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Joseph Raymond Desch (23 May 1907 – 3 August 1987) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. During World War II, he was Research Director of the project to design and manufacture the US Navy version of the bombe, a cryptanalytic machine designed to read communications enciphered by the German Enigma.^[1]^[2]

Early life

Desch was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1907 into a family of German descent whose livelihood was blacksmithing and wagon-making. He attended the Catholic elementary school of his neighborhood parish, then won a scholarship to the preparatory (high) school of the University of Dayton.^[3] While attending college at University of Dayton, Desch worked evenings as an inspector at Day-Fan Electric in Dayton, supervising radio testing and production.^[4]

Career

After graduation in 1929 he began to work at General Motors Radio where he supervised radio testing, and met Robert E. Mumma, who quickly began a friendship which lasted over 50 years.^[5] After supervising the liquidation of General Motors Radio in 1933, he conducted teleprinter communications research for Telecom Laboratories, a company financed by Charles Kettering of automotive pioneering fame through General Motors and Delco. Two years later he was hired by Harry Williams to be foreman on the Process Laboratory at the Frigidaire Division of General Motors, once again in Dayton. He then followed Williams to the National Cash Register Company in 1938 to form the innovative Electrical Research Laboratory at the direction of Edward A. Deeds, then president of the company.

At Deeds' direction he conducted research to implement pioneering ideas regarding the use of tubes and circuitry in counting devices, with the idea of developing high speed mathematical computing machines to augment or replace the Company's mechanical machines.^[6] The idea of applying electronic counting to calculating mechanisms occurred to him when reading of a thyratron (gas-filled tube) counting ring of five places (5 digits, not five orders) developed by British scientist Dr C. E. Wynn-Williams. As a result Desch's lab received an introduction to and work with the MIT Electrical Engineering Department led by Vannevar Bush.^[7]

Inventions during WWII

Beginning in 1940, Desch's lab was awarded several contracts by the National Defense Research Committee. These contracts made use of Desch's research into fast-firing vacuum tubes, including a high-speed thyratron Desch developed. This tube was used in a counter capable of millisecond speed for the University of Chicago Manhattan Project. This was followed by a contract with the OP-20-G section of the Office of Naval Communications.^[8] In 1942 his research in the area of electronic counting made him a candidate to evaluate the design for a totally electronic deciphering device created by a group of MIT academics. He gave the opinion that the implementation of the design was not possible, primarily because of the large number of tubes necessary. Believing that the American version of the bombe decryption machine could be built using mechanical and electronic components, and recognizing the National Cash Register Company's capabilities, the Navy moved ahead with a contract. Desch's lab became the United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory.^[9]^[10]

In 1943 Desch's team, working in NCR's Building 26, began delivery of completed machines to OP-20-G in Washington. Desch's department was immediately asked to research the problems of breaking Japanese communications. The pressure of cryptanalytic work and the continuing toll of the loss of life in the Pacific theater led to Desch's withdrawal from the project in late 1944. He returned to assist in 1945.

Electronic calculator

In 1946 Desch filed an application for a patent on an electronic calculator designed by him and Bob Mumma, as part of an application initiated in March 1940. This brought about three interferences filed in the US Patent Office between their application and one by Arthur Dickinson of IBM.

Eventually these were settled in favor of Desch, in part because he proved Dickinson's design unworkable, and gave Desch and Mumma the first patent on the modern digital computer. His career after this point was noteworthy, and he was especially proud in later years of his work with Bob Mumma in the development of the NCR 304, the first completely solid state computer. He continued to be an integral part of NCR until his retirement in 1972.^[11]

Awards

Desch was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Harry S. Truman July 16, 1947.

Desch was a 2011 inductee to the NSA/CSS Hall of Honor.^[12]

Desch was a 2017 recipient of the University of Dayton Distinguished Alumnus Award.^[3]

IEEE Joe Desch Innovation Award

This Award was instituted by the Engineers Club in 2008 to honor Desch's legacy. The next year its stewardship was handed over to Deborah Anderson, Desch's daughter. Since 2013 she has been coordinating the award process with the Dayton Section of the IEEE to bring an added importance to the Award.^[13]

The recipients so far are:

2008: John Janning
2009: Dr. Peter T. Brody
2010: Drs. Ken Jordan and John Birden
2011: Whitfield Diffie
2013: Dr. Jacek M. Zurada
2015: Dr. George B. Purdy
2017: Dr. Daniel Both

Patents

2,177,133. Measuring Instrument. Filing date: Nov 25, 1936. Issue date: Oct 24, 1939. Inventor: Joseph. R. Desch, Dayton, Ohio. Assignee: Commonwealth Engineering Co.
2,399,473. Electronic Devices. Filing date: Aug 20, 1941. Issue date: Apr 30, 1946. Inventors: Joseph R. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,401,621. Electronic Accumulator. Filing date: Dec 31, 1941. Issue date: Jun 1946. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Lawrence D. Kilheffer, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,404,697. Calculating Device. Filing date: Mar 21, 1942. Issue date: Jul 23, 1946. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,451,812. Electron Tube Variable Impulse Transmitter. Filing date: Sep 16, 1942. Issue date: Oct 19, 1948. Inventors: Joseph R. Desch, Ernest V. Gulden and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,462,613. Communication System. Filing date: Sep 16, 1942. Issue date: Feb 22, 1949. Inventors: J. R. Desch, Ernest V. Gulden, and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,419,485. Electronic Device. Filing date: Jun 3, 1943. Issue date: Apr 22, 1947. Inventors: Joseph B. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,467,257. Electronic Remote Control Device. Filing date: May 11, 1944. Issue date: Apr 12, 1949. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Ernest V. Gulden, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,595,045. Calculating Machine. Filing date: March 20, 1940. Issue date: Apr 29, 1952. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
2,644,087. Electronic Impulse Generator. Filing date: Dec 4, 1951. Issue date: Jun 30, 1953. Inventor: J. R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company
2,644,110. Filing date: Feb 20, 1952. Issue date: Jun 30, 1953. Inventor: Joseph R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company
2,717,334. Filing date: Apr 21, 1953. Issue date: Sept. 6, 1955. Inventor: Joseph R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company
2,871,408. Filing date: Apr 21, 1953. Issue date: Jan 27, 1959. Inventor: Joseph R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company

References

^ NARA Record Group 457, Item 4584
^ NARA Record Group 130
^ ^a ^b "Distinguished Alumni Award : University of Dayton, Ohio".
^ "Joseph R. Desch at Dayton Codebreakers".
^ Oral history interview with Robert E. Mumma, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
^ Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
^ 1942 research report, Dayton Codebreakers
^ Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. Transcript, https://daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/interview/ Dayton Codebreakers
^ Bombe History and Correspondence, NARA Record Group 457, Item 1736
^ Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes, 2004
^ Oral history interview with Carl Rench, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
^ "Joseph R. Desch Inductee". Archived from the original on 2016-03-15.
^ "Joe Desch Award".

External links

Dayton Daily News, Dayton's Code Breakers Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine.
Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes, 2004, ISBN 0-375-50807-4.
Dayton Codebreakers Web site, DaytonCodebreakers.org. Information about Desch, personnel of the US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory, declassified documents.
National Security Agency 2011 Cryptologic Hall of Honor [1].

[1] NARA Record Group 457, Item 4584

[2] NARA Record Group 130

[udayton_edu-3] "Distinguished Alumni Award : University of Dayton, Ohio".

[4] "Joseph R. Desch at Dayton Codebreakers".

[5] Oral history interview with Robert E. Mumma, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

[6] Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.

[7] 1942 research report, Dayton Codebreakers

[8] Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. Transcript, https://daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/interview/ Dayton Codebreakers

[9] Bombe History and Correspondence, NARA Record Group 457, Item 1736

[10] Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes, 2004

[11] Oral history interview with Carl Rench, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.

[12] "Joseph R. Desch Inductee". Archived from the original on 2016-03-15.

[13] "Joe Desch Award".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[File:Sketch of joe.jpg|thumb]]
-{{refimprove|date=August 2010}}
-'''Joseph Raymond Desch''' (23 May 1907 &ndash; August 3, 1987) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. During World War II, he was Research Director of the project to design and manufacture the US Navy version of the [[bombe]], a cryptanalytic machine designed to read communications enciphered by the  German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]].
+'''Joseph Raymond Desch''' (23 May 1907 &ndash; 3 August 1987) was an American electrical engineer and inventor. During World War II, he was Research Director of the project to design and manufacture the US Navy version of the [[bombe]], a cryptanalytic machine designed to read communications enciphered by the  German [[Enigma machine|Enigma]].<ref>NARA Record Group 457, Item 4584</ref><ref>NARA Record Group 130</ref>
 ==Early life==
-Desch was born in [[Dayton, Ohio]], in 1907 into a family of [[Germans|German]] descent whose livelihood was blacksmithing and wagon-making. He attended the Catholic [[Elementary school (United States)|elementary school]] of his neighborhood [[parish]], then won a [[scholarship]] to the preparatory (high) school of the [[University of Dayton]].<ref>https://udayton.edu/advancement/alumni-awards/distinguished-alumni.php</ref> While attending college at [[University of Dayton]], Desch worked evenings as an inspector at Day-Fan Electric in [[Dayton]], supervising radio testing and production.
+Desch was born in [[Dayton, Ohio]], in 1907 into a family of [[Germans|German]] descent whose livelihood was blacksmithing and wagon-making. He attended the Catholic [[Elementary school (United States)|elementary school]] of his neighborhood [[parish]], then won a [[scholarship]] to the preparatory (high) school of the [[University of Dayton]].<ref name="udayton_edu">{{Cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/advancement/alumni-awards/distinguished-alumni.php|title = Distinguished Alumni Award : University of Dayton, Ohio}}</ref> While attending college at [[University of Dayton]], Desch worked evenings as an inspector at Day-Fan Electric in [[Dayton]], supervising radio testing and production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daytoncodebreakers.org/brief/jrd/|title = Joseph R. Desch at Dayton Codebreakers}}</ref>
 ==Career==
-After graduation in 1929 he began to work at General Motors Radio where he supervised radio testing, and met [[Robert E. Mumma]], who quickly began a friendship which lasted over 50 years.<ref>[http://purl.umn.edu/107540 Oral history interview with Robert E. Mumma, [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota].</ref>  After supervising the liquidation of General Motors Radio in 1933, he conducted teleprinter [[information transfer|communications]] research for Telecom Laboratories, a company financed by [[Charles Kettering]] of automotive pioneering fame through General Motors and [[Delco Electronics|Delco]]. Two years later he was hired by Harry Williams to be foreman on the Process Laboratory at the Frigidaire Division of General Motors, once again in Dayton. He then followed Williams to the [[NCR Corporation|National Cash Register]] Company in 1938 to form the innovative Electrical Research Laboratory at the direction of [[Edward A. Deeds]], then president of the company.
+After graduation in 1929 he began to work at General Motors Radio where he supervised radio testing, and met [[Robert E. Mumma]], who quickly began a friendship which lasted over 50 years.<ref>[http://purl.umn.edu/107540 Oral history interview] with Robert E. Mumma, [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota.</ref>  After supervising the liquidation of General Motors Radio in 1933, he conducted teleprinter [[information transfer|communications]] research for Telecom Laboratories, a company financed by [[Charles Kettering]] of automotive pioneering fame through General Motors and [[Delco Electronics|Delco]]. Two years later he was hired by Harry Williams to be foreman on the Process Laboratory at the Frigidaire Division of General Motors, once again in Dayton. He then followed Williams to the [[NCR Corporation|National Cash Register]] Company in 1938 to form the innovative Electrical Research Laboratory at the direction of [[Edward A. Deeds]], then president of the company.
-At Deeds' direction he conducted research to implement pioneering ideas regarding the use of tubes and circuitry in counting devices, with the idea of developing high speed [[mathematical]] computing [[machines]] to augment or replace the Company's mechanical machines. <ref> Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.</ref> The idea of applying electronic counting to calculating mechanisms occurred to him when reading of a [[thyratron]] (gas-filled tube) counting ring of five places (5 digits, not five orders) developed by British scientist [[C. E. Wynn-Williams|Dr C. E. Wynn-Williams]]. As a result Desch's lab received an introduction to  and work with the [[MIT]] Electrical Engineering Department led by [[Vannevar Bush]].<ref>[http://www.daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/42_res_rpt/ 1942 research report]</ref>
+At Deeds' direction he conducted research to implement pioneering ideas regarding the use of tubes and circuitry in counting devices, with the idea of developing high speed [[mathematical]] computing [[machines]] to augment or replace the Company's mechanical machines.<ref>Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.</ref> The idea of applying electronic counting to calculating mechanisms occurred to him when reading of a [[thyratron]] (gas-filled tube) counting ring of five places (5 digits, not five orders) developed by British scientist [[C. E. Wynn-Williams|Dr C. E. Wynn-Williams]]. As a result Desch's lab received an introduction to  and work with the [[MIT]] Electrical Engineering Department led by [[Vannevar Bush]].<ref>[http://www.daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/42_res_rpt/ 1942 research report, Dayton Codebreakers]</ref>
 ==Inventions during WWII==
-Beginning in 1940, Desch's lab was awarded several contracts by the [[National Defense Research Committee]]. These contracts made use of Desch's research into fast-firing vacuum tubes, including a high-speed [[thyratron]] Desch developed. This tube was used in a counter capable of millisecond speed for the University of Chicago [[Manhattan Project]]. This was followed by a contract with the [[OP-20-G]] section of the Office of Naval Communications.<ref>Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.</ref> In 1942 his research in the area of electronic counting made him a candidate to evaluate the design for a totally electronic deciphering device created by a group of MIT academics. He gave the opinion that the implementation of the design was not possible, primarily because of the large number of tubes necessary. Believing that the [[United States|American]] version of the [[bombe]] decryption machine could be built using mechanical and electronic components, and recognizing the National Cash Register Company's capabilities, the Navy moved ahead with a contract. Desch's lab became the [[United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory]].<ref>Bombe History and Correspondence, NARA Record Group 457, Item 1736</ref> <ref>Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, ''The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes'', 2004</ref>
+Beginning in 1940, Desch's lab was awarded several contracts by the [[National Defense Research Committee]]. These contracts made use of Desch's research into fast-firing vacuum tubes, including a high-speed [[thyratron]] Desch developed. This tube was used in a counter capable of millisecond speed for the University of Chicago [[Manhattan Project]]. This was followed by a contract with the [[OP-20-G]] section of the Office of Naval Communications.<ref>Joseph Desch and Robert Mumma, Computer Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History. Transcript, https://daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/interview/ Dayton Codebreakers</ref> In 1942 his research in the area of electronic counting made him a candidate to evaluate the design for a totally electronic deciphering device created by a group of MIT academics. He gave the opinion that the implementation of the design was not possible, primarily because of the large number of tubes necessary. Believing that the [[United States|American]] version of the [[bombe]] decryption machine could be built using mechanical and electronic components, and recognizing the National Cash Register Company's capabilities, the Navy moved ahead with a contract. Desch's lab became the [[United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory]].<ref>Bombe History and Correspondence, NARA Record Group 457, Item 1736</ref><ref>Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, ''The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes'', 2004</ref>
 In 1943  Desch's team, working in NCR's [[United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory|Building 26]], began delivery of completed machines to OP-20-G in Washington. Desch's department was immediately asked to research the problems of breaking Japanese communications. The pressure of cryptanalytic work and the continuing toll of the loss of life in the Pacific theater led to Desch's withdrawal from the project in late 1944. He returned to assist in 1945.
 ==Electronic calculator==
-In 1946 Desch filed an application for a [[patent]] on an [[electronic calculator]] designed by him and Bob Mumma, as part of an application initiated in March 1940. This brought about three interferences filed in the US Patent Office between their application and one by [[Arthur Dickinson]] of [[IBM]].
+In 1946 Desch filed an application for a [[patent]] on an [[electronic calculator]] designed by him and Bob Mumma, as part of an application initiated in March 1940. This brought about three interferences filed in the US Patent Office between their application and one by [[Arthur Dickinson (IBM)|Arthur Dickinson]] of [[IBM]].
 Eventually these were settled in favor of Desch, in part because he proved Dickinson's design unworkable, and gave Desch and Mumma the first patent on the modern digital [[computer]]. His career after this point was noteworthy, and he was especially proud in later years of his work with Bob Mumma in the development of the [[NCR 304]], the first completely solid state computer.  He continued to be an integral part of NCR until his retirement in 1972.<ref>[http://purl.umn.edu/107606 Oral history interview with Carl Rench], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota.</ref>
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 Desch was awarded the [[Medal for Merit]] by President [[Harry S. Truman]] July 16, 1947.
-Desch was a 2011 inductee to the [[NSA Hall of Honor|NSA/CSS Hall of Honor]].<ref>http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/hall_of_honor/2011/desch.shtml</ref>
+Desch was a 2011 inductee to the [[NSA Hall of Honor|NSA/CSS Hall of Honor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/hall_of_honor/2011/desch.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315064754/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/hall_of_honor/2011/desch.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-15 |title = Joseph R. Desch Inductee}}</ref>
-Desch was a 2017 recepient of the University of Dayton Distinguished Alumnus Award.<ref>https://udayton.edu/advancement/alumni-awards/distinguished-alumni.php</ref>
+Desch was a 2017 recipient of the University of Dayton Distinguished Alumnus Award.<ref name="udayton_edu" />
 ==IEEE Joe Desch Innovation Award==
-This Award was instituted by the Engineers Club in 2008 to honor Desch’s legacy. The next year its stewardship was handed over to Deborah Anderson, Desch's daughter. Since 2013 she has been coordinating the award process with the Dayton Section of the [[IEEE]] to bring an added importance to the Award.<ref>http://daytoncodebreakers.org/more/award/</ref>
+This Award was instituted by the Engineers Club in 2008 to honor Desch's legacy. The next year its stewardship was handed over to Deborah Anderson, Desch's daughter. Since 2013 she has been coordinating the award process with the Dayton Section of the [[IEEE]] to bring an added importance to the Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daytoncodebreakers.org/more/award/|title = Joe Desch Award}}</ref>
 The recipients so far are:
@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 * 2013: Dr. [[Jacek M. Zurada]]
 * 2015: Dr. [[George B. Purdy]]
+* 2017: Dr. Daniel Both
 ==Patents==
@@ Line 47: / Line 48: @@
 * 2,419,485. Electronic Device. Filing date: Jun 3, 1943. Issue date: Apr 22, 1947. Inventors: Joseph B. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
 * 2,467,257. Electronic Remote Control Device. Filing date: May 11, 1944. Issue date: Apr 12, 1949. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Ernest V. Gulden, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
+* 2,595,045. Calculating Machine. Filing date: March 20, 1940. Issue date: Apr 29, 1952. Inventors: J. R. Desch and Robert E. Mumma, assignors to The National Cash Register Company
 * 2,644,087. Electronic Impulse Generator. Filing date: Dec 4, 1951. Issue date: Jun 30, 1953. Inventor: J. R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company
 * 2,644,110. Filing date: Feb 20, 1952. Issue date: Jun 30, 1953. Inventor: Joseph R. Desch, assignor to The National Cash Register Company
@@ Line 54: / Line 56: @@
 ==See also==
 *[[Bombe]]
-*[[Op-20-G]]
+*[[OP-20-G]]
 *[[Joseph Wenger]]
 *[[Edward A. Deeds]]
@@ Line 66: / Line 68: @@
 ==External links==
-* Dayton Daily News, [http://www.daytondailynews.com/project/content/project/enigma/enigma_index.html Dayton's Code Breakers].
+* Dayton Daily News, [http://www.daytondailynews.com/project/content/project/enigma/enigma_index.html Dayton's Code Breakers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402224629/http://www.daytondailynews.com/project/content/project/enigma/enigma_index.html |date=2012-04-02 }}.
 * Jim DeBrosse and Colin Burke, The Secret in Building 26: The Untold Story of America's Ultra War Against the U-boat Enigma Codes, 2004, {{ISBN|0-375-50807-4}}.
 * Dayton Codebreakers Web site, [http://www.daytoncodebreakers.org/ DaytonCodebreakers.org]. Information about Desch, personnel of the US Naval Computing Machine Laboratory, declassified documents.
+* National Security Agency 2011 Cryptologic Hall of Honor [https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/hall-of-honor/2011/jdesch.shtml].
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Desch, Joseph}}
 [[Category:1907 births]]
 [[Category:1987 deaths]]
-[[Category:American inventors]]
 [[Category:American people of German descent]]
-[[Category:People from Dayton, Ohio]]
 [[Category:University of Dayton alumni]]
 [[Category:Medal for Merit recipients]]
 [[Category:NCR Corporation people]]
+[[Category:20th-century American inventors]]