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{{Short description|Genus of plants}}
{{for|the mythical figure|Euonymus (mythology)}}{{for|the ancient Greek settlement|Euonymeia}}
{{Distinguish|Euronymous}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}
{{taxobox
{{For-multi|the mythical figure|Euonymus (mythology)|the ancient Greek settlement|Euonymeia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Euonymus europaeus.jpg
|image = Euonymus europaeus.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Euonymus europaeus]]'' foliage and fruit
|image_caption = ''[[Euonymus europaeus]]'' foliage and fruit
|taxon = Euonymus
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |title=''Euonymus'' L. |id=331601-2 |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|diversity = c. 140 species
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|diversity_link = List of Euonymus species
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|synonyms =
|ordo = [[Celastrales]]
{{Species list
|familia = [[Celastraceae]]
| Genitia | Nakai
|subfamilia = [[Celastroideae]]
| Kalonymus | (Beck) Prokh.
|genus = '''''Euonymus'''''
| Masakia | (Nakai) Nakai
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| Melanocarya | Turcz.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| Pragmatropa | Pierre
|subdivision = See text
| Pragmotessara | Pierre
|synonyms = ''Kalonymus'' <small>(Beck) Prokh.</small><br/>
| Quadripterygium | Tardieu
''Pragmotessara'' <small>Pierre</small><br/>
| Sphaerodiscus | Nakai
''Pragmotropa'' <small>Pierre</small><br/>
| Turibana | (Nakai) Nakai
''Quadripterygium'' <small>Tardieu</small><br/>
| Vyenomus | C.Presl
''Sphaerodiscus'' <small>Nakai</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?4510 |title=Genus: ''Euonymus'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-10-05 |accessdate=2010-10-02}}</ref>
|}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
'''''Euonymus''''' {{IPAc-en|juː|ˈ|ɒ|n|ɪ|m|ə|s}}, often called '''spindle''' or '''spindle tree''',<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the staff vine family, [[Celastraceae]]. It comprises about 130 species<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112340 ''Euonymus''.] Flora of China.</ref><ref name=du>Du, C., et al. (2013). [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2013/f/p00109p053f.pdf Revision of three species of ''Euonymus'' (Celastraceae) from China.] ''Phytotaxa'' 109(1) 45-53.</ref> of [[deciduous]] and [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s and small [[tree]]s. They are mostly [[native plant|native]] to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas,<ref name="Botanica 358">''Botanica: The Illustrated A-Z of over 10000 Garden Plants and How to Cultivate Them''. Könemann, 2004. pg. 358. ISBN 3-8331-1253-0</ref> and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. 50 species are [[endemism|endemic]] to [[China]].<ref name=china/>
}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies|Euonymus (Celastraceae)|''Euonymus''}}
'''''Euonymus''''' {{IPAc-en|j|uː|ˈ|ɒ|n|ɪ|m|ə|s}} is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the staff vine family, [[Celastraceae]]. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include '''spindle''' (or '''spindle tree'''), '''burning-bush''', '''strawberry-bush''', '''wahoo''', '''wintercreeper''', or simply '''euonymus'''. It comprises about 140 species<ref name=POWO/><ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112340 ''Euonymus''.] Flora of China.</ref><ref name=du>Du, C., et al. (2013). [http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2013/f/p00109p053f.pdf Revision of three species of ''Euonymus'' (Celastraceae) from China.] ''Phytotaxa'' 109(1) 45-53.</ref> of [[deciduous]] and [[evergreen]] shrubs, small trees and [[liana]]s. They are mostly [[native plant|native]] to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas,<ref name="Botanica 358">''Botanica: The Illustrated A-Z of over 10000 Garden Plants and How to Cultivate Them''. Könemann, 2004. pg. 358. {{ISBN|3-8331-1253-0}}</ref> and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. Fifty species are [[endemism|endemic]] to [[China]].<ref name=china/>

==Description==
==Description==
The [[flower]]s occur in small groups, inconspicuous and of green or yellow shades.<ref name="Botanica 358"/> The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15&nbsp;cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The [[fruit]] is a pink-red four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange [[seed]]s.
The inconspicuous [[flower]]s occur in small groups, and can be green, yellow, pink or maroon in color depending on species.<ref name="Botanica 358"/> The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15&nbsp;cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The [[fruit]] is a pink or white four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange or red [[seed]]s.


The seeds are eaten by frugivorous [[bird]]s, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be [[poisonous]] to [[human]]s.<ref>[[Plants for a Future]]: [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+europaeus ''Euonymus europaeus'']</ref>
The seeds are eaten by [[frugivorous]] birds, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be [[poisonous]] to [[human]]s.<ref>[[Plants for a Future]]: [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euonymus+europaeus ''Euonymus europaeus'']</ref>


==Cultivation and uses==
==Cultivation and uses==
[[Image:Spindle fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Mature spindle fruit (''Euonymus'' sp.), split open to reveal the seeds]]
[[Image:Spindle fruit.jpg|thumb|right|Mature spindle fruit (''Euonymus'' sp.), split open to reveal the seeds]]


The [[wood]] of some species was traditionally used for the making of [[spindle (textiles)|spindle]]s for [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] [[wool]]; this use is the origin of the English name of the shrubs.
The [[wood]] of some species was traditionally used to make [[spindle (textiles)|spindle]]s for [[spinning (textiles)|spinning]] [[wool]];<ref>Clapham, A. R. (1975). ''The Oxford Book of Trees''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.31.</ref> this use is the origin of the British English name of the shrubs.


Spindles are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries.
Euonymus are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries. However, [[Euonymus alatus]] (winged euonymus or burning-bush) is considered an invasive species in the woodlands of the northeastern United States.


==Selected species==
==Diversity==
{{Main|List of Euonymus species}}
[[File:Euonymus plants growing in New Jersey in April.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Euonymus fortunei]]'' in a nursery]]
[[File:Euonymus plants growing in New Jersey in April.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Euonymus fortunei]]'' in a nursery]]
[[File:Euonymus verrucosus 3 RF.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Euonymus verrucosus]]'' in Austria]]
Species include:<ref name=grin>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?4510 ''Euonymus'' Species List.] ''Germplasm Resources Information Network''. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-07-04.</ref>
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Euonymus acanthocarpus]]''
*''[[Euonymus acanthocarpus]]''
*''[[Euonymus acuminifolius]]''
*''[[Euonymus acuminifolius]]''<ref name=TPL>{{Cite web | title = ''Euonymus'' | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Celastraceae/Euonymus/ | work = [[The Plant List]] | accessdate = 16 May 2014 }}</ref>
*''[[Euonymus alatus]]'' - winged spindle
*''[[Euonymus alatus]]'' – winged spindle, burning-bush
*''[[Euonymus americanus]]'' - strawberry-bush
*''[[Euonymus americanus]]'' – strawberry-bush
*''[[Euonymus angulatus]]''
*''[[Euonymus angulatus]]''
*''[[Euonymus assamicus]]''
*''[[Euonymus atropurpureus]]'' – eastern burning-bush, eastern wahoo
*''[[Euonymus atropurpureus]]'' - eastern burning-bush
*''[[Euonymus castaneifolius]]''
*''[[Euonymus bungeanus]]'' - winterberry euonymus
*''[[Euonymus carnosus]]''
*''[[Euonymus castaneifolius]]''<ref name=TPL/>
*''[[Euonymus cochinchinensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus cochinchinensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus cornutus]]''
*''[[Euonymus cornutus]]''
*''[[Euonymus dichotomus]]''
*''[[Euonymus dichotomus]]''
*''[[Euonymus echinatus]]''
*''[[Euonymus dielsianus]]''
*''[[Euonymus europaeus]]'' - European spindle
*''[[Euonymus europaeus]]'' – European spindle
*''[[Euonymus fimbriatus]]''
*''[[Euonymus fimbriatus]]'' – fringed spindle tree
*''[[Euonymus fortunei]]'' - Fortune's spindle
*''[[Euonymus fortunei]]'' – Fortune's spindle, wintercreeper
*''[[Euonymus frigidus]]''
*''[[Euonymus frigidus]]''
*''[[Euonymus glandulosus]]''
*''[[Euonymus glandulosus]]''
*''[[Euonymus grandiflorus]]''
*''[[Euonymus grandiflorus]]''
*''[[Euonymus hamiltonianus]]'' - Hamilton's spindle, Himalayan spindle
*''[[Euonymus hamiltonianus]]'' – Hamilton's spindle, Himalayan spindle, Siebold's spindle<ref>[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/359219-Euonymus-hamiltonianus Siebold's spindle, iNaturalist]</ref>
*''[[Euonymus japonicus]]'' - Japanese spindle, evergreen spindle
*''[[Euonymus indicus]]''
*''[[Euonymus japonicus]]'' – Japanese spindle, evergreen spindle
*''[[Euonymus javanicus]]''
*''[[Euonymus kiautschovicus]]'' - spreading euonymus
*''[[Euonymus kwangtungensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus lanceifolia]]''
*''[[Euonymus lanceifolia]]''
*''[[Euonymus latifolius]]'' - broadleaf spindle
*''[[Euonymus laxiflorus]]''
*''[[Euonymus melananthus]]''
*''[[Euonymus lucidus]]''
*''[[Euonymus mengtzeanus]]''<ref name=du/>
*''[[Euonymus morrisonensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus morrisonensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus obovatus]]'' – running strawberry-bush
|
*''[[Euonymus myrianthus]]''
*''[[Euonymus occidentalis]]'' – western burning-bush
*''[[Euonymus oxyphyllus]]'' – Korean spindletree<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=463|access-date=24 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''[[Euonymus nanoides]]''
*''[[Euonymus nanus]]'' - dwarf spindle
*''[[Euonymus nitidus]]''
*''[[Euonymus obovatus]]'' - running strawberry-bush
*''[[Euonymus occidentalis]]'' - western burning-bush
*''[[Euonymus oxyphyllus]]''
*''[[Euonymus pallidifolius]]''
*''[[Euonymus paniculatus]]''
*''[[Euonymus pauciflorus]]''
*''[[Euonymus pendulus]]'' (syn. ''E. lucidus'')
*''[[Euonymus phellomanus]]''
*''[[Euonymus phellomanus]]''
*''[[Euonymus pittosporoides]]''<ref name=ma>Ma, J. (1998). [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41761572?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102433052451 New species of Asian ''Euonymus'' (Celastraceae).] ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' 3(2) 231-37.</ref>
*''[[Euonymus planipes]]'' - dingle-dangle tree
*''[[Euonymus prismatomerioides]]''<ref name=ma/>
*''[[Euonymus pseudovagans]]''<ref name=du/>
*''[[Euonymus sachalinensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus sachalinensis]]''
*''[[Euonymus sanguineus]]''
*''[[Euonymus schensianus]]''
*''[[Euonymus semenovii]]''
*''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]''
*''[[Euonymus serratifolius]]''
*''[[Euonymus tenuiserrata]]''<ref name=ma/>
*''[[Euonymus thwaitesii]]''
*''[[Euonymus velutinus]]''
*''[[Euonymus verrucocarpa]]''<ref name=ma/>
*''[[Euonymus verrucosoides]]''
*''[[Euonymus verrucosus]]''
*''[[Euonymus verrucosus]]''
*''[[Euonymus walkeri]]''
*''[[Euonymus walkeri]]''
*''[[Euonymus wui]]''<ref name=du/>
|}


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|Euonymus|''Euonymus''}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161113}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Euonymus| ]]
[[Category:Euonymus| ]]
[[Category:Celastrales genera]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 20:59, 25 October 2024

Not to be confused with Euronymous.

For the mythical figure, see Euonymus (mythology). For the ancient Greek settlement, see Euonymeia.

Euonymus
Euonymus europaeus foliage and fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Celastrales
Family: Celastraceae
Genus: Euonymus
L.[1]
Diversity
c. 140 species
Synonyms[1]
  • Genitia Nakai
  • Kalonymus (Beck) Prokh.
  • Masakia (Nakai) Nakai
  • Melanocarya Turcz.
  • Pragmatropa Pierre
  • Pragmotessara Pierre
  • Quadripterygium Tardieu
  • Sphaerodiscus Nakai
  • Turibana (Nakai) Nakai
  • Vyenomus C.Presl

Euonymus /juːˈɒnɪməs/ is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family, Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle (or spindle tree), burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It comprises about 140 species[1][2][3] of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. They are mostly native to East Asia, extending to the Himalayas,[4] and they are also distributed in Europe, Australasia, North America, and Madagascar. Fifty species are endemic to China.[2]

Description

[edit]

The inconspicuous flowers occur in small groups, and can be green, yellow, pink or maroon in color depending on species.[4] The leaves are opposite (rarely alternate) and simple ovoid, typically 2–15 cm long, and usually with a finely serrated margin. The fruit is a pink or white four- or five-valved pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange or red seeds.

The seeds are eaten by frugivorous birds, which digest the fleshy seed coat and disperse the seeds in their droppings. Many species are used for medicinal use, and parts of the plants can be poisonous to humans.[5]

Cultivation and uses

[edit]
Mature spindle fruit (Euonymus sp.), split open to reveal the seeds

The wood of some species was traditionally used to make spindles for spinning wool;[6] this use is the origin of the British English name of the shrubs.

Euonymus are popular garden shrubs, grown for their foliage, the deciduous species often exhibiting very bright red autumnal colours, and also for the decorative berries. However, Euonymus alatus (winged euonymus or burning-bush) is considered an invasive species in the woodlands of the northeastern United States.

Selected species

[edit]
Main article: List of Euonymus species
Euonymus fortunei in a nursery
Euonymus verrucosus in Austria

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Euonymus.
  1. ^ a b c "Euonymus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  2. ^ a b Euonymus. Flora of China.
  3. ^ Du, C., et al. (2013). Revision of three species of Euonymus (Celastraceae) from China. Phytotaxa 109(1) 45-53.
  4. ^ a b Botanica: The Illustrated A-Z of over 10000 Garden Plants and How to Cultivate Them. Könemann, 2004. pg. 358. ISBN 3-8331-1253-0
  5. ^ Plants for a Future: Euonymus europaeus
  6. ^ Clapham, A. R. (1975). The Oxford Book of Trees. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.31.
  7. ^ Siebold's spindle, iNaturalist
  8. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 463. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
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