Fort Reno (Oklahoma): Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|Fort Reno (disambiguation)}} |
{{Other uses|Fort Reno (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2024}} |
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{{Infobox military structure |
{{Infobox military structure |
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|name= Fort Reno |
|name= Fort Reno |
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|location= [[Indian Territory]] / [[Canadian County, Oklahoma |
|location= [[Indian Territory]] / [[Canadian County, Oklahoma]]<br />(near [[El Reno, Oklahoma]]) |
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|image= Fort reno oklahoma 1891.jpg |
|image= Fort reno oklahoma 1891.jpg |
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|image_size= 350px |
|image_size= 350px |
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[[File:Madeline of Fort Reno the sensation of the 19th century, Long Bro's, Pawnee Bill and May Lillie's great western military romantic play. LCCN2014636241.tif|thumb|"Madeline of Fort Reno" a "great western military romantic play" put on by [[Pawnee Bill]]'s Wild West Show, circa 1897.|upright]] |
[[File:Madeline of Fort Reno the sensation of the 19th century, Long Bro's, Pawnee Bill and May Lillie's great western military romantic play. LCCN2014636241.tif|thumb|"Madeline of Fort Reno" a "great western military romantic play" put on by [[Pawnee Bill]]'s Wild West Show, circa 1897.|upright]] |
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'''Fort Reno''' is a former [[United States Army]] [[cavalry]] post west of [[El Reno, |
'''Fort Reno''' is a former [[United States Army]] [[cavalry]] post west of [[El Reno, Oklahoma]]. It is named for General [[Jesse L. Reno]], who died at the [[Battle of South Mountain]] in the [[American Civil War]]. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Fort Reno began as a temporary camp in July 1874 near the [[Darlington Agency]], which needed protection from an [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] uprising that eventually led to the [[Red River War]]. After the conflict ended, the post remained to control and protect the [[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes|Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho]] reservation, and Fort Reno was established as a permanent fort on July 15, 1874.<ref name="ohs">{{cite |
Fort Reno began as a temporary camp in July 1874 near the [[Darlington Agency]], which needed protection from an [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] uprising that eventually led to the [[Red River War]]. After the conflict ended, the post remained to control and protect the [[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes|Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho]] reservation, and Fort Reno was established as a permanent fort on July 15, 1874.<ref name="ohs">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FO037|title=Fort Reno|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture|publisher=[[Oklahoma Historical Society]]|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> Soldiers from Fort Reno also attempted to control Boomer and [[Sooners|Sooner]] activity during the rush to open the [[Unassigned Lands]] for settlement. Among the units stationed here were the famed [[9th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|Ninth Cavalry]] of [[Buffalo Soldier]]s. The fort lent its name to the city of El Reno as well as Reno City, which was abandoned before Oklahoma statehood. |
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After Oklahoma statehood in 1907, the post was abandoned on February 24, 1908, but remained as a [[U. S. Army Remount Service|quartermaster remount depot]]. During [[World War II]], German and Italian prisoners of war were housed on the grounds; the fort's chapel was built by members of the [[Afrika Korps]].<ref name="ohs"/> In 1949, the fort was abandoned by the Army and transferred to the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], which uses it as its Grazinglands Research Laboratory.<ref name="okshpo"/> The laboratory's mission is to develop and deliver improved technologies, management strategies, and strategic and tactical planning tools which help evaluate and manage economic and environmental risks, opportunities, and tradeoffs, for integrated crop, forage, and livestock systems under variable climate, energy and market conditions. |
After Oklahoma statehood in 1907, the post was abandoned on February 24, 1908, but remained as a [[U. S. Army Remount Service|quartermaster remount depot]]. During [[World War II]], German and Italian prisoners of war were housed on the grounds; the fort's chapel was built by members of the [[Afrika Korps]].<ref name="ohs"/> In 1949, the fort was abandoned by the Army and transferred to the [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], which uses it as its Grazinglands Research Laboratory.<ref name="okshpo"/> The laboratory's mission is to develop and deliver improved technologies, management strategies, and strategic and tactical planning tools which help evaluate and manage economic and environmental risks, opportunities, and tradeoffs, for integrated crop, forage, and livestock systems under variable climate, energy and market conditions. |
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The remains of German and Italian prisoners of war, residents of the fort, pioneer settlers, and military personnel are interred in the fort's cemetery. [[Ben Clark (scout)|Ben Clark]], a frontier scout for [[George Armstrong Custer]] and [[Philip Sheridan]], is buried there. The fort is open to the public and has a visitor |
The remains of German and Italian prisoners of war, residents of the fort, pioneer settlers, and military personnel are interred in the fort's cemetery. [[Ben Clark (scout)|Ben Clark]], a frontier scout for [[George Armstrong Custer]] and [[Philip Sheridan]], is buried there. The fort is open to the public and has a visitor center with fort memorabilia and exhibits. Fort Reno was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1970.<ref name="nris"/> |
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==Land |
==Land claim== |
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An executive order in 1883 officially identified the area assigned to Fort Reno as {{convert|9493|acre|km2}} in the Cheyenne and Arapaho reserve, "setting apart for military purposes exclusively of the tract of land herein described."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kappler, Charles|title=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/IND0839.html#p842|access-date=May 6, 2016|volume=I|year=1904|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=842–843|chapter=Executive Orders Relating To Indian Reserves}}</ref> A presidential proclamation (27 Stat., 1018) signed April 12, 1892 by [[Benjamin Harrison]] extinguished all Cheyenne-Arapaho claims to their reserve except for individual allotments, |
An executive order in 1883 officially identified the area assigned to Fort Reno as {{convert|9493|acre|km2}} in the Cheyenne and Arapaho reserve, "setting apart for military purposes exclusively of the tract of land herein described."<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kappler, Charles|title=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/IND0839.html#p842|access-date=May 6, 2016|volume=I|year=1904|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=842–843|chapter=Executive Orders Relating To Indian Reserves|archive-date=November 9, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109032647/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/IND0839.html#p842|url-status=dead}}</ref> A presidential proclamation (27 Stat., 1018) signed April 12, 1892 by [[Benjamin Harrison]] extinguished all Cheyenne-Arapaho claims to their reserve except for individual allotments, but made no mention of any claims to Fort Reno.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kappler, Charles|title=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol1/HTML_files/SES0407.html#p415|volume=I|year=1904|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=415|chapter=Sec 13 Agreement with Cheyenne and Arapaho Ratified}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Kappler, Charles|title=Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol1/html_files/PRO0955.html#mn2|access-date=May 6, 2016|volume=I|year=1904|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, D.C.|page=955|chapter=Part IV, Proclamations: Cessation of Lands by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians}}</ref> |
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For |
For decades the combined Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes have been trying to re-acquire the lands the fort occupied.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsok.com/article/2379557|title=Cheyenne-Arapahos Still Claim Fort Reno|last=Medley|first=Robert|date=December 27, 1991|work=[[The Oklahoman]]|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="ICT">{{cite web|url=http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2007/01/22/cheyenne-arapaho-tribes-fight-possession-fort-reno-lands-90237|title=Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes fight for possession of Fort Reno lands|last=Daffron|first=Brian|date=January 22, 2007|work=Indian Country Today Media Network|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes Call on President Obama to Recognize Tribes' Ownership of the Fort Reno Lands|publisher= Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes |via=PRNewswire|date=March 21, 2012|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/cheyenne-arapaho-tribes-call-on-president-obama-to-recognize-tribes-ownership-of-the-fort-reno-lands-143683946.html|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> In 1996, they asked the Clinton administration to get an opinion from the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]] on their claims.<ref name="quest">{{cite web|url=http://handy.gslsolutions.com/gov/senate/hsgac/public/_archive/24.pdf|title=The Cheyenne and Arapaho: Their Quest for the Fort Reno Lands|year=1997|publisher=United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs|access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> In 1999 the Interior Department issued an opinion saying that the tribes did have a credible argument that they did not cede the lands that were used by the military. |
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Several attempts have been made by Democratic politicians to aid the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes, most notably [[Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr.]] of [[American Samoa]] in 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/t2GPO/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-105hr2039ih/pdf/BILLS-105hr2039ih.pdf|title=H.R. 2039 - 105th Congress (1997-1998)|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=6 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and by Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] of [[Hawaii]] in 2000. |
Several attempts have been made by Democratic politicians to aid the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes, most notably [[Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr.]] of [[American Samoa]] in 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/t2GPO/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-105hr2039ih/pdf/BILLS-105hr2039ih.pdf|title=H.R. 2039 - 105th Congress (1997-1998)|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=6 May 2016}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and by Senator [[Daniel Inouye]] of [[Hawaii]] in 2000. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903031808/http://fortreno.org/index.htm Historic Fort Reno, Inc.] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903031808/http://fortreno.org/index.htm Historic Fort Reno, Inc.] |
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* [ |
* [https://www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.3516 Fort Reno info, photos and video on TravelOK.com] Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/ Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/ Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory] |
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{{NRHP in Canadian County, Oklahoma}} |
{{NRHP in Canadian County, Oklahoma}} |
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[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma]] |
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[[Category:Forts in Oklahoma|Reno]] |
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[[Category:Military and war museums in Oklahoma]] |
[[Category:Military and war museums in Oklahoma]] |
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[[Category:Museums in Canadian County, Oklahoma]] |
[[Category:Museums in Canadian County, Oklahoma]] |
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Latest revision as of 20:31, 25 October 2024
| Fort Reno | |
|---|---|
| Indian Territory / Canadian County, Oklahoma (near El Reno, Oklahoma) | |
 Aerial view of Fort Reno, 1891. | |
| Type | Fort |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | United States |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1874 |
| In use | 1874–1949 |
| Materials | Wood, stone, & brick |
| Battles/wars | Indian Wars on the Southern Plains; Remount Station, World War I & World War II; German Prisoner of War camp, World War II. |
Fort Reno | |
_010_(4470866835).jpg) | |
  Location in Oklahoma  Fort Reno (Oklahoma) (the United States) | |
| Nearest city | El Reno, Oklahoma |
| Coordinates | 35°33′42″N 98°2′6″W / 35.56167°N 98.03500°W |
| Area | 9.9 acres (4.0 ha) |
| Built | 1874 |
| NRHP reference No. | 70000529[1][2] |
| Added to NRHP | June 22, 1970 |
Fort Reno is a former United States Army cavalry post west of El Reno, Oklahoma. It is named for General Jesse L. Reno, who died at the Battle of South Mountain in the American Civil War.
History
[edit]Fort Reno began as a temporary camp in July 1874 near the Darlington Agency, which needed protection from an Indian uprising that eventually led to the Red River War. After the conflict ended, the post remained to control and protect the Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho reservation, and Fort Reno was established as a permanent fort on July 15, 1874.[3] Soldiers from Fort Reno also attempted to control Boomer and Sooner activity during the rush to open the Unassigned Lands for settlement. Among the units stationed here were the famed Ninth Cavalry of Buffalo Soldiers. The fort lent its name to the city of El Reno as well as Reno City, which was abandoned before Oklahoma statehood.
After Oklahoma statehood in 1907, the post was abandoned on February 24, 1908, but remained as a quartermaster remount depot. During World War II, German and Italian prisoners of war were housed on the grounds; the fort's chapel was built by members of the Afrika Korps.[3] In 1949, the fort was abandoned by the Army and transferred to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which uses it as its Grazinglands Research Laboratory.[2] The laboratory's mission is to develop and deliver improved technologies, management strategies, and strategic and tactical planning tools which help evaluate and manage economic and environmental risks, opportunities, and tradeoffs, for integrated crop, forage, and livestock systems under variable climate, energy and market conditions.
The remains of German and Italian prisoners of war, residents of the fort, pioneer settlers, and military personnel are interred in the fort's cemetery. Ben Clark, a frontier scout for George Armstrong Custer and Philip Sheridan, is buried there. The fort is open to the public and has a visitor center with fort memorabilia and exhibits. Fort Reno was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.[1]
Land claim
[edit]An executive order in 1883 officially identified the area assigned to Fort Reno as 9,493 acres (38.42 km2) in the Cheyenne and Arapaho reserve, "setting apart for military purposes exclusively of the tract of land herein described."[4] A presidential proclamation (27 Stat., 1018) signed April 12, 1892 by Benjamin Harrison extinguished all Cheyenne-Arapaho claims to their reserve except for individual allotments, but made no mention of any claims to Fort Reno.[5][6]
For decades the combined Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes have been trying to re-acquire the lands the fort occupied.[7][8][9] In 1996, they asked the Clinton administration to get an opinion from the Department of the Interior on their claims.[10] In 1999 the Interior Department issued an opinion saying that the tribes did have a credible argument that they did not cede the lands that were used by the military.
Several attempts have been made by Democratic politicians to aid the Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes, most notably Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr. of American Samoa in 1997[11] and by Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii in 2000.
In 2005, Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe, co-sponsored by Senator Tom Coburn, introduced a bill to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to lease oil and gas resources under the fort to fund preservation of the historic site and buildings.[12] The bill received a committee hearing but no further action.[8]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
- ^ a b "Oklahoma Historical Society State Historic Preservation Office".
- ^ a b "Fort Reno". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Executive Orders Relating To Indian Reserves". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 842–843. Archived from the original on November 9, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Sec 13 Agreement with Cheyenne and Arapaho Ratified". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 415.
- ^ Kappler, Charles, ed. (1904). "Part IV, Proclamations: Cessation of Lands by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians". Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 955. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ Medley, Robert (December 27, 1991). "Cheyenne-Arapahos Still Claim Fort Reno". The Oklahoman. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ a b Daffron, Brian (January 22, 2007). "Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes fight for possession of Fort Reno lands". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ "Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes Call on President Obama to Recognize Tribes' Ownership of the Fort Reno Lands" (Press release). Cheyenne-Arapaho Tribes. March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2016 – via PRNewswire.
- ^ "The Cheyenne and Arapaho: Their Quest for the Fort Reno Lands" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. 1997. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
- ^ "H.R. 2039 - 105th Congress (1997-1998)" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved May 6, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "S. 1832 - 109th Congress (2005-2006)" (PDF). Library of Congress. Retrieved May 6, 2016.[permanent dead link]
Further reading
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Reno (Oklahoma).
- Wright, Murial H.; George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.
External links
[edit]- Historic Fort Reno, Inc.
- Fort Reno info, photos and video on TravelOK.com Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
- Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Categories:
- Military and war museums in Oklahoma
- Museums in Canadian County, Oklahoma
- Indian Territory
- Buildings and structures in Canadian County, Oklahoma
- U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma
- Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
- 1875 establishments in Indian Territory
- Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
- National Register of Historic Places in Canadian County, Oklahoma