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{{refimprove|date=May 2015}}
{{Short description|Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy}}
{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox church
| building_name=Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme {{it icon}}<br/><small>Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem<br/> Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem {{la icon}}</small>
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| image= Santa croce di gerusalemme at Night.jpg
| name = Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
| caption=
| native_name = {{lang|it|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme}}<br>{{lang|la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}
| location= [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| image = Santa croce di gerusalemme at Night.jpg
| geo = {{coord|41|53|16|N|12|30|59|E|type:landmark_region:IT_scale:10000|display=inline,title}}
| caption = Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at night
| religious_affiliation=[[Roman Catholic]]
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| rite=
|image_size=270
| province=
|mapframe-frame-width=270
| district=
|mapframe=yes
| consecration_year= ca. 325
|mapframe-caption=Click on the map for a fullscreen view
| status=[[Minor basilica]]
|mapframe-zoom=12
| leadership=[[Miloslav Vlk]]
|mapframe-marker=religious-christian
| website=[http://www.santacroceroma.it/ Official website]
|mapframe-wikidata=yes
| architect=
| location =Piazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme, [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| architecture_type= [[Church (building)|Church]]
| tradition = [[Latin Church]]
| architecture_style= [[Baroque architecture#Rome and Southern Italy|Baroque]]
| religious order = [[Cistercians]] (1561-2011)
| specifications=yes
| website = {{URL|santacroceroma.it}}
| facade_direction= [[WNW]]
| consecration year = ca. AD 325
| groundbreaking=
| status = [[Minor basilica]], [[titular church]]
| year_completed=
|relics=*Fragments of the [[True Cross]]
| construction_cost=
* [[Titulus Crucis|The Titulus Crucis]]
| capacity=
* A [[Holy Nail]]
| length= {{convert|70|m|ft}}
* Two [[Crown of thorns|Holy Thorns]]
| width= {{convert|37|m|ft}}
* Finger of [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| width_nave=
* [[The Venerable|Ven.]] [[Antonietta Meo]]
| height_max=
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| materials=
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]
| length = {{convert|70|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|37|m|ft}}
| diocese = [[Diocese of Rome|Rome]]
| language(s) = Italian
| dedication = [[True Cross]]
}}
}}


The '''Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''', or '''Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''' ({{lang-la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}) is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[minor basilica]] and [[titular church]] in [[rione]] [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]], [[Rome]], Italy. It is one of the [[Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome]].
The '''Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''' or '''Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''' ({{langx|la|Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem}}) is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Basilicas in the Catholic Church#Minor basilicas|Minor basilica]] and [[titular church]] in [[rione]] [[Esquilino (rione of Rome)|Esquilino]], [[Rome]], Italy. It is one of the [[Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome]].


According to tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the [[relic]]s of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Jesus Christ]] brought to Rome from the [[Holy Land]] by [[Helena of Constantinople|Empress St. Helena]], mother of Roman [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine I]]. At that time, the Basilica's floor was covered with soil from [[Jerusalem]], thus acquiring the title ''in Hierusalem''; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross which is in Jerusalem, but the Basilica itself is "in Jerusalem" in the sense that a "piece" of Jerusalem was moved to Rome for its foundation. The current [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem'' is [[Miloslav Vlk]].
According to Christian tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the [[relic]]s of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion of Jesus Christ]] brought to Rome from the [[Holy Land]] by [[Helena of Constantinople|Empress Helena]], mother of Roman [[Constantine I (emperor)|Emperor Constantine I]]. The basilica's floor was supposed to be covered with soil from [[Jerusalem]], thus acquiring the title ''in Hierusalem''; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, but the basilica was considered in a sense to be "in Jerusalem" (much in the way that an [[embassy]] today is considered extraterritorial). Between 1561 and 2011 it was the [[conventual church]] of an adjacent and now dissolved [[Abbey]] of [[Cistercian]] monks whose aesthetic simplicity greatly influenced the interior of the basilica. The church is now run directly by the [[Diocese of Rome]]. The current [[Cardinal Priest]] of the ''Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem'' is [[Juan José Omella]].


== History ==
== History ==
The basilica is built on the foundations of an imperial villa called ''Horti Variani ad Spem Veterem'' which was begun by the Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] and finished by the Emperor [[Elagabalus]] in the third century. The site included the [[Amphitheatrum Castrense]], the [[Circus Varianus]] and the Eleniane Baths (so called after the restoration carried out by the [[Empress Helena]]). It contained a residential nucleus in which there was a large hall (later forming the basis for the basilica) and an apsed hall.
At one time the site of the temple of El Gabal, or [[Sol Invictus]], the god of Emperor [[Elagabalus]], the Basilica was later built around a room in [[Helena of Constantinople|Empress St. Helena's]] imperial palace, the ''Palazzo Sessoriano'', which she converted into a chapel circa AD 320.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History|year=2011|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-0-307-26844-0|pages=147}}</ref> Some decades later, the chapel was converted into a basilica, called the ''Heleniana'' or ''Sessoriana''. After falling into neglect, the [[Pope Lucius II]] (1144-5) restored the Basilica. It assumed a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] appearance, with a nave, two aisles, [[belfry (architecture)|belfry]], and porch.


The villa was deprived of some of its material when the [[Aurelian Walls]] were constructed in 272. At the beginning of the 4th century the palace was chosen as a residence by the [[Empress Helena]], mother of Constantine, with the name of Palazzo Sessoriano. The name Sessoriano comes from the Latin sedeo, or "siedo" since in the late imperial era the imperial council used to meet in a hall of the palace. It was on her initiative that the large rectangular hall was transformed into a Christian basilica around 320, originally covered by a flat ceiling, illuminated by twenty windows placed five on each side and with valuable marble decoration in the lower register.<ref>{{cite book| last=Hughes| first=Robert| title=Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History| date=1 November 2011| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9uXoKaGK7YC&q=santa+croce| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf| isbn=978-0-307-26844-0| page=147| access-date=2024-09-21}}</ref> Helena had some soil from [[Calvary]] dispersed.
The Basilica was also modified in the 16th century, but it assumed its current Baroque appearance under [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–58), who had been its titular prior to his elevation to the Papacy. New streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to two other Roman [[major basilica]]s, namely, [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by [[Pietro Passalacqua]] and [[Domenico Gregorini]],<ref name=wmf>[https://www.wmf.org/project/santa-croce-gerusalemme-church "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church", World Monuments Fund]</ref> shares the typical late Roman [[Baroque]] style of these other basilicas.


The basilica of Santa Croce was declared a titular church by [[Pope Gregory I]] in 523. Despite the fact it was located on the outskirts of Rome, it became a destination of regular pilgrimage, thanks to the popularity of the relics it kept. In the eighth century, the basilica was restored by [[Pope Gregory II]].<ref>[http://www.santacroceroma.it/en/features-3/storia.html "History"]. ''The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem''.</ref> After the Basilica fell into neglect, [[Pope Lucius II]] restored it in the 12th century, giving it a [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] appearance, with a nave, two aisles, [[belfry (architecture)|belfry]], and porch. The [[Cosmatesque]] pavement dates from this period. Of the eight original floors of the bell tower, only the last four remain visible; the first four floors are instead incorporated into the monastery below.
=== 21st Century ===
In May 2011, the [[Cistercian]] abbey linked to the Basilica was suppressed by a decree of the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], following the results of an [[apostolic visitation]] prompted by years of serious problems, including significant liturgical disputes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Suppresses Abbey of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme|date= 23 May 2011 | url= http://li82-18.members.linode.com/pope-suppresses-abbey-santa-croce-gerusalemme-catholic-caucus| publisher= Wopular.com | accessdate=2011-05-26}} {{Citation not found|March 2016}}</ref> According to a Vatican spokesman, "an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as lifestyles that were probably not in keeping with that of a monk."<ref name="bbc2011">{{cite web|title= Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome|date= 26 May 2011 | url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559219 | publisher= [[BBC News]] | accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> According to ''[[Il Messaggero]]'', Simone Fioraso, an [[abbot]] described as a "flamboyant former Milan fashion designer", "transformed the church, renovating its crumbling interior and opening a hotel, holding regular concerts, a televised bible-reading marathon and regularly attracting celebrity visitors with an unconventional approach."<ref name="bbc2011"/>


The foundation of the monastery dates to the 10th century. Over the centuries, various religious communities have alternated in the complex. [[Pope Leo IX]], in 1049, entrusted the monastery to the Benedictines of Montecassino. In 1062 [[Pope Alexander II]] installed the [[Canon regular|Canons Regular]] of [[Fridianus|San Frediano di Lucca]], who abandoned it during the period of the [[Avignonese Papacy|Avignonese papacy]]. Around 1370, [[Pope Urban V]] assigned Santa Croce to the [[Carthusians]], who remained there until 1561, when the Lombard [[Cistercian]]s of the Congregation of Saint Bernard took over. This congregation was finally suppressed in 2011 by a decree of the [[Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life]], after an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as irregular lifestyle.<ref name="bbc2011">{{cite news| title=Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome| date=26 May 2011| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13559219| work=[[BBC News]]| access-date=2011-05-26}}</ref>
== Relics of the Passion of the Lord ==
Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the ''Cappella delle Reliquie'', built in 1930 by architect [[Florestano Di Fausto]], including part of the ''Elogium'' or [[Titulus Crucis]], i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars<ref>{{cite book| last= Morris| first=Colin |title=The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600| publisher= OUP Oxford|date=2005|pages=32|isbn=978-0-19-826928-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URaNqLThbDkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q}}</ref> or considered to be a mediaeval forgery<ref>{{cite book| last1= Byrne| first1= Ryan|last2= McNary-Zak|first2=Bernadette |title=Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics |date=2009| pages=87 |isbn=978-0-8078-3298-1| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_R50kbDC0LIC&lpg=PA87&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref>); two thorns of the [[Crown of Thorns]]; part of a nail; and three small wooden pieces of the [[True Cross]]. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1629 to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by [[Andrea Bolgi]] in 1639.<ref>Partially referenced by [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm Basilica of St. Peter]</ref>


Throughout the course of the Middle Ages the basilica was a popular destination for pilgrimages, particularly of a penitential type, and especially during the period of [[Lent]]. On [[Good Friday]] popes themselves walked barefoot, as a sign of penance, along the road that connected Saint John Lateran (official Cathedral of Rome) to the basilica of Santa Croce to come and venerate the relic of the Passion of Jesus. This tradition was then taken up by the Roman Missal and integrated into the Liturgy of Good Friday, which includes a period of adoration of the cross.
== Chapel of St. Empress Helena ==
The relics were once in the ancient ''St. Helena's Chapel'', which is partly subterranean. Here the founder of the Basilica had some soil from [[Calvary]] dispersed. In the vault is a mosaic designed by [[Melozzo da Forlì]] before 1485 depicting ''Jesus Blessing'', ''Histories of the Cross'', and various saints. The altar has a huge statue of St. Helena, which was obtained from an ancient statue of the pagan goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] discovered at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]].


In the vault is a mosaic designed by [[Melozzo da Forlì]], created some time before 1485 and depicting ''Jesus Blessing'', ''Histories of the Cross'', and various saints. The altar has a large statue of St. Helena, which was created by adapting an ancient statue of the Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] discovered at [[Ostia Antica (archaeological site)|Ostia]]. The basilica was further modified in the 16th century.
== Other Art ==
The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the ''Legends of the True Cross'', attributed to [[Melozzo]], [[Antoniazzo Romano]], and [[Marco Palmezzano]]. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic [[icon]] from the 14th century which, according to the legend, [[Pope Gregory I]] had made after a vision of Christ. Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal [[Francisco de los Ángeles Quiñones]] sculpted by [[Jacopo Sansovino]] in 1536.


[[Peter Paul Rubens]], who had arrived in Rome by way of [[Mantua]] in 1601, was commissioned by Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]] to paint an altarpiece with three panels for the Chapel of [[St. Helena]]. Two of these paintings, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'' and ''The Mocking of Christ'', are now in [[Grasse]], [[France]]. The third, ''The Elevation of the Cross'', was lost. Before his marriage, the Archduke had been made a cardinal in the Basilica.
In 1601, during his first stay in Rome, [[Peter Paul Rubens]] was commissioned by Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]] to paint his first altarpiece, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'', for one of the side chapels.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIlA0kuX5DAC&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&pg=PR16| last=Zirpolo| first=Lilian H.| title=Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture| publisher=Scarecrow Press| date=17 September 2010| page=xvi| isbn=978-1-4616-5919-8}}</ref> Two of the side panels, ''St. Helena with the True Cross'' and ''The Mocking of Christ'', are now in [[Grasse]], [[France]]. The third, ''The Elevation of the Cross'', has been lost. The church assumed its current late Baroque appearance under [[Pope Benedict XIV]] (1740–58), who had been its titular, prior to his elevation to the Papacy. This eighteenth-century restructuring led to a total renewal of the interior, with the vault painted by [[Corrado Giaquinto]] (a celebrated artist of the time). Finally, new streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by Pietro Passalacqua and Domenico Gregorini, shares the typical late Roman [[Baroque]] style of these other basilicas.<ref name=wmf>[https://www.wmf.org/project/santa-croce-gerusalemme-church "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church"]. ''[[World Monuments Fund]]''.</ref>


[[File:Roma, Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, esposizione dell'icona Caesarius Diaconus, opera di Giovanni Guida.jpg|thumb|Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, interior]]
== Cardinal Priests since 1120 ==
[[File:The_BL_King’s_Topographical_Collection-_"(Templa_Diversa)."_-_51194598337.jpg|thumb|Renaissance-era engraving of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme]]
{{refimprove section|date=March 2016}}
[[File:Friedrich Loos Blick auf die Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme c1848.jpg|thumb|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme surrounded by countryside, 1848 painting]]
{{colbegin|3}}
==Cappella delle Reliquie ==
* Amicus (1120-1/2)
Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the ''Cappella delle Reliquie'', built in 1930 by architect [[Florestano Di Fausto]], including part of the ''Elogium'' or [[Titulus Crucis]], i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars<ref>{{cite book| last= Morris| first=Colin |title=The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600| publisher=Oxford Univ Press| location=Oxford| date=17 March 2005| page=32| isbn=978-0-19-826928-1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URaNqLThbDkC&pg=PA32| url-access=subscription}}</ref> or considered to be a medieval forgery<ref>{{cite book| last1=Byrne| first1=Ryan| last2=McNary-Zak| first2=Bernadette| title=Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics| date=30 November 2009| page=87| isbn=978-0-8078-3298-1| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R50kbDC0LIC&pg=PA87| publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref>); two thorns of the [[Crown of Thorns]]; part of a nail; the index finger of St. Thomas; and three small wooden pieces of the [[True Cross]]. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of [[Pope Urban VIII]] in 1629 to [[St. Peter's Basilica]], where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by [[Andrea Bolgi]] in 1639.<ref>Partially referenced by {{cite web| url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm| title=Basilica of St. Peter| website=The Catholic Encyclopedia| last=Baumgarten| first=Paul Maria| volume=13| location=New York| publisher=Robert Appleton Company| year=1912| via=New Advent| access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Pope Lucius II|Gerardo Caccianemici]] (1123–44)

* [[Ubaldo Caccianemici]] (1144-70/1)
== Other Art ==
* [[Ardoino da Piacenza]] (1178–83)
The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the ''Legends of the True Cross'', attributed to [[Melozzo]], [[Antoniazzo Romano]], and [[Marco Palmezzano]]. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic icon which, according to the legend, [[Pope Gregory I]] had made after a vision of Christ. The icon, however, is believed to have been given to the Basilica around 1385 by [[Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvCiDQAAQBAJ&dq=santa+croce+in+gerusalemme+rome+italy&pg=PA222| title=Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)| publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]| year=2004| page=222| location=New York| isbn=978-1-5883-9113-1}}</ref> Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal [[Francisco de Quiñones]] sculpted by [[Jacopo Sansovino]] in 1536.
* [[Albinus (cardinal)|Albinus]] (1185-9)

* Leone Brancaleone (1202–24)
==List of Cardinal-Priests==
* Pietro d'Aquila (1294-8)
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}}
* [[Teodorico Ranieri]] (1298-9)
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* (Vacant or list is incomplete)
* Amicus (1120 – 1121/2)
* Raymond de Canillac (1350–61)
* [[Pope Lucius II|Gerardo Caccianemici]] (1123–44)<ref>Ott, Michael (1910). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09412a.htm "Pope Lucius II"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Gui de Maillesec]] (1375–84)
* [[Ubaldo Caccianemici]] (1144 – 1170/1171)
* [[Innocent VII|Cosma Gentile Migliorati]] (1389-1404)
* [[Ardoino da Piacenza]] (1178–1182)
* Giovanni Migliorati (1405–10)
* [[Albinus (cardinal)|Albinus]] (March 1185–1189)
* Francesco Lando (1411–24)
* Leone Brancaleone (1202–1224)
* [[Niccolò Albergati]] (1426–33)
* Pietro d'Aquila (1294–1298)
* [[Domenico Capranica]] (1444–58)
* [[Angelo Capranica]] (1460–72)
* [[Teodorico Ranieri]] (1298–1299)
* [[Pedro González de Mendoza]] (1478–95)
* [[Raymond de Canillac]] (1350–1361)
* [[Gui de Maillesec]] (1375–1384)
* [[Bernardino López de Carvajal]] (1495-1507), ''[[in commendam]]'' (1507-11)
* [[Innocent VII|Cosma Gentile Migliorati]] (1389–1404)
* [[Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte]], in commendam (1511–27)
* [[Giovanni Migliorati (cardinal)|Giovanni Migliorati]] (1405–1410)
* [[Francisco de los Ángeles Quiñones]] (1527–40)
* Francesco Lando (1411–1424)
* [[Marcellus II|Marcello Cervini]] (1540–55)
* [[Niccolò Albergati]] (1426–1433)
* Bartolomé de la Cueva de Albuquerque (1555–62)
* [[Domenico Capranica]] (1444–1458) <ref>Shahan, Thomas (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03312b.htm "Domenico Capranica"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* Giovanni Antonio Capizucchi (1562-5)
* [[Angelo Capranica]] (1460–1472)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1460.htm#Capranica |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Capranica, Angelo", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2018-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121130348/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1460.htm#Capranica |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Francisco Pacheco de Toledo]] (1565–79)
* [[Pedro González de Mendoza]] (1478–1495)<ref>Ott, Michael (1911). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10187b.htm "Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] (1580–98)
* [[Bernardino López de Carvajal]] (1495–1507), ''[[in commendam]]'' (1507–1511)<ref>Shahan, Thomas (1908). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03393a.htm "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal"]. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017</ref>
* Francisco de Múxica Guzmán de Avila (1599-1606)
* [[Antonio Maria Ciocchi del Monte]], in commendam (1511–1527)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1511.htm#Ciocchi |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2017-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028235424/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1511.htm#Ciocchi |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Ascanio Colonna (1606)
* [[Antonio Zapata y Cisneros]] (1606–16)
* [[Francisco de Quiñones]] (1527–1540)
* [[Marcellus II|Marcello Cervini]] (1540–1555)
* [[Gaspar de Borja y Velasco]] (1616–30)
* [[Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo|Bartolomé de la Cueva de Albuquerque]] (1555–1562)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1544.htm#Cueva |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Cueva yY Toledo, Bartolomé de la", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2018-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105084831/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1544.htm#Cueva |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Baltasar Moscoso y Sandoval (1630–65)
* [[Gianantonio Capizucchi|Giovanni Antonio Capizucchi]] (1562–1565)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-iihtm#Capizucchi |title=Miranda, Salvador. "Capizucchi, Gianantonio", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, FIU |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175609/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1555-ii.htm#Capizucchi |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Alfonso Litta]] (1666–79)
* [[Francisco Pacheco de Toledo]] (1565–1579)
* [[Johann Eberhard Neidhardt]] [[Jesuits|SJ]] (1679–81)
* [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] (1580–1598)<ref>Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, ''Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi'' Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923), p. 45.</ref>
* [[Decio Azzolino|Decio Azzolino the younger]] (1681-3)
* Francisco de Múxica Guzmán de Avila (1599–1606)
* ''vacant'' (1683-9)
* [[Ascanio Colonna]] (1606)
* Pedro de Salazar (1689-1706)
* [[Ulisse Giuseppe Gozzadini]] (1709–28)
* [[Antonio Zapata y Cisneros]] (1606–1616)
* [[Pope Benedict XIV|Prospero Lambertini]] (1728–40)
* [[Gaspar de Borja y Velasco]] (1616–1630)
* Baltasar Moscoso y Sandoval (1630–1665)
* Giuseppe Firrao (1740-4)
* [[Alfonso Litta]] (1666–1679)
* Gioacchino Besozzi (1744–55)
* [[Johann Eberhard Neidhardt]] [[Jesuits|SJ]] (1679–1681)
* Luca Melchiore Tempi (1757–62)
* [[Decio Azzolino|Decio Azzolino the younger]] (1681–1683)
* Lodovico Valenti (1762-3)
* ''Vacant'' (1763-6)
* ''vacant'' (1683–1689)
* Pedro de Salazar (1689–1706)
* Nicola Serra (1766-7)
* [[Ulisse Giuseppe Gozzadini]] (1709–1728)
* ''vacant'' (1767–75)
* [[Pope Benedict XIV|Prospero Lambertini]] (1728–1740)
* Antonio Eugenio Visconti (1775–88)
* [[Giuseppe Firrao (seniore)]] (1740–1744)
* [[Franziskus Herzan von Harras|František de Paula Hrzán z Harrasova]] (1788-1804)
* Gioacchino Besozzi (1744–1755)
* ''Vacant'' (1804–16)
* Luca Melchiore Tempi (1757–1762)
* Alessandro Malvasia (1816-9)
* [[Ludovico Valenti|Lodovico Valenti]] (1762–1763)
* [[Placido Zurla]] (1823–34)
* Nicola Serra (1766–1767)
* Alessandro Giustiniani (1834–43)
* [[Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo]] (1844–54)
* Antonio Eugenio Visconti (1775–1788)
* [[Franziskus Herzan von Harras|František de Paula Hrzán z Harrasova]] (1788–1804)
* János Scitovszky (1854–66)
* ''Vacant'' (1804–1816)
* [[Raffaele Monaco La Valletta]] (1868–84)
* Alessandro Malvasia (1816–1819)
* [[Lucido Maria Parocchi]] (1884-9)
* [[Pierre-Lambert Goossens]] (1889-1906)
* [[Placido Zurla]] (1823–1834)
* Alessandro Giustiniani (1834–1843)
* [[Benedetto Lorenzelli]] (1907–15)
* [[Willem Marinus van Rossum]] (1915–32)
* [[Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo]] (1844–1854)
* [[János Scitovszky]] (1854–1866)<ref>Miranda, Salvador. [https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1853.htm "Scitovszky, János"]. ''Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church'', Florida International University.</ref>
* [[Pietro Fumasoni Biondi]] (1933–60)
* [[Raffaele Monaco La Valletta]] (1868–1884)
* [[Giuseppe Ferretto|Giuseppe Antonio Ferretto]] (1961)
* [[Efrem Forni]] (1962–76)
* [[Lucido Maria Parocchi]] (1884–1889)
* [[Pierre-Lambert Goossens]] (1889–1906)
* [[Victor Razafimahatratra]] (1976–93)
* [[Miloslav Vlk]] (1994–Present)
* [[Benedetto Lorenzelli]] (1907–1915)
* [[Willem Marinus van Rossum]] (1915–1932)
{{colend}}
* [[Pietro Fumasoni Biondi]] (1933–1960)
* [[Giuseppe Ferretto]] (1961)
* [[Efrem Forni]] (1962–1976)
* [[Victor Razafimahatratra]] (1976–1993)
* [[Miloslav Vlk]] (1994–2017)
* [[Juan José Omella]] (2017–present)
{{div col end}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 125: Line 134:


== References ==
== References ==
* Raimondo Besozzi, ''La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme'' (Roma: Generoso Salomoni 1750).
* Raimondo Besozzi (1750). ''La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme''. Roma: Generoso Salomoni.
* Marie-Théodore de Busierre, Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second (Paris: Jacques Lecoffre 1846), pp. 157-178.
* Marie-Théodore de Busierre (1846). Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre. pp.&nbsp;157–178.
* Paolo Coen, ''Le Sette Chiese'' (Rome: Newton Compton). {{Date missing|March 2016}}
* {{cite book| last=Coen| first=Paolo| year=1994| title=Le Sette Chiese: Le basiliche giubilari romane| location=Rome| publisher=Newton Compton| isbn=978-8-8798-3502-2}}
* Claudio Rendina, ''La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma'' (Rome: Newton Compton){{Date missing|March 2016}}
* {{cite book| last=Rendina| first=Claudio| year=2000| title=La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma| location=Rome| publisher=Newton Compton| isbn=978-8-8828-9316-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Belkin | first = Kristin Lohse | title = Rubens | pages=63–6 | publisher = Phaidon | location = Oxford Oxfordshire | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7148-3412-2 }}
* {{cite book| last=Belkin| first=Kristin Lohse| title=Rubens| pages=63–6| publisher=Phaidon| location=Oxford Oxfordshire| year=1998| isbn=978-0-7148-3412-2}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme|Santa Croce in Gerusalemme}}
* [http://www.santacroceroma.it/ Official Site]
* [http://www.santacroceroma.it/ Official Site]
* ''[http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/archaeological-precinct-holy-cross-jerusalem Description in the site of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il MNR e l'Area archeologica di Roma"]''
* ''[http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/archaeological-precinct-holy-cross-jerusalem Description in the site of the "Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il MNR e l'Area archeologica di Roma"]''
*High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of [https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/ancient-and-early-christian-sites-rome/santa-croce-gerusalemme Santa Croce in Gerusalemme | Art Atlas]
{{Churches in the City of Rome}}
{{Rome landmarks}}


{{commons-inline}}
{{Churches in the City of Rome}}
{{Sequence
| prev = [[Santa Croce in Via Flaminia]]
| list = Landmarks of Rome
| curr = Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
| next = [[Sant'Eugenio]]
}}
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{{Monuments of Rome}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Croce in Gerusalemme, Santa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Croce in Gerusalemme, Santa}}
[[Category:4th-century churches]]
[[Category:4th-century churches]]
[[Category:12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:18th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy]]
[[Category:4th-century establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Rome]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Rome]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in Rome]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in Rome]]
[[Category:Titular churches in Rome|Croce Gerusalemme]]
[[Category:Titular churches|Croce Gerusalemme]]
[[Category:Burial places of popes]]
[[Category:Burial places of popes]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Rome]]
[[Category:Churches of Rome (rione Esquilino)|Holy Cross]]
[[Category:Churches of Rome (rione Esquilino)|Holy Cross]]
[[Category:Helena, mother of Constantine I]]
[[Category:True Cross]]
[[Category:Crown of thorns]]

Latest revision as of 10:38, 25 October 2024

Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem
Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at night
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view
41°53′16″N 12°30′59″E / 41.8878°N 12.5164°E / 41.8878; 12.5164
LocationPiazza di S. Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome, Italy
Language(s)Italian
DenominationCatholic Church
TraditionLatin Church
Religious orderCistercians (1561-2011)
Websitesantacroceroma.it
History
StatusMinor basilica, titular church
DedicationTrue Cross
Consecratedca. AD 325
Relics held
Architecture
Architectural typeChurch
StyleBaroque
Specifications
Length70 metres (230 ft)
Width37 metres (121 ft)
Administration
DioceseRome

The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem or Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Latin: Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem) is a Catholic Minor basilica and titular church in rione Esquilino, Rome, Italy. It is one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome.

According to Christian tradition, the basilica was consecrated circa 325 to house the relics of the Passion of Jesus Christ brought to Rome from the Holy Land by Empress Helena, mother of Roman Emperor Constantine I. The basilica's floor was supposed to be covered with soil from Jerusalem, thus acquiring the title in Hierusalem; it is not dedicated to the Holy Cross of Jerusalem, but the basilica was considered in a sense to be "in Jerusalem" (much in the way that an embassy today is considered extraterritorial). Between 1561 and 2011 it was the conventual church of an adjacent and now dissolved Abbey of Cistercian monks whose aesthetic simplicity greatly influenced the interior of the basilica. The church is now run directly by the Diocese of Rome. The current Cardinal Priest of the Titulus S. Crucis in Hierusalem is Juan José Omella.

History

[edit]

The basilica is built on the foundations of an imperial villa called Horti Variani ad Spem Veterem which was begun by the Emperor Septimius Severus and finished by the Emperor Elagabalus in the third century. The site included the Amphitheatrum Castrense, the Circus Varianus and the Eleniane Baths (so called after the restoration carried out by the Empress Helena). It contained a residential nucleus in which there was a large hall (later forming the basis for the basilica) and an apsed hall.

The villa was deprived of some of its material when the Aurelian Walls were constructed in 272. At the beginning of the 4th century the palace was chosen as a residence by the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine, with the name of Palazzo Sessoriano. The name Sessoriano comes from the Latin sedeo, or "siedo" since in the late imperial era the imperial council used to meet in a hall of the palace. It was on her initiative that the large rectangular hall was transformed into a Christian basilica around 320, originally covered by a flat ceiling, illuminated by twenty windows placed five on each side and with valuable marble decoration in the lower register.[1] Helena had some soil from Calvary dispersed.

The basilica of Santa Croce was declared a titular church by Pope Gregory I in 523. Despite the fact it was located on the outskirts of Rome, it became a destination of regular pilgrimage, thanks to the popularity of the relics it kept. In the eighth century, the basilica was restored by Pope Gregory II.[2] After the Basilica fell into neglect, Pope Lucius II restored it in the 12th century, giving it a Romanesque appearance, with a nave, two aisles, belfry, and porch. The Cosmatesque pavement dates from this period. Of the eight original floors of the bell tower, only the last four remain visible; the first four floors are instead incorporated into the monastery below.

The foundation of the monastery dates to the 10th century. Over the centuries, various religious communities have alternated in the complex. Pope Leo IX, in 1049, entrusted the monastery to the Benedictines of Montecassino. In 1062 Pope Alexander II installed the Canons Regular of San Frediano di Lucca, who abandoned it during the period of the Avignonese papacy. Around 1370, Pope Urban V assigned Santa Croce to the Carthusians, who remained there until 1561, when the Lombard Cistercians of the Congregation of Saint Bernard took over. This congregation was finally suppressed in 2011 by a decree of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, after an inquiry found evidence of liturgical and financial irregularities as well as irregular lifestyle.[3]

Throughout the course of the Middle Ages the basilica was a popular destination for pilgrimages, particularly of a penitential type, and especially during the period of Lent. On Good Friday popes themselves walked barefoot, as a sign of penance, along the road that connected Saint John Lateran (official Cathedral of Rome) to the basilica of Santa Croce to come and venerate the relic of the Passion of Jesus. This tradition was then taken up by the Roman Missal and integrated into the Liturgy of Good Friday, which includes a period of adoration of the cross.

In the vault is a mosaic designed by Melozzo da Forlì, created some time before 1485 and depicting Jesus Blessing, Histories of the Cross, and various saints. The altar has a large statue of St. Helena, which was created by adapting an ancient statue of the Roman goddess Juno discovered at Ostia. The basilica was further modified in the 16th century.

In 1601, during his first stay in Rome, Peter Paul Rubens was commissioned by Archduke Albert of Austria to paint his first altarpiece, St. Helena with the True Cross, for one of the side chapels.[4] Two of the side panels, St. Helena with the True Cross and The Mocking of Christ, are now in Grasse, France. The third, The Elevation of the Cross, has been lost. The church assumed its current late Baroque appearance under Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58), who had been its titular, prior to his elevation to the Papacy. This eighteenth-century restructuring led to a total renewal of the interior, with the vault painted by Corrado Giaquinto (a celebrated artist of the time). Finally, new streets were also opened to connect the Basilica to San Giovanni in Laterano and Santa Maria Maggiore. The façade of the Basilica, which was designed by Pietro Passalacqua and Domenico Gregorini, shares the typical late Roman Baroque style of these other basilicas.[5]

Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, interior
Renaissance-era engraving of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme surrounded by countryside, 1848 painting

Cappella delle Reliquie

[edit]

Several famous relics of disputed authenticity are housed in the Cappella delle Reliquie, built in 1930 by architect Florestano Di Fausto, including part of the Elogium or Titulus Crucis, i.e. the panel which was hung on Christ's Cross (generally either ignored by scholars[6] or considered to be a medieval forgery[7]); two thorns of the Crown of Thorns; part of a nail; the index finger of St. Thomas; and three small wooden pieces of the True Cross. A much larger piece of the True Cross was taken from the Basilica on the instructions of Pope Urban VIII in 1629 to St. Peter's Basilica, where it is kept near the colossal statue of St. Empress Helena sculpted by Andrea Bolgi in 1639.[8]

Other Art

[edit]

The apse of the Basilica includes frescoes telling the Legends of the True Cross, attributed to Melozzo, Antoniazzo Romano, and Marco Palmezzano. The Museum of the Basilica houses a mosaic icon which, according to the legend, Pope Gregory I had made after a vision of Christ. The icon, however, is believed to have been given to the Basilica around 1385 by Raimondo Del Balzo Orsini.[9] Notable also is the tomb of Cardinal Francisco de Quiñones sculpted by Jacopo Sansovino in 1536.

List of Cardinal-Priests

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Hughes, Robert (1 November 2011). Rome: A Cultural, Visual, and Personal History. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-307-26844-0. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  2. ^ "History". The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem.
  3. ^ "Pope shuts down irregular monastery in Rome". BBC News. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
  4. ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (17 September 2010). Historical Dictionary of Baroque Art and Architecture. Scarecrow Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-1-4616-5919-8.
  5. ^ "Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Church". World Monuments Fund.
  6. ^ Morris, Colin (17 March 2005). The sepulchre of Christ and the medieval West: from the beginning to 1600. Oxford: Oxford Univ Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-19-826928-1.
  7. ^ Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette (30 November 2009). Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-8078-3298-1.
  8. ^ Partially referenced by Baumgarten, Paul Maria (1912). "Basilica of St. Peter". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 21 September 2024 – via New Advent.
  9. ^ Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-5883-9113-1.
  10. ^ Ott, Michael (1910). "Pope Lucius II". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 7 November 2017
  11. ^ Shahan, Thomas (1908). "Domenico Capranica". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  12. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Capranica, Angelo", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Archived from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  13. ^ Ott, Michael (1911). "Pedro Gonzalez de Mendoza". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  14. ^ Shahan, Thomas (1908). "Bernardino Lopez de Carvajal". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 7 November 2017
  15. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Ciocchi del Monte, Antonio Maria", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  16. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Cueva yY Toledo, Bartolomé de la", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University". Archived from the original on 2018-01-05. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  17. ^ "Miranda, Salvador. "Capizucchi, Gianantonio", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, FIU". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  18. ^ Guilelmus van Gulik and Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi Volumen tertium, editio altera (ed. L. Schmitz-Kallenberg) (Monasterii 1923), p. 45.
  19. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Scitovszky, János". Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Florida International University.

References

[edit]
  • Raimondo Besozzi (1750). La storia della Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. Roma: Generoso Salomoni.
  • Marie-Théodore de Busierre (1846). Les sept basiliques de Rome Tome second. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre. pp. 157–178.
  • Coen, Paolo (1994). Le Sette Chiese: Le basiliche giubilari romane. Rome: Newton Compton. ISBN 978-8-8798-3502-2.
  • Rendina, Claudio (2000). La Grande Enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton. ISBN 978-8-8828-9316-3.
  • Belkin, Kristin Lohse (1998). Rubens. Oxford Oxfordshire: Phaidon. pp. 63–6. ISBN 978-0-7148-3412-2.
[edit]

Media related to Santa Croce in Gerusalemme at Wikimedia Commons

Preceded by
Santa Croce in Via Flaminia 		Landmarks of Rome
Santa Croce in Gerusalemme 		Succeeded by
Sant'Eugenio
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