Cross. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of Pope Urban VIII in 1629 to St. Peter's Basilica, where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by Andrea Bolgi in 1639.[8]

Other Art

[edit]

The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the Legends of the True Cross, attributed to Melozzo, Antoniazzo Romano, and Marco Palmezzano. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic icon which, according to the legend, Pope Gregory I had made after a vision of Christ. The icon, however, is believed to have been given to the Basilica around 1385 by Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini.[9] Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal Francisco de Quiñones sculpted by Jacopo Sansovino in 1536.

List of Cardinal-Priests

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hughes, Robert (1 November 2011). Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-307-26844-0. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  2. ^ "History". The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem.
  3. ^ "Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome". BBC News. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
  4. ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (17 September 2010). Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture. Scarecrow Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-1-4616-5919-8.
  5. ^ "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church". World Monuments Fund.
  6. ^ Morris, Colin (17 March 2005). The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-19-826928-1.
  7. ^ Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette (30 November 2009). Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8078-3298-1.
  8. ^ Partially referenced by Baumgarten, Paul Maria (1912). "Basilica of St. Peter". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via New Advent.
  9. ^ Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-5883-9113-1.
  10. ^ Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Lucius II". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 November 2017
  11. ^ Shahan, Thomas (1908). "Domenico Capranica". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  12. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Capranica, Angelo", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  13. ^ Ott, Michael (1911). "Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  14. ^ Shahan, Thomas (1908). "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  15. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  16. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Cueva yY Toledo, Bartolomé de la", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  17. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Capizucchi, Gianantonio", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, FIU". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  18. ^ Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923), p. 45.
  19. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Scitovszky, János". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University.

References

[edit]
  • Raimondo Besozzi (1750). La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Roma: Generoso Salomoni.
  • Marie-Théodore de Busierre (1846). Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre. pp. 157–178.
  • Coen, Paolo (1994). Le Sette Chiese: Le basiliche giubilari romane. Rome: Newton Compton. ISBN 978-8-8798-3502-2.
  • Rendina, Claudio (2000). La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton. ISBN 978-8-8828-9316-3.
  • Belkin, Kristin Lohse (1998). Rubens. Oxford Oxfordshire: Phaidon. pp. 63–6. ISBN 978-0-7148-3412-2.
[edit]

Media related to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
Santa Croce in Via Flaminia 		Landmarks of Rome
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme 		Succeeded by
Sant'Eugenio
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