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Coordinates: 42°22′0″N 3°31′20″W / 42.36667°N 3.52222°W / 42.36667; -3.52222
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{{short description|Mountain range in northern Spain}}
{{Short description|Mountain range in northern Spain}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Atapuerca Mountains
| name = Atapuerca Mountains
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| caption = Atapuerca Mountains panorama
| caption = Atapuerca Mountains panorama
| image_size = 240 px
| image_size = 240 px
| map_type = Spain Castile and León#Spain
| map_type = Spain Province of Burgos#Spain Castile and León#Spain
| map_alt = Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
| map_alt = Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
| map_caption = Location in Spain
| map_caption = Location in Spain
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| cultures =
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| dependency_of =
| occupants = ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]
| occupants = ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''
| event =
| event =
| excavations = since 1964
| excavations = since 1964
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}}
}}
}}
}}

⚫
The '''Atapuerca Mountains''' ({{lang-es|Sierra de Atapuerca}}) is a [[karst topography|karstic]] hill formation near the village of [[Atapuerca (town)|Atapuerca]], in the [[Province of Burgos]] ([[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile and Leon]]), northern Spain. In a still ongoing excavation campaign, rich [[fossil]] deposits and stone tool [[Assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] were discovered which are attributed to the earliest known [[Hominina|hominin]] residents in [[Western Europe]].<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|title=''Homo heidelbergensis'': Evolutionary Tree information|accessdate=January 26, 2017}}</ref> This "exceptional reserve of data" has been deposited during extensive [[Lower Paleolithic]] presence, as the Atapuerca Mountains served as the preferred occupation site of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', ''[[Homo antecessor]]'' (or ''Homo erectus antecessor''), ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''<ref>https://www.nature.com/news/oldest-ancient-human-dna-details-dawn-of-neanderthals-1.19557</ref> communities. The earliest specimen so far unearthed and reliably dated confirm an age between 1.2 million and 630,000 years. Some finds are exhibited in the nearby [[Museum of Human Evolution]], in [[Burgos]].
The '''Atapuerca Mountains''' ({{langx|es|Sierra de Atapuerca}}) is a [[karst topography|karstic]] hill formation near the village of [[Atapuerca, Province of Burgos|Atapuerca]] in the [[province of Burgos]] ([[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] of [[Castile and Leon]]), northern Spain.

⚫
In a still ongoing excavation campaign, rich [[fossil]] deposits and stone tool [[Assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] have been discovered which are attributed to the earliest known [[Hominina|hominin]] residents in [[Western Europe]].<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|title=''Homo heidelbergensis'': Evolutionary Tree information|access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> This "exceptional reserve of data" has been deposited during extensive [[Lower Paleolithic]] presence, as the Atapuerca Mountains served as the preferred occupation site of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', ''[[Homo antecessor]]'', ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1038/531286a|title = Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals|year = 2016|last1 = Callaway|first1 = Ewen|journal = Nature|volume = 531|issue = 7594|page = 286|pmid = 26983523|bibcode = 2016Natur.531..296C|s2cid = 4459329|doi-access = free}}</ref> communities. The earliest specimen so far unearthed and reliably dated confirm an age between 1.2 million and 630,000 years.

The [[Archaeological site of Atapuerca]] is a World Heritage Site. Some finds are exhibited in the nearby [[Museum of Human Evolution]], in [[Burgos]].


==Regional geography==
==Regional geography==


Encompassing {{convert|284119|ha}}, the Atapuerca Mountains are a [[Altitudinal zonation|mid-altitude]] [[karst]]ic range of small foothills around {{cvt|1080|m|ft}} above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the [[Douro]] basin, to the south of the [[Cantabrian Mountains]] that run across northern Spain,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zCunKjqcJAEC&pg=PA145 |title=The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers |year=2009 |isbn=9780786740734 |last1=Arsuaga |first1=Juan |publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> and stretch alongside the ''[[Bureba corridor]]'', a mountain pass that connects the [[Ebro]] river valley with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Duero]] basin. This conjunction{{clarify|date=December 2017}} constitutes an [[ecotone]], which is rich in species of both [[ecosystem]]s. The mountain pass was part of a [[causeway]] built by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], as well as part of the [[pilgrimage]] route of [[Way of Saint James|Saint James]]; it is now traversed by the [[N-I]] and [[Autopista AP-1|AP-1]] highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major [[drainage divide]]s and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/288630315_fig1_Fig-1-Geographic-setting-of-the-Sierra-de-Atapuerca-and-map-of-the-Trinchera-del |title=. Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14 |accessdate= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uh.edu/engines/epi2516.htm |title=No. 2516: Atapuerca |publisher=Uh.edu |accessdate= January 26, 2017}}</ref>
Encompassing {{convert|284119|ha}}, the Atapuerca Mountains are a [[Altitudinal zonation|mid-altitude]] [[karst]]ic range of small foothills around {{cvt|1080|m|ft}} above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the [[Douro]] basin, to the south of the [[Cantabrian Mountains]] that run across northern Spain,<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zCunKjqcJAEC&pg=PA145 |title=The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers |year=2009 |isbn=9780786740734 |last1=Arsuaga |first1=Juan |publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> and stretch alongside the ''[[Bureba corridor]]'', a mountain pass that connects the [[Ebro]] river valley with the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Duero]] basin. This conjunction{{clarify|date=December 2017}} constitutes an [[ecotone]], which is rich in species of both [[ecosystem]]s. The mountain pass was part of a [[causeway]] built by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], as well as part of the [[pilgrimage]] route of [[Way of Saint James|Saint James]]; it is now traversed by the [[N-1 road (Spain)|N-1 road]] and [[Autopista AP-1|AP-1]] highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major [[drainage divide]]s and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/288630315_fig1_Fig-1-Geographic-setting-of-the-Sierra-de-Atapuerca-and-map-of-the-Trinchera-del |title=. Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14 |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://uh.edu/engines/epi2516.htm |title=No. 2516: Atapuerca |publisher=Uh.edu |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref>


==Fauna==
==Fauna==
In 2008 scholars identified a new ''[[genus]]'' and species of [[red-toothed shrew]] from the [[Pleistocene]] layers of the Gran Dolina cave. Until this discovery, researchers had believed that the fossils found in this area were of the ''[[Beremendia fissidens]]'' type, but recent research has been published to support an Asiatic type called ''[[Dolinasorex]] glyphodon'' that might be endemic and is the earliest known type of [[soricid]] in the Iberian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rofes | first1 = J. | last2 = Cuenca-Bescós | first2 = G. | year = 2009 | title = A new genus of red‐toothed shrew (Mammalia, Soricidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), and a phylogenetic approach to the Eurasiatic Soricinae | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 155 | issue = 4| pages = 904–925 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00470.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>
In 2008 scholars identified a new ''[[genus]]'' and species of [[red-toothed shrew]] from the [[Pleistocene]] layers of the Gran Dolina cave. Until this discovery, researchers had believed that the fossils found in this area were of the ''[[Beremendia fissidens]]'' type, but recent research has been published to support an Asiatic type called ''[[Dolinasorex]] glyphodon'' that might be endemic and is the earliest known type of [[soricid]] in the Iberian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rofes | first1 = J. | last2 = Cuenca-Bescós | first2 = G. | year = 2009 | title = A new genus of red-toothed shrew (Mammalia, Soricidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), and a phylogenetic approach to the Eurasiatic Soricinae | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 155 | issue = 4| pages = 904–925 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00470.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Archaeological site==
==Archaeological site==
{{Main|Archaeological site of Atapuerca}}
[[File:Trinchera Atapuerca2.jpg|thumb|upright=2.4|none|Location of the excavation sites in the railway ditch (after the visible protective roofs): (1) Entrance to the ditch; (2) Sima del Elefante; (3) Galería; (4) Gran Dolina]]
[[File:Trinchera Atapuerca2.jpg|thumb|upright=2.4|none|Location of the excavation sites along a [[railway cutting]] (after the visible protective roofs): (1) Entrance to the cutting; (2) Sima del Elefante; (3) Galería; (4) Gran Dolina]]
The [[archaeological site]] was designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], under the name, ''[[Archaeological Site of Atapuerca]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989 |title=Archaeological Site of Atapuerca - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |accessdate= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MyUser_Geomorfologia.es_January_27_2017c">{{cite web |url=http://www.geomorfologia.es/sites/default/files/C8%20Duero%20Basin.pdf |title=Landforms And Geomorphological Processes In The Duero Basin. Pleistocene Geoarcheology Of Ambrona And Atapuerca Sites |publisher=Geomorfologia.es |accessdate= January 27, 2017}}</ref>
The [[archaeological site]] was designated a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/989 |title=Archaeological Site of Atapuerca - UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date= January 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="MyUser_Geomorfologia.es_January_27_2017c">{{cite web |url=http://www.geomorfologia.es/sites/default/files/C8%20Duero%20Basin.pdf |title=Landforms And Geomorphological Processes In The Duero Basin. Pleistocene Geoarcheology Of Ambrona And Atapuerca Sites |publisher=Geomorfologia.es |access-date=January 27, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912225208/http://geomorfologia.es/sites/default/files/C8%20Duero%20Basin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


== Recorded history ==
== Recorded history ==
Line 64: Line 70:


== Economic and demographic development ==
== Economic and demographic development ==
Apart from the typical dryland farming of the region, the municipality has grown significantly in economic, demographic and social level with the impact generated by the presence of the [[archaeological site of Atapuerca|archaeological site]] and its associated services. 15% of the active population owns a job related to tourism. This "tertiarization" of their economy has reversed depopulation by growing and rejuvenating it (with the average age at 42 years).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00411|title=Creation of economic and demographic development [Social Impact]. ATAPUERCA project|website=SIOR. Social Impact Open Repository|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905141112/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00411|archive-date=2017-09-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Apart from the typical [[dryland farming]] of the region, the municipality has grown significantly in economic, demographic and social level with the impact generated by the presence of the [[archaeological site of Atapuerca|archaeological site]] and its associated services. 15% of the active population owns a job related to tourism. This "tertiarization" of their economy has reversed depopulation by growing and rejuvenating it (with the average age at 42 years).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00411|title=Creation of economic and demographic development [Social Impact]. ATAPUERCA project|website=SIOR. Social Impact Open Repository|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905141112/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00411|archive-date=2017-09-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons|Atapuerca}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.atapuerca.tv/ Official Web Page of the Atapuerca UCM-ISCIII Research Group]
* [http://www.atapuerca.tv/ Official Web Page of the Atapuerca UCM-ISCIII Research Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008085645/http://www.atapuerca.tv/ |date=2014-10-08 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728081214/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/atapuerca/ American Museum of Natural History-Atapuerca]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728081214/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/atapuerca/ American Museum of Natural History-Atapuerca]
* [http://www.atapuerca.com/ www.atapuerca.com]
* [http://www.atapuerca.com/ www.atapuerca.com]
Line 101: Line 107:
{{portal bar|Evolutionary biology|Paleontology}}
{{portal bar|Evolutionary biology|Paleontology}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Spain]]

Latest revision as of 19:12, 25 October 2024

Atapuerca Mountains
Sierra de Atapuerca
Atapuerca Mountains panorama
Atapuerca Mountains panorama
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Location in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains (Castile and León)
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains in Spain
Atapuerca Mountains (Spain)
Locationnear Atapuerca, Ibeas de Juarros
RegionBurgos, Castile and León
Coordinates42°22′0″N 3°31′20″W / 42.36667°N 3.52222°W / 42.36667; -3.52222
History
PeriodsPaleolithic
Associated withHomo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis
Site notes
Excavation datessince 1964
ArchaeologistsFrancisco Jordá Cerdá
Websitehttp://www.atapuerca.org/
Official nameArchaeological Site of Atapuerca
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(v)
Reference989
Inscription2000 (24th Session)
Area284.119 ha (702.07 acres)

The Atapuerca Mountains (Spanish: Sierra de Atapuerca) is a karstic hill formation near the village of Atapuerca in the province of Burgos (autonomous community of Castile and Leon), northern Spain.

In a still ongoing excavation campaign, rich fossil deposits and stone tool assemblages have been discovered which are attributed to the earliest known hominin residents in Western Europe.[1] This "exceptional reserve of data" has been deposited during extensive Lower Paleolithic presence, as the Atapuerca Mountains served as the preferred occupation site of Homo erectus, Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis[2] communities. The earliest specimen so far unearthed and reliably dated confirm an age between 1.2 million and 630,000 years.

The Archaeological site of Atapuerca is a World Heritage Site. Some finds are exhibited in the nearby Museum of Human Evolution, in Burgos.

Regional geography

[edit]

Encompassing 284,119 hectares (702,070 acres), the Atapuerca Mountains are a mid-altitude karstic range of small foothills around 1,080 m (3,540 ft) above sea level. They are located at the north-east corner of the Douro basin, to the south of the Cantabrian Mountains that run across northern Spain,[3] and stretch alongside the Bureba corridor, a mountain pass that connects the Ebro river valley with the Mediterranean Sea and the Duero basin. This conjunction[clarification needed] constitutes an ecotone, which is rich in species of both ecosystems. The mountain pass was part of a causeway built by the Romans, as well as part of the pilgrimage route of Saint James; it is now traversed by the N-1 road and AP-1 highways. The mountains are strategically located between two major drainage divides and near the mountain pass; this location is assumed to have been a factor in the area's successful and prolonged hominid habitation.[4][5]

Fauna

[edit]

In 2008 scholars identified a new genus and species of red-toothed shrew from the Pleistocene layers of the Gran Dolina cave. Until this discovery, researchers had believed that the fossils found in this area were of the Beremendia fissidens type, but recent research has been published to support an Asiatic type called Dolinasorex glyphodon that might be endemic and is the earliest known type of soricid in the Iberian peninsula.[6]

Archaeological site

[edit]
Main article: Archaeological site of Atapuerca
Location of the excavation sites along a railway cutting (after the visible protective roofs): (1) Entrance to the cutting; (2) Sima del Elefante; (3) Galería; (4) Gran Dolina

The archaeological site was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.[7][8]

Recorded history

[edit]

Piedrahita ("standing stone") in the Atapuerca valley is according to records site of the Battle of Atapuerca, which took place in 1054 between the forces of Ferdinand I of Castile and his brother García V of Navarre.

Economic and demographic development

[edit]

Apart from the typical dryland farming of the region, the municipality has grown significantly in economic, demographic and social level with the impact generated by the presence of the archaeological site and its associated services. 15% of the active population owns a job related to tourism. This "tertiarization" of their economy has reversed depopulation by growing and rejuvenating it (with the average age at 42 years).[9]

[edit]
panoramic view of the Atapuerca site
  • Lithic core in flint, section TD-11 of "Galería", Atapuerca
    Lithic core in flint, section TD-11 of "Galería", Atapuerca
  • Homo antecessor, incomplete skull found in "Gran Dolina", Atapuerca
    Homo antecessor, incomplete skull found in "Gran Dolina", Atapuerca
  • Carnivore skull
    Carnivore skull
  • The railroad trench in which the first discoveries were made
    The railroad trench in which the first discoveries were made

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Homo heidelbergensis: Evolutionary Tree information". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  2. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2016). "Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals". Nature. 531 (7594): 286. Bibcode:2016Natur.531..296C. doi:10.1038/531286a. PMID 26983523. S2CID 4459329.
  3. ^ Arsuaga, Juan (2009). The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. Basic Books. ISBN 9780786740734.
  4. ^ ". Geographic setting of the Sierra de Atapuerca and map of the... - Figure 1 of 14". Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  5. ^ "No. 2516: Atapuerca". Uh.edu. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  6. ^ Rofes, J.; Cuenca-Bescós, G. (2009). "A new genus of red-toothed shrew (Mammalia, Soricidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Gran Dolina (Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), and a phylogenetic approach to the Eurasiatic Soricinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (4): 904–925. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00470.x.
  7. ^ "Archaeological Site of Atapuerca - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  8. ^ "Landforms And Geomorphological Processes In The Duero Basin. Pleistocene Geoarcheology Of Ambrona And Atapuerca Sites" (PDF). Geomorfologia.es. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
  9. ^ "Creation of economic and demographic development [Social Impact]. ATAPUERCA project". SIOR. Social Impact Open Repository. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
[edit]
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