Gogland: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Island in the Gulf of Finland}} |
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{{For|the IDE for the [[Go (programming language)|Go programming language]]|JetBrains#GoLand}} |
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[[File:Hogland.png|thumb|right|Map of Hogland. The contour lines are drawn at 30-metre intervals.]] |
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{{Redirect|Hogland|the Swedish musician|Hogland (musician)|the American football player|Doug Hogland}} |
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[[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|One of the two points of the [[Struve Geodetic Arc]] that are situated on Hogland]] |
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{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=geo}} |
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{{Infobox islands|name=Gogland|map_image=Hogland.png|map_caption=Map of Hogland. The contour lines are drawn at 30-metre intervals.|timezone=UTC +2|country=[[Russia]]|country_admin_divisions_title=[[Oblast]]|country_admin_divisions=[[Leningrad Oblast]]}}[[File:GoglandZ.jpg|thumb|right|One of the two points of the [[Struve Geodetic Arc]] that are situated on Hogland]] |
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[[File:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|right|Hogland island visible on the horizon as seen from Haukkavuori observation tower in [[Kotka]]]] |
[[File:Suursaari.jpg|thumb|right|Hogland island visible on the horizon as seen from Haukkavuori observation tower in [[Kotka]]]] |
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'''Gogland''' or '''Hogland''' ({{ |
'''Gogland''' or '''Hogland''' ({{langx|ru|Гогланд}}, transliteration from original {{langx|sv|Hogland}}; {{langx|fi|Suursaari}}, [[German language|German]]: ''Hochland'') is an [[island]] in the [[Gulf of Finland]] in the eastern [[Baltic Sea]], about 180 km west from [[Saint Petersburg]] and 35 km from the coast of [[Finland]] (near [[Kotka]]). Hogland has an area of approximately {{convert|21|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; its highest point is {{convert|173|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It belongs to [[Russia]]'s [[Kingiseppsky District]] in the [[Leningrad Oblast]]. |
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Gogland's tourist industry is growing in importance, with most tourists coming from St. Petersburg, and some from Finland. In 2006, however, Russian authorities declared Gogland a "border area", which means that foreign nationals are not allowed to travel to the island without special permits. This limits tourism from abroad to small groups, admitted one at a time, and adds extensive bureaucracy to applications for permission to visit the island.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} |
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==Name== |
==Name== |
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The original meaning of the name is Hogland in Swedish which means Highland (that precisely describes the physical shape of the Island). The Russian name derived from the original Swedish/Viking name of the Island. In Russian the H became a [[Г]] (G). So the name became Gogland (Гогланд) after Russia conquered it from Finland. Different transliterations of the name from the [[Russian language]] have been used. In older transliterations, the Russian Г is transliterated as "G", but in contemporary usage, it is rendered as "H". Since being ceded to [[Russia]], the latter form is often used in western languages, same as the original Swedish name. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{ |
{{See also|Hogland Series}} |
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Gogland has been inhabited by ethnic Finns since at least the 16th century, but it has changed hands several times. Throughout much of its history the island was part of the Kingdom of Sweden, which controlled Finland; however, after the [[Great Northern War]] (as part of which, the [[action of 22 July 1713]] took place near the island), the Russian Empire, under Tsar [[Peter the Great|Peter I]], claimed the island. Peter then had the island's first lighthouse built in 1723. |
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During the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]] the [[Battle of Hogland]], between the [[Russian Navy|Russian]] and [[Swedish Navy|Swedish]] fleets, took place offshore, in July 1788. |
During the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]] the [[Battle of Hogland]], between the [[Russian Navy|Russian]] and [[Swedish Navy|Swedish]] fleets, took place offshore, in July 1788. |
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During the [[Baltic theatre of the Crimean War|Crimean War]], four vessels of the [[Royal Navy]] |
During the [[Baltic theatre of the Crimean War|Crimean War]], four vessels of the [[Royal Navy]]—[[HMS Arrogant (1848)|''Arrogant'']], [[HMS Cossack (1854)|''Cossack'']], [[HMS Magicienne (1849)|''Magicienne'']], and [[HMS Ruby (1854)|''Ruby'']]—silenced the Russian batteries at a fort on the island, while the Anglo-French fleet went on to attack [[Suomenlinna|Sveaborg]] before returning home. |
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Offshore there have been several notable shipwrecks. The crew of the three-mast clipper |
Offshore there have been several notable shipwrecks. The crew of the three-mast clipper ''Amerika'', which sank near the shore in October 1856, lie buried in an old Finnish [[cemetery]]. |
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After the [[Finnish War]] ( |
After the [[Finnish War]] (1808–1809), Gogland officially passed to the [[Russian Empire]], although it was made part of the newly created [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] which gained independence from Russia in 1917. Most of the island's population lived in two fishing villages administered from [[Vyborg|Viipuri]] (Vyborg). |
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Gogland is known as the location of one of the earliest [[radio]] contacts, which took place on 6 February 1900 under the supervision of [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]]. (The time and details of this event vary slightly in different sources.) |
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Tourism became an important source of income in the interbellum. There was also a small soft drink factory on the island. |
Tourism became an important source of income in the interbellum. There was also a small soft drink factory on the island. |
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In March 1939, the Soviets asked Finland to lease Suursaari and four small uninhabited islets for thirty years and cede rich and heavily populated areas on the Karelian isthmus, as they claimed they were vital for the defense of Leningrad, the second biggest Soviet city. In return, the Soviet Union would show its good faith by offering a large slice of empty and unofficially disputed Karelian borderland in exchange. The Finns refused.<ref name="William Trotter 1991 13">{{cite book|author=William Trotter|title=A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940|url=https://books.google. |
In March 1939, the Soviets asked Finland to lease Suursaari and four small uninhabited islets for thirty years and cede rich and heavily populated areas on the Karelian isthmus, as they claimed they were vital for the defense of Leningrad, the second biggest Soviet city. In return, the Soviet Union would show its good faith by offering a large slice of empty and unofficially disputed Karelian borderland in exchange. The Finns refused.<ref name="William Trotter 1991 13">{{cite book|author=William Trotter|title=A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXsLNVaDfcoC|year=1991|publisher=Algonuin Books of Chapel Hill|page=13|isbn=9781565126923}}</ref> |
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Soviet troops occupied the island during the [[Winter War]] ( |
Soviet troops occupied the island during the [[Winter War]] (1939–1940), and the civilian population was evacuated. Gogland and nearby islands became strategically important during [[World War II]], as German and Finnish forces used them to observe and maintain the massive belts of sea mines that kept the Soviet fleet bottled up in the eastern Gulf of Finland throughout the conflict. |
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Finnish forces captured |
Finnish forces captured Gogland during the [[Battle of Suursaari]] (December 1941 – April 1942). Later, in September 1944—Finland having ceased hostilities with the Soviet Union—the Germans attempted to take the island from their Finnish former allies but were repulsed with heavy losses in [[Operation Tanne Ost]]. Hogland became a Soviet possession at the end of the war. |
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In 2019, Russia built a military [[heliport]] with room for multiple helicopters and a refueling station on the island.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rysk nyhetsbyrå: Ryssland har byggt en stridshelikopterplatta på Hogland i Finska viken |url=https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/rysk-nyhetsbyra-ryssland-har-byggt-en-stridshelikopterplatta-pa-hogland-i-finska-viken/ |work=[[Hufvudstadsbladet]] |date=2019-08-07 |access-date=2020-02-18 |language=sv |trans-title=Russian News Agency: Russia has built a combat helicopter plate on Hogland in the Gulf of Finland }}</ref> |
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NATO forces have used the island as a border point for Russia.<ref>[https://yle.fi/a/74-20021973 US B-52 bomber flies over Gulf of Finland, turns near Russian island]</ref> |
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===Landmarks=== |
===Landmarks=== |
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During the war years both Soviet and Finnish troops built extensive fortifications, which are still found all over the island, along with discarded military equipment. |
During the war years, both Soviet and Finnish troops built extensive fortifications, which are still found all over the island, along with discarded military equipment. |
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The island has both modern and very old lighthouses. |
The island has both modern and very old lighthouses. |
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The log village of Suurkylä (Russian: Суркюля, ''Surkyulya'') has been |
The log village of Suurkylä (Russian: Суркюля, ''Surkyulya'') has been levelled and replaced with a few modern dwellings, possibly for a Soviet fishing [[kolkhoz|collective farm]], as well as some military facilities. Currently,{{When|date=April 2020}} about 50 people live permanently on the island, and the little fishing that still occurs is mainly recreational. |
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The island is renowned for its rugged scenery, including five lakes. Since 1826, the hill Mäkiinpäällys has two of the points in the [[Struve Geodetic Arc]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.gaoran.ru/personal/chubey/struve_arc.pdf|title=Восстановление на острове Гогланд памятных мест первого в России измерения фигуры земли|last1=Kapiyug|first1=V.B.|last2=Alekseev|first2=V.F.|last3=Astapovich|first3=A.V.|last4=Vershchagin|first4=S.G.|last5=Ivanov|first5=Yu.A.|last6=Romanov|first6=V.L.|last7=Sokolov|first7=Yu.G.|last8=Chubey|first8=M.S.|journal=Известия Русского географического общества|volume=133|issue=6|pages=68-76|access-date=20 February 2024|via=gaoran.ru|lang=ru|year=2001}}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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The island is renowned for its rugged scenery, including five lakes. Since 1826, the hill Mäkiinpäällys has two of the points in the [[Struve Geodetic Arc]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.spb.ru/personal/chubey/Struve_arc.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610141213/http://www.gao.spb.ru/personal/chubey/Struve_arc.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-10 }}</ref> |
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Gogland has a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'') with [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] influences from the [[Gulf of Finland]].{{Weather box |
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| location = Gogland (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) |
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| metric first = Yes |
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| single line = Yes |
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| Jan record high C = 6.6 |
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| Feb record high C = 8.3 |
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| Mar record high C = 10.7 |
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| Apr record high C = 21.4 |
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| May record high C = 26.7 |
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| Jun record high C = 31.7 |
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| Jul record high C = 30.9 |
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| Aug record high C = 30.3 |
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| Sep record high C = 23.7 |
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| Oct record high C = 19.1 |
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| Nov record high C = 12.2 |
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| Dec record high C = 7.3 |
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| year record high C = 31.7 |
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| Jan mean C = -2.9 |
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| Feb mean C = -4.2 |
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| Mar mean C = -1.5 |
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| Apr mean C = 3.1 |
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| May mean C = 8.8 |
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| Jun mean C = 13.9 |
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| Jul mean C = 17.8 |
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| Aug mean C = 17.2 |
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| Sep mean C = 12.8 |
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| Oct mean C = 7.3 |
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| Nov mean C = 2.8 |
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| Dec mean C = -0.2 |
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| year mean C = 6.2 |
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| Jan record low C = -33.2 |
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| Feb record low C = -27.0 |
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| Mar record low C = -24.6 |
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| Apr record low C = -10.0 |
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| May record low C = -5.1 |
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| Jun record low C = 1.4 |
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| Jul record low C = 6.2 |
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| Aug record low C = 4.4 |
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| Sep record low C = -2.9 |
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| Oct record low C = -8.4 |
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| Nov record low C = -13.0 |
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| Dec record low C = -24.2 |
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| year record low C = -28.8 |
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| source = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt |
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http://pogodaiklimat.ru/msummary/22907.htm |
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}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*{{ |
*{{in lang|fi}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070902023417/http://www.rusembassy.fi/GranitsaFI.htm#3#3 FSB's order number 239] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Coord|60|03|N|26|59|E|region:RU_type:isle|display=title}} |
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[[Category:Russian islands in the Baltic]] |
[[Category:Russian islands in the Baltic]] |
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[[Category:Islands of Leningrad Oblast]] |
[[Category:Islands of Leningrad Oblast]] |
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[[Category:Islands of Russia|Gulf of Finland]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:42, 26 October 2024
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (July 2013) |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Finnish. (June 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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 Map of Hogland. The contour lines are drawn at 30-metre intervals. | |
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| Oblast | Leningrad Oblast |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone |
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Gogland or Hogland (Russian: Гогланд, transliteration from original Swedish: Hogland; Finnish: Suursaari, German: Hochland) is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west from Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland (near Kotka). Hogland has an area of approximately 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi); its highest point is 173 m (568 ft). It belongs to Russia's Kingiseppsky District in the Leningrad Oblast.
Gogland's tourist industry is growing in importance, with most tourists coming from St. Petersburg, and some from Finland. In 2006, however, Russian authorities declared Gogland a "border area", which means that foreign nationals are not allowed to travel to the island without special permits. This limits tourism from abroad to small groups, admitted one at a time, and adds extensive bureaucracy to applications for permission to visit the island.[citation needed]
Name
[edit]The original meaning of the name is Hogland in Swedish which means Highland (that precisely describes the physical shape of the Island). The Russian name derived from the original Swedish/Viking name of the Island. In Russian the H became a Г (G). So the name became Gogland (Гогланд) after Russia conquered it from Finland. Different transliterations of the name from the Russian language have been used. In older transliterations, the Russian Г is transliterated as "G", but in contemporary usage, it is rendered as "H". Since being ceded to Russia, the latter form is often used in western languages, same as the original Swedish name.
History
[edit]Gogland has been inhabited by ethnic Finns since at least the 16th century, but it has changed hands several times. Throughout much of its history the island was part of the Kingdom of Sweden, which controlled Finland; however, after the Great Northern War (as part of which, the action of 22 July 1713 took place near the island), the Russian Empire, under Tsar Peter I, claimed the island. Peter then had the island's first lighthouse built in 1723.
During the Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) the Battle of Hogland, between the Russian and Swedish fleets, took place offshore, in July 1788.
During the Crimean War, four vessels of the Royal Navy—Arrogant, Cossack, Magicienne, and Ruby—silenced the Russian batteries at a fort on the island, while the Anglo-French fleet went on to attack Sveaborg before returning home.
Offshore there have been several notable shipwrecks. The crew of the three-mast clipper Amerika, which sank near the shore in October 1856, lie buried in an old Finnish cemetery.
After the Finnish War (1808–1809), Gogland officially passed to the Russian Empire, although it was made part of the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland which gained independence from Russia in 1917. Most of the island's population lived in two fishing villages administered from Viipuri (Vyborg).
Gogland is known as the location of one of the earliest radio contacts, which took place on 6 February 1900 under the supervision of Alexander Popov. (The time and details of this event vary slightly in different sources.)
Tourism became an important source of income in the interbellum. There was also a small soft drink factory on the island.
In March 1939, the Soviets asked Finland to lease Suursaari and four small uninhabited islets for thirty years and cede rich and heavily populated areas on the Karelian isthmus, as they claimed they were vital for the defense of Leningrad, the second biggest Soviet city. In return, the Soviet Union would show its good faith by offering a large slice of empty and unofficially disputed Karelian borderland in exchange. The Finns refused.[1]
Soviet troops occupied the island during the Winter War (1939–1940), and the civilian population was evacuated. Gogland and nearby islands became strategically important during World War II, as German and Finnish forces used them to observe and maintain the massive belts of sea mines that kept the Soviet fleet bottled up in the eastern Gulf of Finland throughout the conflict.
Finnish forces captured Gogland during the Battle of Suursaari (December 1941 – April 1942). Later, in September 1944—Finland having ceased hostilities with the Soviet Union—the Germans attempted to take the island from their Finnish former allies but were repulsed with heavy losses in Operation Tanne Ost. Hogland became a Soviet possession at the end of the war.
In 2019, Russia built a military heliport with room for multiple helicopters and a refueling station on the island.[2]
NATO forces have used the island as a border point for Russia.[3]
Landmarks
[edit]During the war years, both Soviet and Finnish troops built extensive fortifications, which are still found all over the island, along with discarded military equipment.
The island has both modern and very old lighthouses.
The log village of Suurkylä (Russian: Суркюля, Surkyulya) has been levelled and replaced with a few modern dwellings, possibly for a Soviet fishing collective farm, as well as some military facilities. Currently,[when?] about 50 people live permanently on the island, and the little fishing that still occurs is mainly recreational.
The island is renowned for its rugged scenery, including five lakes. Since 1826, the hill Mäkiinpäällys has two of the points in the Struve Geodetic Arc.[4]
Climate
[edit]Gogland has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with oceanic influences from the Gulf of Finland.
| Climate data for Gogland (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.3 (86.5) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.2 (54.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
3.1 (37.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
6.2 (43.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −33.2 (−27.8) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−24.6 (−12.3) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−13.0 (8.6) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
−28.8 (−19.8) |
| Source: http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/doc/normals_1991_2020_2.txt | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ William Trotter (1991). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940. Algonuin Books of Chapel Hill. p. 13. ISBN 9781565126923.
- ^ "Rysk nyhetsbyrå: Ryssland har byggt en stridshelikopterplatta på Hogland i Finska viken" [Russian News Agency: Russia has built a combat helicopter plate on Hogland in the Gulf of Finland]. Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
- ^ US B-52 bomber flies over Gulf of Finland, turns near Russian island
- ^ Kapiyug, V.B.; Alekseev, V.F.; Astapovich, A.V.; Vershchagin, S.G.; Ivanov, Yu.A.; Romanov, V.L.; Sokolov, Yu.G.; Chubey, M.S. (2001). "Восстановление на острове Гогланд памятных мест первого в России измерения фигуры земли" (PDF). Известия Русского географического общества (in Russian). 133 (6): 68–76. Retrieved 20 February 2024 – via gaoran.ru.
External links
[edit]
- (in Finnish) FSB's order number 239
- (in Russian) Tourist attractions of Gogland
- (in Russian) Account of a trip to Gogland, with illustrations
- (in Finnish) Old pictures and maps from the Finnish era
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