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|native_name = {{native name|es|Edificio Kavanagh}}
|native_name = {{native name|es|Edificio Kavanagh}}
|native_name_lang = es
|native_name_lang = es
|image = Kavanagh building.jpg
|image = Edificio Kavanagh Buenos Aires.JPG
|image_size =
|image_size =
|caption = Kavanagh Building seen from [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|Plaza San Martín]]
|caption = Kavanagh Building seen from [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|Plaza San Martín]]
|location = Florida 1065<ref name="ArchitectsLocationAndRequest">{{cite web|last=Reina |first=Laura |date=January 3, 2006 |title=El Kavanagh y sus 70 años de historias |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/769447-el-kavanagh-y-sus-70-anos-de-historias |work=[[La Nación]]|language=es|access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref><br />[[Retiro, Buenos Aires|Retiro]], [[Buenos Aires]]<br />[[Argentina]]
|location = Florida 1065<ref name="ArchitectsLocationAndRequest">{{cite web|last=Reina |first=Laura |date=January 3, 2006 |title=El Kavanagh y sus 70 años de historias |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/el-kavanagh-y-sus-70-anos-de-historias-nid769447/|work=[[La Nación]]|language=es}}</ref><br />[[Retiro, Buenos Aires|Retiro]], [[Buenos Aires]]<br />[[Argentina]]
| highest_region = [[List of tallest buildings in South America|South America]]
| highest_prev = [[Martinelli Building]]
| highest_start = 1936
| highest_end = 1947
| highest_next = [[Altino Arantes Building]]
|coordinates = {{coord|34|35|43.5|S|58|22|28.8|W|region:AR_source:eswiki|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates = {{coord|34|35|43.5|S|58|22|28.8|W|region:AR_source:eswiki|display=inline,title}}
|start_date = 1934
|start_date = 1934
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}}
}}


The '''Kavanagh Building''' ({{Lang-es|Edificio Kavanagh}}) is a famed [[skyscraper]] in [[Retiro, Buenos Aires|Retiro]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. Designed in 1934 by architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, it is considered a pinnacle of [[modernist architecture]].<ref name="tvpublica"/> At the time of its inauguration in 1936, the Kavanagh was the tallest building in [[Latin America]] surpassing the [[Palacio Salvo]] built in [[Montevideo]] in 1928, as well as the tallest building in the world with a reinforced concrete structure.
The '''Kavanagh Building''' ({{Langx|es|Edificio Kavanagh}}) is a residential [[skyscraper]] in [[Retiro, Buenos Aires|Retiro]], [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. Designed in 1934 by architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, it is considered a pinnacle of [[modernist architecture]].<ref name="tvpublica"/> At the time of its inauguration in 1936, the Kavanagh was the tallest building in [[Latin America]] surpassing the [[Palacio Salvo]] built in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay in 1928, as well as the tallest building in the world with a reinforced concrete structure.


It is considered one of the quintessential buildings of Buenos Aires.<ref name="secretos">{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/los-secretos-del-kavanagh-el-primer-edificio-moderno-de-buenos-aires-nid2139269|title=Los secretos del Kavanagh, el primer edificio moderno de Buenos Aires|work=[[La Nación]]|access-date=February 6, 2020|last=Gigena|language=es|first=Daniel|date=May 30, 2018}}</ref><ref name="acaricia">{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/cultura/kavanagh-pasado-presente-edificio-emblematico_0_SJVHCec1m.html|title=Kavanagh, la torre que acaricia el cielo|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|date=June 2, 2018|access-date=February 6, 2020|last=Abdala|first=Verónica|language=es}}</ref> A 2013 [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] survey of 600 people who are not architects or builders found that the Kavanagh is the most liked building among [[porteño]]s.<ref>{{cite web|language=es|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/Kavanagh-edificio-gusta-gente-Capital_0_H1r8zZWiPme.html|title=El Kavanagh es el edificio que más le gusta a la gente en Capital|access-date=February 7, 2020|date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The Kavanagh Building was declared a [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 1994 and a [[List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina|National Historic Monument of Argentina]] in 1999.
It is considered one of the quintessential buildings of Buenos Aires.<ref name="secretos">{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/los-secretos-del-kavanagh-el-primer-edificio-moderno-de-buenos-aires-nid2139269|title=Los secretos del Kavanagh, el primer edificio moderno de Buenos Aires|work=[[La Nación]]|access-date=February 6, 2020|last=Gigena|language=es|first=Daniel|date=May 30, 2018}}</ref><ref name="acaricia">{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/cultura/kavanagh-pasado-presente-edificio-emblematico_0_SJVHCec1m.html|title=Kavanagh, la torre que acaricia el cielo|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|date=June 2, 2018|access-date=February 6, 2020|last=Abdala|first=Verónica|language=es}}</ref> A 2013 [[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] survey of 600 people who are not architects or builders found that the Kavanagh is the building most liked by [[porteño]]s.<ref>{{cite web|language=es|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|url=https://www.clarin.com/ciudades/Kavanagh-edificio-gusta-gente-Capital_0_H1r8zZWiPme.html|title=El Kavanagh es el edificio que más le gusta a la gente en Capital|access-date=February 7, 2020|date=December 22, 2013}}</ref> The Kavanagh Building was declared a [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 1994 and a [[List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina|National Historic Monument of Argentina]] in 1999.


==Location==
==Location==
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==History==
==History==
[[File:Plaza San Martín, calle Florida (1926).jpg|thumb|left|View of the houses where the Kavanagh would later be built, 1926.]][[File:El centro de Buenos Aires en 1936.jpg|thumb|left|The center of Buenos Aires in 1936, with the Kavanagh Building in the lower left corner.]]
[[File:Plaza San Martín, calle Florida (1926).jpg|thumb|left|View of the houses where the Kavanagh would later be built, 1926.]][[File:El centro de Buenos Aires en 1936.jpg|thumb|left|The center of Buenos Aires in 1936, with the Kavanagh Building in the lower left corner.]]
It was designed in 1934, by local architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, built by the constructor and engineer Rodolfo Cervini, and inaugurated in 1936. Standing at a height of 120 meters, the building is characterised by the austerity of its lines, the lack of external ornamentation, and its large prismatic volumes. It was declared a [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 1994<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/History-and-Heritage/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmark-Program/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmarks-Index---Listed-by-Country/ |title=Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Index - Listed by Country |website=American Society of Civil Engineers |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122085218/http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/History-and-Heritage/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmark-Program/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmarks-Index---Listed-by-Country/ |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> and a [[List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina|National Historic Monument]] by the Argentine government in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernández |first=Roxana |date=23 April 1999 |title=El Kavanagh, entre los protegidos |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/1999/04/23/e-03901d.htm |newspaper=Clarín |language=es |location=Buenos Aires |access-date=1 December 2013 }}</ref> In the year of its completion the building obtained the Municipal Award for Collective Houses and Facades (''{{lang|es|Premio Municipal de Casa Colectiva y de Fachada}}'') and three years later its facade received a similar award from the [[American Institute of Architects]].
It was designed in 1934, by local architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, built by the constructor and engineer Rodolfo Cervini, and inaugurated in 1936. Standing at a height of 120 meters, the building is characterised by the austerity of its lines, the lack of external ornamentation, and its large prismatic volumes. It was declared a [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Historic Civil Engineering Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]] in 1994<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/History-and-Heritage/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmark-Program/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmarks-Index---Listed-by-Country/ |title=Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Index - Listed by Country |website=American Society of Civil Engineers |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122085218/http://www.asce.org/People-and-Projects/History-and-Heritage/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmark-Program/Historic-Civil-Engineering-Landmarks-Index---Listed-by-Country/ |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> and a [[List of National Historic Monuments of Argentina|National Historic Monument]] by the Argentine government in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernández |first=Roxana |date=23 April 1999 |title=El Kavanagh, entre los protegidos |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/1999/04/23/e-03901d.htm |newspaper=Clarín |language=es |location=Buenos Aires |access-date=1 December 2013 }}</ref> In the year of its completion the building obtained the Municipal Award for Collective Houses and Facades (''{{lang|es|Premio Municipal de Casa Colectiva y de Fachada}}''), and three years later its façade received a similar award from the [[American Institute of Architects]].


Its construction took only 14 months and was commissioned in 1934 by Corina Kavanagh, a millionaire of [[Irish people|Irish]] descent who sold two ranches at the age of 39 to erect her own skyscraper.<ref name="IrishAgeAndLatinAmerica">{{cite web|last=Novillo |first=Pablo |date=December 30, 2008 |title=Venden el piso 14 del edificio Kavanagh: el más caro de la Ciudad |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2008/12/30/laciudad/h-01830766.htm |work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2014 }}</ref> The building has a towering form, with symmetrical setbacks and gradual surface reductions. It was created from the outside in, adapting outstandingly comfortable facilities to the space available. The structure was carefully designed to be as slender as possible, in order to avoid unnecessary weight, and influenced by the city planning regulations. The design combines [[Modern architecture|Modernism]] and [[Art Deco]] with a [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist]] approach and is considered the apex of early Modernism in Argentina.
It was commissioned in 1934 by Corina Kavanagh, a millionaire of Irish descent who sold two ranches at the age of 39 to erect her own skyscraper. Construction took 14 months.<ref name="IrishAgeAndLatinAmerica">{{cite web|last=Novillo |first=Pablo |date=December 30, 2008 |title=Venden el piso 14 del edificio Kavanagh: el más caro de la Ciudad |url=http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2008/12/30/laciudad/h-01830766.htm |work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2014 }}</ref> The building has a towering form, with symmetrical setbacks and gradual surface reductions. It was created from the outside in. The structure was designed to be as slender as possible, in order to avoid unnecessary weight, and influenced by city planning regulations. The design combines [[Modern architecture|Modernism]] and [[Art Deco]] with a [[Rationalism (architecture)|Rationalist]] approach, and is considered the apex of early Modernism in Argentina.


The concrete structure was awarded to the la Empresa Argentina de Cemento Armado, E.A.C.A., integrated at that time by engineers Garbarini, Meuer and Gorostiaga. The tender was made based on a preliminary project prepared by the well-known structural engineer Carlos Laucher. The final project of the structure was executed by the Technical Office of the aforementioned company in charge of Eng. Fernando Schwarz. This engineer faced with brilliant success the responsibility of the calculation and project of the highest concrete skeleton in the world, demonstrating great capacity, as well as technical courage, because at that time he was in the infancy of Soil Mechanics and limited tools were available to resist the action of the wind, especially with the material to be used.
The building of the concrete structure was awarded to the Empresa Argentina de Cemento Armado, E.A.C.A. of engineers Garbarini, Meuer and Gorostiaga. The tender was made based on a preliminary project prepared by structural engineer Carlos Laucher. The final design of the structure was executed by the Technical Office of E.A.C.A., led by Eng. Fernando Schwarz, responsible for the design and calculations of the highest concrete skeleton in the world. At the time [[soil mechanics]]—used to calculate the [[bearing capacity]] of the ground—was in its infancy, and there were limited tools to calculate [[Wind engineering#Wind loads on buildings|wind resistance]].


It was at the time the highest skyscraper in [[Latin America]].<ref name="IrishAgeAndLatinAmerica" /> As the apartments in the new building were aimed at the upper middle classes, no expense was spared in its construction in order to ensure a result of the highest quality. All 105 apartments contained the latest in technological advances, including central air conditioning, twelve [[Otis Elevator Company|Otis]] elevators, and state-of-the-art plumbing. Those on the upper floors have exquisite terrace gardens with views of the river, parks and the city.
It was at the time the highest skyscraper in [[Latin America]].<ref name="IrishAgeAndLatinAmerica" /> As the apartments in the new building were aimed at the affluent upper middle classes, no expense was spared in its construction. All 105 apartments contained the latest in technological advances, including central [[air conditioning]], twelve [[Otis Elevator Company|Otis elevators]], and state-of-the-art plumbing. Upper-floor apartments have terrace gardens with views of the river, parks and the city.


Corina Kavanagh lived for many years on the 14th floor in the largest apartment, the only one that occupies an entire floor. There is a legend that says that the shape of the building was designed as a [[spite house|revenge]]. Corina, who was from a wealthy but not an aristocrat family, fell in love with the son of the Anchorena family, who were both wealthy and aristocratic. The Anchorenas, who lived in a palace on the other side of [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|Plaza San Martín]] (today known as the [[San Martín Palace]]) and had built a church that they could see from their palace, disapproved of the engagement. In revenge, Corina made only one demand to the architects: that it would block the Anchorena family's view of their church.<ref name="ArchitectsLocationAndRequest" />
Corina Kavanagh lived there for many years in an apartment occupying the entire 14th floor. There is a legend that says that the shape of the building was designed as [[Spite house|revenge]]: Kavanagh, who was from a wealthy but not aristocratic family, fell in love with a son of the wealthy and aristocratic Anchorena family. The Anchorenas, who lived in a palace on the other side of [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|Plaza San Martín]] today known as the [[San Martín Palace]] and had built {{ill|a church|es|Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento (Buenos Aires)}} that they could see from their palace, disapproved of the engagement. In revenge, Kavanagh required that her building block the Anchorena family's view of their church.<ref name="ArchitectsLocationAndRequest" />


==Architecture==
==Architecture==
[[File:Kavanagh_building_15-11-2005.jpg|thumb|right|The Kavanagh Building, with [[Jacaranda]] trees in full bloom.]]
The Kavanagh Building is considered a leading example of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] architecture, a current known locally as [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalism]] or modern movement.<ref name="Routledge776">Balderston, González & López, 2000. p. 776</ref><ref name="racionalismo">{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/arte-racionalismo-la-utopia-del-progreso-nid1556519|title=Racionalismo: la utopía del progreso|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=February 7, 2020|work=[[La Nación]]|language=es|first=Fabio|last=Grementieri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/arquitectura-racionalista|title=Arquitectura racionalista|access-date=February 7, 2020|language=es|publisher=Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref name="tvpublica"/><ref name="ayp">{{cite journal|url=https://www.ayp.fapyd.unr.edu.ar/index.php/ayp/article/view/184/149|language=es|issn=2362-6097|journal=A&P Continuidad|issue=9|date=December 2018|title=Sánchez, Lagos y de la Torre: la iniciativa privada a la vanguardia de la interpretación normativa|last=Plotquin|first=Silvio|volume=5|pages=76–87|publisher=[[National University of Rosario]]|doi=10.35305/23626097v5i9.184|doi-access=free}}</ref> The building is sometimes classified as [[Art Deco]] due to the similarity of both styles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/arquitectura-art-d%C3%A9co|title=Arquitectura art déco|access-date=February 8, 2020|language=es|publisher=Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1uQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT665|chapter=The Modern Movement in the Americas|access-date=February 8, 2020|date=January 1, 2014|last=James-Chakraborty|first=Kathleen|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|title=Architecture since 1400|isbn=978-0816673971}}</ref> ''[[La Nación]]''{{'}}s Fabio Grementieri called it a "masterful synthesis of rationalism and Art Deco, of renewal and tradition, of Paris and New York."<ref name="racionalismo"/> Rationalism was introduced in Buenos Aires by intellectual [[Victoria Ocampo]] with the modernist house she commissioned to architect [[Alejandro Bustillo]], built in [[Barrio Parque]] in 1929 and characterized by "simple cubic shapes, white walls and neat proportions".<ref name="mirando">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4HkeulyTocC&pg=PT214|page=214|language=es|date=October 3, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2020|publisher=Taurus|title=Argentina. Mirando hacia adentro (Tomo 4)|isbn=9788430608355}}</ref> Its contrast with the [[Belle Époque]]-style houses of the rest of the neighborhood, popular among the city's upper classes, earned the building negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/arq/victoria-ocampo-primera-casa-moderna-argentina-ahora-hotel_0_FkLkcTGAU.html|title=Victoria Ocampo y la primera casa moderna argentina que ahora es un hotel|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es|access-date=February 8, 2020|last=Jurado|first=Miguel|date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> Nevertheless, Ocampo's house proved to be very influential as the rationalist style gained popularity during the 1930s. It was used in hospitals, movie theaters and a triad of high-rise buildings: the Kavanagh, [[Comega Building|Comega]] and Safico buildings.<ref name="racionalismo"/><ref name="tvpublica">{{cite AV media|year=2013|title=Patrimonio y Nación - 13-01-13 (1 de 2)|medium=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dG_KR4yC4Q& |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/2dG_KR4yC4Q |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=February 9, 2020|publisher=[[TV Pública]]|location=Buenos Aires|language=es}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These [[early skyscrapers]] are characterized by the [[ziggurat]]-like approach of their design, mandated as per a municipal regulation analogous to [[New York City]]'s [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], which had been adopted to stop tall buildings from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below.<ref name="tvpublica"/> The Kavanagh Building showcases the growing influence of American architecture in the region at the time, caused by the political confrontation in Europe and technological transformations.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://publicacionesfadu.rec.uba.ar/index.php/anales/article/view/53/56|language=es|access-date=February 10, 2020|last=Arango|first=Silvia|pages=39–54|year=2012|journal=Anales del Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas "Mario J. Buschiazzo"
The Kavanagh Building is considered a leading example of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] architecture, known locally as [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalism]] or modern movement.<ref name="Routledge776">Balderston, González & López, 2000. p. 776</ref><ref name="racionalismo">{{cite web|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/arte-racionalismo-la-utopia-del-progreso-nid1556519|title=Racionalismo: la utopía del progreso|date=February 22, 2013|access-date=February 7, 2020|work=[[La Nación]]|language=es|first=Fabio|last=Grementieri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/arquitectura-racionalista|title=Arquitectura racionalista|access-date=February 7, 2020|language=es|publisher=Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref name="tvpublica"/><ref name="ayp">{{cite journal|url=https://www.ayp.fapyd.unr.edu.ar/index.php/ayp/article/view/184/149|language=es|issn=2362-6097|journal=A&P Continuidad|issue=9|date=December 2018|title=Sánchez, Lagos y de la Torre: la iniciativa privada a la vanguardia de la interpretación normativa|last=Plotquin|first=Silvio|volume=5|pages=76–87|publisher=[[National University of Rosario]]|doi=10.35305/23626097v5i9.184|doi-access=free}}</ref> The building is sometimes classified as [[Art Deco]] due to the similarity of both styles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turismo.buenosaires.gob.ar/es/article/arquitectura-art-d%C3%A9co|title=Arquitectura art déco|access-date=February 8, 2020|language=es|publisher=Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1uQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT665|chapter=The Modern Movement in the Americas|access-date=February 8, 2020|date=January 1, 2014|last=James-Chakraborty|first=Kathleen|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|title=Architecture since 1400|isbn=978-0816673971}}</ref> ''[[La Nación]]''{{'}}s Fabio Grementieri called it a "masterful synthesis of rationalism and Art Deco, of renewal and tradition, of Paris and New York."<ref name="racionalismo"/> Rationalism was introduced in Buenos Aires by intellectual [[Victoria Ocampo]] with the modernist house she commissioned from architect [[Alejandro Bustillo]], built in [[Barrio Parque]] in 1929 and characterized by "simple cubic shapes, white walls and neat proportions".<ref name="mirando">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4HkeulyTocC&pg=PT214|page=214|language=es|date=October 3, 2012|access-date=February 8, 2020|publisher=Taurus|title=Argentina. Mirando hacia adentro (Tomo 4)|isbn=9788430608355}}</ref> Its contrast with the [[Belle Époque]]-style houses of the rest of the neighborhood, popular among the city's upper classes, led to critical reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clarin.com/arq/victoria-ocampo-primera-casa-moderna-argentina-ahora-hotel_0_FkLkcTGAU.html|title=Victoria Ocampo y la primera casa moderna argentina que ahora es un hotel|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|language=es|access-date=February 8, 2020|last=Jurado|first=Miguel|date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> Nevertheless, Ocampo's house proved to be very influential as the rationalist style gained popularity during the 1930s. It was used in hospitals, movie theaters and three high-rise buildings: the Kavanagh, [[Comega Building|Comega]] and Safico buildings.<ref name="racionalismo"/><ref name="tvpublica">{{cite AV media|year=2013|title=Patrimonio y Nación - 13-01-13 (1 de 2)|medium=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dG_KR4yC4Q& |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/2dG_KR4yC4Q |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=February 9, 2020|publisher=[[TV Pública]]|location=Buenos Aires|language=es}}{{cbignore}}</ref> These [[early skyscrapers]] are characterized by the [[ziggurat]]-like approach of their design, mandated by a municipal regulation analogous to [[New York City]]'s [[1916 Zoning Resolution]], which had been adopted to stop tall buildings from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below.<ref name="tvpublica"/> The Kavanagh Building showcases the growing influence of American architecture in the region at the time, caused by the political confrontation in Europe and technological transformations.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iaa.fadu.uba.ar/ojs/index.php/anales/article/view/71|language=es|last=Arango|first=Silvia|pages=39–54|year=2012|journal=Anales del Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas "Mario J. Buschiazzo"|volume=42|issue=1|issn=2362-2024|publisher=[[University of Buenos Aires]]|title=Arquitectura moderna Latinoamericana: el juego de las interpretaciones}}</ref>
|volume=42|issue=1|issn=2362-2024|publisher=[[University of Buenos Aires]]|title=Arquitectura moderna Latinoamericana: el juego de las interpretaciones}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 51: Line 56:
*[[List of tallest buildings in Buenos Aires]]
*[[List of tallest buildings in Buenos Aires]]


==Notes==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA776|access-date=February 7, 2020|date=December 7, 2000|last1=Balderston|first1=Daniel|last2=González|first2=Mike|last3=López|first3=Ana M.|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415131889}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA776|access-date=February 7, 2020|date=December 7, 2000|last1=Balderston|first1=Daniel|last2=González|first2=Mike|last3=López|first3=Ana M.|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415131889}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons category}}
⚫
{{Portal|Argentina|Architecture}}
* [https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buenos-aires/edifcio-kavanagh/4753 Edifcio Kavanagh] at [[CTBUH]]
⚫
{{Commons category|Kavanagh Building}}
* [https://structurae.net/fr/ouvrages/edificio-kavanagh Edifcio Kavanagh] at [[Structurae]]
* [https://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=2281 Edifcio Kavanagh] at [[SkyscraperPage]]
* [https://www.skydb.net/building/791718461/edificio-kavanagh-buenos-aires/ Edifcio Kavanagh] at SKYDB


{{Skyscrapers of Argentina}}
{{National Historic Monuments of Argentina}}
{{Buenos Aires landmarks}}
{{Buenos Aires landmarks}}

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{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Art Deco skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Art Deco skyscrapers]]

Latest revision as of 11:35, 25 October 2024

Kavanagh Building
Edificio Kavanagh (Spanish)
Kavanagh Building seen from Plaza San Martín
Map
Record height
Tallest in South America from 1936 to 1947[I]
Preceded byMartinelli Building
Surpassed byAltino Arantes Building
General information
TypeResidential
LocationFlorida 1065[1]
Retiro, Buenos Aires
Argentina
Coordinates34°35′43.5″S 58°22′28.8″W / 34.595417°S 58.374667°W / -34.595417; -58.374667
Construction started1934
Completed1936
Opening2 January 1936
Height
Top floor120 m (390 ft)
Technical details
Floor count31
Floor area28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft), on 2,400 m2 (26,000 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators12
Design and construction
Architect(s)Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos, and Luis María de la Torre[2]
Main contractorRodolfo Cervini
Designated1999

The Kavanagh Building (Spanish: Edificio Kavanagh) is a residential skyscraper in Retiro, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Designed in 1934 by architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, it is considered a pinnacle of modernist architecture.[3] At the time of its inauguration in 1936, the Kavanagh was the tallest building in Latin America surpassing the Palacio Salvo built in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1928, as well as the tallest building in the world with a reinforced concrete structure.

It is considered one of the quintessential buildings of Buenos Aires.[4][5] A 2013 Clarín survey of 600 people who are not architects or builders found that the Kavanagh is the building most liked by porteños.[6] The Kavanagh Building was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1994 and a National Historic Monument of Argentina in 1999.

Location

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The Kavanagh Building is located at 1065 Florida Street in the barrio of Retiro, overlooking Plaza San Martín.

History

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View of the houses where the Kavanagh would later be built, 1926.
The center of Buenos Aires in 1936, with the Kavanagh Building in the lower left corner.

It was designed in 1934, by local architects Gregorio Sánchez, Ernesto Lagos and Luis María de la Torre, built by the constructor and engineer Rodolfo Cervini, and inaugurated in 1936. Standing at a height of 120 meters, the building is characterised by the austerity of its lines, the lack of external ornamentation, and its large prismatic volumes. It was declared a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1994[7] and a National Historic Monument by the Argentine government in 1999.[8] In the year of its completion the building obtained the Municipal Award for Collective Houses and Facades (Premio Municipal de Casa Colectiva y de Fachada), and three years later its façade received a similar award from the American Institute of Architects.

It was commissioned in 1934 by Corina Kavanagh, a millionaire of Irish descent who sold two ranches at the age of 39 to erect her own skyscraper. Construction took 14 months.[9] The building has a towering form, with symmetrical setbacks and gradual surface reductions. It was created from the outside in. The structure was designed to be as slender as possible, in order to avoid unnecessary weight, and influenced by city planning regulations. The design combines Modernism and Art Deco with a Rationalist approach, and is considered the apex of early Modernism in Argentina.

The building of the concrete structure was awarded to the Empresa Argentina de Cemento Armado, E.A.C.A. of engineers Garbarini, Meuer and Gorostiaga. The tender was made based on a preliminary project prepared by structural engineer Carlos Laucher. The final design of the structure was executed by the Technical Office of E.A.C.A., led by Eng. Fernando Schwarz, responsible for the design and calculations of the highest concrete skeleton in the world. At the time soil mechanics—used to calculate the bearing capacity of the ground—was in its infancy, and there were limited tools to calculate wind resistance.

It was at the time the highest skyscraper in Latin America.[9] As the apartments in the new building were aimed at the affluent upper middle classes, no expense was spared in its construction. All 105 apartments contained the latest in technological advances, including central air conditioning, twelve Otis elevators, and state-of-the-art plumbing. Upper-floor apartments have terrace gardens with views of the river, parks and the city.

Corina Kavanagh lived there for many years in an apartment occupying the entire 14th floor. There is a legend that says that the shape of the building was designed as revenge: Kavanagh, who was from a wealthy but not aristocratic family, fell in love with a son of the wealthy and aristocratic Anchorena family. The Anchorenas, who lived in a palace on the other side of Plaza San Martín today known as the San Martín Palace and had built a church [es] that they could see from their palace, disapproved of the engagement. In revenge, Kavanagh required that her building block the Anchorena family's view of their church.[1]

Architecture

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The Kavanagh Building, with Jacaranda trees in full bloom.

The Kavanagh Building is considered a leading example of International Style architecture, known locally as rationalism or modern movement.[10][11][12][3][13] The building is sometimes classified as Art Deco due to the similarity of both styles.[14][15] La Nación's Fabio Grementieri called it a "masterful synthesis of rationalism and Art Deco, of renewal and tradition, of Paris and New York."[11] Rationalism was introduced in Buenos Aires by intellectual Victoria Ocampo with the modernist house she commissioned from architect Alejandro Bustillo, built in Barrio Parque in 1929 and characterized by "simple cubic shapes, white walls and neat proportions".[16] Its contrast with the Belle Époque-style houses of the rest of the neighborhood, popular among the city's upper classes, led to critical reviews.[17] Nevertheless, Ocampo's house proved to be very influential as the rationalist style gained popularity during the 1930s. It was used in hospitals, movie theaters and three high-rise buildings: the Kavanagh, Comega and Safico buildings.[11][3] These early skyscrapers are characterized by the ziggurat-like approach of their design, mandated by a municipal regulation analogous to New York City's 1916 Zoning Resolution, which had been adopted to stop tall buildings from preventing light and air from reaching the streets below.[3] The Kavanagh Building showcases the growing influence of American architecture in the region at the time, caused by the political confrontation in Europe and technological transformations.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Reina, Laura (January 3, 2006). "El Kavanagh y sus 70 años de historias". La Nación (in Spanish).
  2. ^ "Edificio Kavanagh". Comisión Nacional de Museos y de Monumentos y Lugares Históricos (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d Patrimonio y Nación - 13-01-13 (1 de 2) (YouTube) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: TV Pública. 2013. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  4. ^ Gigena, Daniel (May 30, 2018). "Los secretos del Kavanagh, el primer edificio moderno de Buenos Aires". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  5. ^ Abdala, Verónica (June 2, 2018). "Kavanagh, la torre que acaricia el cielo". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved February 6, 2020.
  6. ^ "El Kavanagh es el edificio que más le gusta a la gente en Capital". Clarín (in Spanish). December 22, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  7. ^ "Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Index - Listed by Country". American Society of Civil Engineers. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  8. ^ Fernández, Roxana (23 April 1999). "El Kavanagh, entre los protegidos". Clarín (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  9. ^ a b Novillo, Pablo (December 30, 2008). "Venden el piso 14 del edificio Kavanagh: el más caro de la Ciudad". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  10. ^ Balderston, González & López, 2000. p. 776
  11. ^ a b c Grementieri, Fabio (February 22, 2013). "Racionalismo: la utopía del progreso". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  12. ^ "Arquitectura racionalista" (in Spanish). Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  13. ^ Plotquin, Silvio (December 2018). "Sánchez, Lagos y de la Torre: la iniciativa privada a la vanguardia de la interpretación normativa". A&P Continuidad (in Spanish). 5 (9). National University of Rosario: 76–87. doi:10.35305/23626097v5i9.184. ISSN 2362-6097.
  14. ^ "Arquitectura art déco" (in Spanish). Official tourism website of the City of Buenos Aires. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  15. ^ James-Chakraborty, Kathleen (January 1, 2014). "The Modern Movement in the Americas". Architecture since 1400. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816673971. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  16. ^ Argentina. Mirando hacia adentro (Tomo 4) (in Spanish). Taurus. October 3, 2012. p. 214. ISBN 9788430608355. Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  17. ^ Jurado, Miguel (November 7, 2018). "Victoria Ocampo y la primera casa moderna argentina que ahora es un hotel". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved February 8, 2020.
  18. ^ Arango, Silvia (2012). "Arquitectura moderna Latinoamericana: el juego de las interpretaciones". Anales del Instituto de Arte Americano e Investigaciones Estéticas "Mario J. Buschiazzo" (in Spanish). 42 (1). University of Buenos Aires: 39–54. ISSN 2362-2024.

Further reading

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