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{{Redirect|Abiy|the [[Prime Minister of Ethiopia|prime minister of Ethiopia]]|Abiy Ahmed}} |
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{{short description|Place in Tigray Region, Ethiopia}} |
{{short description|Place in Tigray Region, Ethiopia}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> |
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| official_name = Abiy Addi |
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| other_name = |
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|official_name = Abiy Addi |
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| native_name = ዓብዪ ዓዲ |
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|other_name = |
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| nickname = |
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|native_name = ዓብዪ ዓዲ |
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| settlement_type = Town |
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| image_skyline = Abiy Addi older houses.jpg |
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|motto = |
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|image_skyline = Abiy Addi older houses.jpg |
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| image_caption = Older houses in Abiy Addi |
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|imagesize = |
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| pushpin_map = Ethiopia |
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|image_caption = Older houses in Abiy Addi |
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| pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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|image_flag =Flag of the Tigray Region.svg |
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ethiopia |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Ethiopia}} |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Ethiopia|Region]] |
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|image_shield = |
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tigray|Region}} |
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|shield_size = |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of zones of Ethiopia|Zone]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Maekelay Zone|Maekelay (Central)]] |
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| population_as_of = 2007 |
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| population_note = |
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|mapsize1 = |
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| population_total = 16,115 |
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|map_caption1 = |
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| timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |
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|image_dot_map = |
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| utc_offset = +3 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|13|37|23|N|39|00|06|E|region:ET|display=inline,title}} |
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|pushpin_map = Ethiopia |
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| elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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| elevation_m = 1950 |
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location within Ethiopia |
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| elevation_ft = |
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|subdivision_type = Country |
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| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |
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|subdivision_name = [[Ethiopia]] |
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| postal_code = |
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|subdivision_type1 = Region |
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| area_code = |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Tigray Region|Tigray]] |
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| website = |
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|subdivision_type2 = Zone |
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| population_est = 34176 |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Mehakelegnaw Zone|Mehakelegnaw (Central)]] |
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| pop_est_as_of = 2022 |
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|subdivision_type3 = |
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| pop_est_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statsethiopia.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Population-Size-by-Sex-Zone-and-Wereda-July-2022.pdf|website=statsethiopia.gov.et|date=July 2022|title=Population Size by Sex, Zone and Wereda|access-date=7 May 2023}}</ref> |
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|subdivision_name3 = |
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}} |
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|subdivision_type4 = |
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'''Abiy Addi''' (also spelled '''Abi Addi'''; [[Tigrinya language|Tigrigna]] ዓብዪ ዓዲ "Big town") is a town in central [[Tigray Region]], [[Ethiopia]]. Abiy Addi is at the southeastern edge of the [[Kola Tembien]] woreda, of which it is the capital. |
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|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |
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|population_as_of = 2007 |
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|population_total = 16,115 |
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|timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |
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|utc_offset = +3 |
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|coordinates = {{coord|13|37|23|N|39|00|06|E|region:ET|display=inline,title}} |
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|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |
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|elevation_m = 1950 |
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}} <!-- Infobox ends; main text of article begins on next line --> |
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'''Abiy Addi''' (also spelled '''Abi Addi'''; [[Tigrigna]] ዓብዪ ዓዲ "Big town") is a town in central [[Tigray Region|Tigray]], [[Ethiopia]]. It has a latitude and longitude of {{coord|13|37|23|N|39|00|06|E|display=inline}} with an elevation ranging from 1917 to 2275 meters above sea level. Abiy Addi is at the southeastern edge of the [[Kola Tembien]] woreda, of which it is the capital. |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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The town is divided into two parts by the [[Tanqwa |
The town is divided into two parts by the [[Tanqwa|Tanqwa River]], the lower part being the more respectable part while the upper part "is where you'll find the marketplace ... and the seedier bars in which you're most likely to see Awri dancing as the ''[[tej]]'' hits the mark." Briggs notes that Abiy Addi is known in Tigray for the frenetic style of dancing called "Awri", as well as the quality of its honey.<ref name=Briggs>{{Cite book|first=Philip|last=Briggs|title=Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide, 3rd edition|date=2002|isbn=1841620351}}</ref>{{Rp|270}} |
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Having visited Abiy Abbi in the mid-1940s, David Buxton thought that "perhaps the best thing about Abbi Addi was the panorama of the [[Semien Mountains|Simien mountains]] standing to the west beyond the deep valley of the Tekezé." Buxton notes that the entire height of that mountain range was visible, from the southern foothills to the summit. "And round about the lower slopes, dimly seen through the haze, were many fantastic outlying peaks, square or spiky, like the mountains of a child's imagination."<ref> |
Having visited Abiy Abbi in the mid-1940s, [[David Roden Buxton|David Buxton]] thought that "perhaps the best thing about Abbi Addi was the panorama of the [[Semien Mountains|Simien mountains]] standing to the west beyond the deep valley of the Tekezé." Buxton notes that the entire height of that mountain range was visible, from the southern foothills to the summit. "And round about the lower slopes, dimly seen through the haze, were many fantastic outlying peaks, square or spiky, like the mountains of a child's imagination."<ref>Buxton, ''Travels in Ethiopia'', second edition (London: Ernest Benn, 1957), p. 123</ref> As for the town itself, Philip Briggs describes it as "a reasonably substantial settlement, set in a dusty valley below an impressive cliff."<ref name=Briggs/> |
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Abiy Addi is connected to Mekelle to the east in 90 km and [[Adwa]] to the |
Abiy Addi is connected to Mekelle to the east in 90 km and [[Adwa]] to the north-northwest in 90 km by asphalt roads. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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=== 19th Century === |
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Abiy Addi owed its importance in the 19th century due to its location on the "King's Road", at the point where the road south from [[Adwa]] split, one branch taking travellers to [[Debre Tabor]] and the other to the [[Lake Ashenge]] region.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 284</ref> The British explorer [[Charles Tilstone Beke|Charles Beke]] passed through this town (which he called "A'biyad") 15 April 1843, and described it later as "the principal place of Tembien, and a large market-town."<ref>Charles T. Beke, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798047 "Abyssinia: Being a Continuation of Routes in That Country", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London''], 14 (1844), p. 62</ref> However, in later years the fortunes of the town varied. By 1890, visitors described Abiy Addi as a small market town which handled various imported goods, such as mirrors made in [[France]], [[cotton]] cloth from [[Manchester]] and [[Mumbai]], as well as the usual local produce.<ref name=NAI-web>[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528224619/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf |date=2011-05-28 }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007)</ref> Writing a few years later, [[Augustus B. Wylde]] described the Abiy Addi market, held on Saturdays, as of medium size.<ref>Augustus B. Wylde, ''Modern Abyssinia'' (London: Methuen, 1901), p. 494</ref> |
Abiy Addi owed its importance in the 19th century due to its location on the "King's Road", at the point where the road south from [[Adwa]] split, one branch taking travellers to [[Debre Tabor]] and the other to the [[Lake Ashenge]] region.<ref>Richard Pankhurst, ''Economic History of Ethiopia'' (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 284</ref> The British explorer [[Charles Tilstone Beke|Charles Beke]] passed through this town (which he called "A'biyad") 15 April 1843, and described it later as "the principal place of Tembien, and a large market-town."<ref>Charles T. Beke, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798047 "Abyssinia: Being a Continuation of Routes in That Country", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London''], 14 (1844), p. 62</ref> However, in later years the fortunes of the town varied. By 1890, visitors described Abiy Addi as a small market town which handled various imported goods, such as mirrors made in [[France]], [[cotton]] cloth from [[Manchester]] and [[Mumbai]], as well as the usual local produce.<ref name=NAI-web>[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528224619/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTAA.pdf |date=2011-05-28 }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007)</ref> Writing a few years later, [[Augustus B. Wylde]] described the Abiy Addi market, held on Saturdays, as of medium size.<ref>Augustus B. Wylde, ''Modern Abyssinia'' (London: Methuen, 1901), p. 494</ref> |
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=== 20th Century === |
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On 5 December 1935, during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], Abiy Addi was occupied by the [[Italy|Italian]] Eritrean Corps. the town was evacuated later that month. Then, after having been headquarters of [[Ras (title)|Ras]] [[Kassa Haile Darge]] and Ras [[Seyum Mangasha|Seyoum Mengesha]], it was definitely reoccupied by the Italians on 28 February 1936. A rock-hewn church served as the shelter of Ras Kassa.<ref name=NAI-web/> |
On 5 December 1935, during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]], Abiy Addi was occupied by the [[Italy|Italian]] Eritrean Corps. the town was evacuated later that month. Then, after having been headquarters of [[Ras (title)|Ras]] [[Kassa Haile Darge]] and Ras [[Seyum Mangasha|Seyoum Mengesha]], it was definitely reoccupied by the Italians on 28 February 1936. A rock-hewn church served as the shelter of Ras Kassa.<ref name=NAI-web/> |
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In 1938, there were shops and restaurants in Abiy Addi, a telephone and telegraph office, a health post and a school. There was also an important market. At May Lomin, there were gardens with bananas, coffee and lemons.<ref name="guida">{{cite book |last1=Consociazione turistica Italiana |title=Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana |location=Milano |page=281 |url=http://www.petitesondes.net/Guida-AOI.htm}}</ref> |
In 1938, there were shops and restaurants in Abiy Addi, a telephone and telegraph office, a health post and a school. There was also an important market. At May Lomin, there were gardens with bananas, coffee and lemons.<ref name="guida">{{cite book |last1=Consociazione turistica Italiana |title=Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana |location=Milano |page=281 |url=http://www.petitesondes.net/Guida-AOI.htm}}</ref> |
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[[File:Tanqwa at May Lomin.jpg|thumb|view on May Lomin]] |
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With only minimal forces the [[Tigrayan People's Liberation Front]] (TPLF) had captured the lightly defended Abiy Addi in 1976 and controlled it for almost a year before being forced out of the town by superior [[Derg]] Forces. The [[Red Terror (Ethiopia)|Red Terror]] was particularly brutal in this town, undoubtedly because of the TPLF's support in this area. During a market day in July 1977, the Derg executed 178 people in the town square, claiming that they were thieves. Eyewitnesses report that most of the victims were peasants, many of whom had travelled from the neighboring woreda of [[Naeder Adet|Adet]] to buy [[salt]] because of shortages at home.<ref name=NAI-web/> |
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The Derg attacked the town twice in 1988, once with helicopters, killing and wounding 48 people.<ref>Africa Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia907.pdf ''Ethiopia: "Mengistu has Decided to Burn Us like Wood": Bombing of Civilians and Civilian Targets by the Air Force''], 24 July 1990, p. 10</ref> |
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===See also=== |
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* [[History of Tembien]] |
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* [[First Battle of Tembien]] |
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* [[Second Battle of Tembien]] |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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In 1867, Abiy Addi was described as a |
In 1867, Abiy Addi was described as a "Mahomedan place" with, on market days, "about 2,000 people assembled in the market place".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Routes in Abyssinia|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL10721913W/Routes_in_Abyssinia|date=1867|author=Anthony Charles Cooke}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=December 2021}} In 1938, the town counted approximately 20,000 inhabitants (which was very large for that time).<ref name="guida"/> |
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In 1938, the town counted approximately 20 000 inhabitants (which was very large for that time).<ref name="guida"/> |
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Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Central Statistical Agency]] of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 16,115, of whom 7,826 are men and 8,289 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], with 88.59% reporting that as their religion, while 11.31% of the population were [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslim]].<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521 Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114010300/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521 |date=2010-11-14 }}, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.</ref> |
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Central Statistical Agency]] of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 16,115, of whom 7,826 are men and 8,289 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced [[Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity]], with 88.59% reporting that as their religion, while 11.31% of the population were [[Islam in Ethiopia|Muslim]].<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521 Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114010300/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=275&format=raw&Itemid=521 |date=2010-11-14 }}, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.</ref> |
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== Geology == |
== Geology == |
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Abiy Addi has an elevation ranging from 1917 to 2275 meters above sea level. From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present: [[Ashangi Basalts]], [[Amba Aradam Formation]], [[Adigrat Sandstone]], and [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]].<ref name=geotrek /> |
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From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sembroni |first1=A. |last2=Molin |first2=P. |last3=Dramis |first3=F. |title=Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}}</ref> |
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* [[Ashangi Basalts|Lower basalt]] |
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* [[Amba Aradam Formation]] |
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* [[Adigrat Sandstone]] |
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* [[Edaga Arbi Glacials]] |
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{{See also|Soil in Kola Tembien}} |
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== Tourism == |
== Tourism == |
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Its mountainous nature and proximity to [[Mekelle]] makes Abiy Addi fit for tourism. |
Its mountainous nature and proximity to [[Mekelle]] makes Abiy Addi fit for tourism. The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".<ref name=geotrek /> |
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Geosites in the ''tabia'' include: |
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* Geramba Sillasie, [[rock-hewn church]] |
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=== Geotouristic sites === |
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The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or “geotourism”.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miruts Hagos and colleagues |title=Geosites, Geoheritage, Human-Environment Interactions, and Sustainable Geotourism in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District. |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_1 }}</ref> Geosites in the ''tabia'' include: |
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* Geramba Sillasie rock church |
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* Chege forest |
* Chege forest |
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* May Lomin gorge and springs |
* May Lomin gorge and springs |
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* Arefa, reputedly birthplace of the [[Queen of Sheba]] |
* Arefa, reputedly birthplace of the [[Queen of Sheba]] |
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==See also== |
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=== Trekking routes === |
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* [[History of Tembien]] |
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Trekking routes link Abiy Adi with the nearby [[Degua Tembien|Dogu’a Tembien]] mountain district.<ref>{{cite book |title=Description of Trekking Routes in Dogu'a Tembien |date=2019 |publisher=Springer-Nature |pages=557–675 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_38 |series=GeoGuide |last1=Nyssen |first1=Jan |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 }}</ref> The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.<ref>https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl</ref> |
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* [[First Battle of Tembien]] |
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* Route '''6''', from Abiy Addi, through May Lomin to [[Hagere Selam (Degua Tembien) |Hagere Selam]] |
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* [[Second Battle of Tembien]] |
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* Route '''7''', from Abiy Addi, through Debre Semay’it rock church to [[Seret (Dogu'a Tembien)|Inda Maryam Qorar]] |
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* Route '''25''', from Itsiwto, through Geramba to [[Melfa (Dogu'a Tembien) |Melfa]] |
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Each trek requires a full day and good physical condition. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=geotrek>{{Cite book|title=Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains|editor-first1=Jan|editor-last1=Nyssen|editor-first2=Miro|editor-last2=Jacob|editor-first3=Amaury|editor-last3=Frankl|date=2019|isbn=978-3-030-04954-6}}</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Geographic location |
{{Geographic location |
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|Southeast = [[Mizan (Dogu'a Tembien)| Mizan]] |
|Southeast = [[Mizan (Dogu'a Tembien)| Mizan]] |
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}} |
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{{Districts of the Tigray Region}} |
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[[Category:Populated places in the Tigray Region]] |
[[Category:Populated places in the Tigray Region]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:46, 25 October 2024
Abiy Addi
ዓብዪ ዓዲ | |
|---|---|
Town | |
 Older houses in Abiy Addi | |
  Abiy Addi Location within Ethiopia | |
| Coordinates: 13°37′23″N 39°00′06″E / 13.62306°N 39.00167°E | |
| Country |  Ethiopia |
| Region |  Tigray |
| Zone | Maekelay (Central) |
| Elevation | 1,950 m (6,400 ft) |
| Population (2007) | |
• Total | 16,115 |
• Estimate (2022)[1] | 34,176 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (EAT) |
Abiy Addi (also spelled Abi Addi; Tigrigna ዓብዪ ዓዲ "Big town") is a town in central Tigray Region, Ethiopia. Abiy Addi is at the southeastern edge of the Kola Tembien woreda, of which it is the capital.
Overview
[edit]The town is divided into two parts by the Tanqwa River, the lower part being the more respectable part while the upper part "is where you'll find the marketplace ... and the seedier bars in which you're most likely to see Awri dancing as the tej hits the mark." Briggs notes that Abiy Addi is known in Tigray for the frenetic style of dancing called "Awri", as well as the quality of its honey.[2]: 270
Having visited Abiy Abbi in the mid-1940s, David Buxton thought that "perhaps the best thing about Abbi Addi was the panorama of the Simien mountains standing to the west beyond the deep valley of the Tekezé." Buxton notes that the entire height of that mountain range was visible, from the southern foothills to the summit. "And round about the lower slopes, dimly seen through the haze, were many fantastic outlying peaks, square or spiky, like the mountains of a child's imagination."[3] As for the town itself, Philip Briggs describes it as "a reasonably substantial settlement, set in a dusty valley below an impressive cliff."[2]
Abiy Addi is connected to Mekelle to the east in 90 km and Adwa to the north-northwest in 90 km by asphalt roads.
History
[edit]Abiy Addi owed its importance in the 19th century due to its location on the "King's Road", at the point where the road south from Adwa split, one branch taking travellers to Debre Tabor and the other to the Lake Ashenge region.[4] The British explorer Charles Beke passed through this town (which he called "A'biyad") 15 April 1843, and described it later as "the principal place of Tembien, and a large market-town."[5] However, in later years the fortunes of the town varied. By 1890, visitors described Abiy Addi as a small market town which handled various imported goods, such as mirrors made in France, cotton cloth from Manchester and Mumbai, as well as the usual local produce.[6] Writing a few years later, Augustus B. Wylde described the Abiy Addi market, held on Saturdays, as of medium size.[7]
On 5 December 1935, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Abiy Addi was occupied by the Italian Eritrean Corps. the town was evacuated later that month. Then, after having been headquarters of Ras Kassa Haile Darge and Ras Seyoum Mengesha, it was definitely reoccupied by the Italians on 28 February 1936. A rock-hewn church served as the shelter of Ras Kassa.[6]
In 1938, there were shops and restaurants in Abiy Addi, a telephone and telegraph office, a health post and a school. There was also an important market. At May Lomin, there were gardens with bananas, coffee and lemons.[8]
The Derg attacked the town twice in 1988, once with helicopters, killing and wounding 48 people.[9]
Demographics
[edit]In 1867, Abiy Addi was described as a "Mahomedan place" with, on market days, "about 2,000 people assembled in the market place".[10][verification needed] In 1938, the town counted approximately 20,000 inhabitants (which was very large for that time).[8]
Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 16,115, of whom 7,826 are men and 8,289 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 88.59% reporting that as their religion, while 11.31% of the population were Muslim.[11] The 1994 census reported it had a total population of 7,884 of whom 3,545 were men and 4,339 were women.
Geology
[edit]Abiy Addi has an elevation ranging from 1917 to 2275 meters above sea level. From the higher to the lower locations, the following geological formations are present: Ashangi Basalts, Amba Aradam Formation, Adigrat Sandstone, and Edaga Arbi Glacials.[12]
Tourism
[edit]Its mountainous nature and proximity to Mekelle makes Abiy Addi fit for tourism. The high variability of geological formations and the rugged topography invite for geological and geographic tourism or "geotourism".[12] Geosites in the tabia include:
- Geramba Sillasie, rock-hewn church
- Chege forest
- May Lomin gorge and springs
- Arefa, reputedly birthplace of the Queen of Sheba
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Population Size by Sex, Zone and Wereda" (PDF). statsethiopia.gov.et. July 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ a b Briggs, Philip (2002). Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide, 3rd edition. ISBN 1841620351.
- ^ Buxton, Travels in Ethiopia, second edition (London: Ernest Benn, 1957), p. 123
- ^ Richard Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University, 1968), p. 284
- ^ Charles T. Beke, "Abyssinia: Being a Continuation of Routes in That Country", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 14 (1844), p. 62
- ^ a b "Local History in Ethiopia" Archived 2011-05-28 at the Wayback Machine The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007)
- ^ Augustus B. Wylde, Modern Abyssinia (London: Methuen, 1901), p. 494
- ^ a b Consociazione turistica Italiana. Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana. Milano. p. 281.
- ^ Africa Watch, Ethiopia: "Mengistu has Decided to Burn Us like Wood": Bombing of Civilians and Civilian Targets by the Air Force, 24 July 1990, p. 10
- ^ Anthony Charles Cooke (1867). Routes in Abyssinia.
- ^ Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region Archived 2010-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4.
- ^ a b Nyssen, Jan; Jacob, Miro; Frankl, Amaury, eds. (2019). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
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