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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{short description|Chronological list of major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to European explorers between 1418 and 1957}}
[[File:Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze - Columbus Before the Queen.JPG|thumb|right|300px|''Columbus before the Queen'', imagined by [[Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze]], 1843]]
[[File:Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze - Columbus Before the Queen.JPG|thumb|right|300px|''Columbus before the Queen'', imagined by [[Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze]], 1843]]
This '''timeline of European exploration''' lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the [[Age of Discovery]] and [[Major explorations after the Age of Discovery|the following centuries]], between the years AD 1418 and 2021.
This '''timeline of European exploration''' lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the [[Age of Discovery]] and [[Major explorations after the Age of Discovery|the following centuries]], between the years AD 1418 and 1957.


Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of [[Europe]] was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in [[seafaring|sea travel]]) as well as the rise of [[colonialism]], [[mercantilism]], and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.
Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of [[Europe]] was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in [[seafaring|sea travel]]) as well as the rise of [[colonialism]], [[mercantilism]], and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.
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The [[Age of Discovery]] arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared [[Cape Bojador]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] exploration of the west coast of [[Africa]], while in the last decade of the century the [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the [[Americas]] would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to [[India]]. In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to [[California]] and [[Labrador]] and south to [[Chile]] and [[Tierra del Fuego]]. In the 17th century, [[Russian Empire|Russian]] explorers conquered [[Siberia]] in search of sables, while the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] contributed greatly to the charting of [[Australia]]. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the [[South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]] and [[Oceania]] and the exploration of [[Alaska]], while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the [[polar region]]s and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.
The [[Age of Discovery]] arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared [[Cape Bojador]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] exploration of the west coast of [[Africa]], while in the last decade of the century the [[Kingdom of Spain|Spanish]] sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the [[Americas]] would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to [[India]]. In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to [[California]] and [[Labrador]] and south to [[Chile]] and [[Tierra del Fuego]]. In the 17th century, [[Russian Empire|Russian]] explorers conquered [[Siberia]] in search of sables, while the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] contributed greatly to the charting of [[Australia]]. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the [[South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]] and [[Oceania]] and the exploration of [[Alaska]], while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the [[polar region]]s and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.


==15th century==
==15th century ==
[[File:Vascodagama.JPG|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama]] lands at [[Calicut]], illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova]]
[[File:Vascodagama.JPG|thumb|[[Vasco da Gama]] lands at [[Calicut]], illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova]]
*1418 – [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers [[João Gonçalves Zarco]] and [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] discover [[Porto Santo Island]] in the [[Madeira Islands|Madeira archipelago]].<ref name=Diffie>{{cite book| last = Diffie| first = Bailey| title = Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580| publisher = University of Minnesota Press| year = 1977| isbn = 0-8166-0782-6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=1| pages = 465–474}}</ref>
*1418 – [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers [[João Gonçalves Zarco]] and [[Tristão Vaz Teixeira]] discover [[Porto Santo Island]] in the [[Madeira Islands|Madeira archipelago]].<ref name=Diffie>{{cite book| last = Diffie| first = Bailey| title = Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580| publisher = University of Minnesota Press| year = 1977| isbn = 0-8166-0782-6| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=1| pages = 465–474}}</ref>
*1419 – [[João Gonçalves Zarco|Gonçalves]] and Vaz discover the main island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1419 – [[João Gonçalves Zarco|Gonçalves]] and Vaz discover the main island of [[Madeira Island|Madeira]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1431 – [[Diogo de Silves]] discovers the [[Azores]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1431 – [[Diogo de Silves]] discovers the [[Azores]].<ref name=Diffie/>
*1434 – [[Gil Eanes]] passes [[Cape Chaunar|Cabo de Não]] and becomes the first to sail beyond [[Cape Bojador]] and return alive.<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book| last = Morison| first = Samuel| title = The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616| url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori| url-access = registration| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1974| location = New York}}</ref>
*1434 – [[Gil Eanes]] passes [[Cape Chaunar|Cabo de Não]] and becomes the first confirmed person to sail beyond [[Cape Bojador]] and return alive.<ref name=Morison1974>{{cite book| last = Morison| first = Samuel| title = The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616| url = https://archive.org/details/europeandiscover00mori| url-access = registration| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1974| location = New York}}</ref>
*1444 – [[Dinis Dias]] reaches the mouth of the [[Senegal River]].<ref name=Whitfield/>
*1444 – [[Dinis Dias]] reaches the mouth of the [[Senegal River]].<ref name=Whitfield/>
*1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula of [[Cap-Vert|Cape Verde]] and the [[Gambia River]].<ref name=Whitfield/>
*1446 – The Portuguese reach the mainland peninsula of [[Cap-Vert|Cape Verde]] and the [[Gambia River]].<ref name=Whitfield/>
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*1482 – [[Diogo Cão]] reaches the [[Congo River]], where he erects a ''padrão'' ("pillar of stone").<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1482 – [[Diogo Cão]] reaches the [[Congo River]], where he erects a ''padrão'' ("pillar of stone").<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1485–86 – Cão reaches [[Cape Cross]], where he erects his last ''padrão''.<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1485–86 – Cão reaches [[Cape Cross]], where he erects his last ''padrão''.<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1487–92 – [[Pêro da Covilhã]] travels to [[Arabia]], to the mouth of the [[Red Sea]], and then eastward by sail to the [[Malabar Coast]] (visiting [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and [[Goa]] on the [[India]]n subcontinent). He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of [[Mombasa]], [[Zanzibar]], and [[Sofala]]; on his return journey he visits [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] before reaching [[Ethiopia]] in search of the mythical [[Prester John]].<ref name=Fleming2004>{{cite book| last = Fleming| first = Fergus| title = Off the Map: Tales of Endurance and Exploration| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press| year = 2004| location = New York| url =https://archive.org/details/offmap00ferg| url-access = registration}}</ref>
*1487–92 – [[Pêro da Covilhã]] travels to [[Arabia]], to the mouth of the [[Red Sea]], and then eastward by sail to the [[Malabar Coast]] (visiting [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] and [[Goa]] on the [[India]]n subcontinent). He later sails south along the east coast of Africa, visiting the trading stations of [[Mombasa]], [[Zanzibar]], and [[Sofala]]; on his return journey he visits [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] before reaching [[Ethiopia]] in search of the mythical [[Prester John]].<ref name=Fleming2004>{{cite book| last = Fleming| first = Fergus| title = Off the Map: Tales of Endurance and Exploration| publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press| year = 2004| location = New York| isbn = 9780871138996| url =https://archive.org/details/offmap00ferg| url-access = registration}}</ref>
*1488 – [[Bartolomeu Dias]] rounds the "Cape of Storms" ([[Cape of Good Hope]]), at the southernmost tip of the African continent.<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1488 – [[Bartolomeu Dias]] rounds the "Cape of Storms" ([[Cape of Good Hope]]), at the southernmost tip of the African continent.<ref name=Ravenstein/>
*1492 – Under the patronage of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] of [[Spain]], Italian explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] explores the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], and "Española" ([[Hispaniola]]), which are only later recognized as part of the [[New World]].<ref name=Taviani>{{cite book| last = Taviani| first = Paulo| title = Columbus: The Great Adventure, His Life, His Times, and His Voyages| publisher = Random House| year = 1991| location = New York}}</ref>
*1492 – Under the patronage of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] of [[Spain]], Italian explorer [[Christopher Columbus]] explores the [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]], and "Española" ([[Hispaniola]]), which are only later recognized as part of the [[New World]].<ref name=Taviani>{{cite book| last = Taviani| first = Paulo| title = Columbus: The Great Adventure, His Life, His Times, and His Voyages| publisher = Random House| year = 1991| location = New York}}</ref>
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[[File:Discovery of the Mississippi.jpg|thumb|''Discovery of the Mississippi'' by [[William H. Powell]] (1823–1879) is a [[Romanticism|Romantic]] depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]].]]
[[File:Discovery of the Mississippi.jpg|thumb|''Discovery of the Mississippi'' by [[William H. Powell]] (1823–1879) is a [[Romanticism|Romantic]] depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]].]]
[[File:Coronado-Remington.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] Sets Out to the North'', by [[Frederic Remington]], 1861–1909]]
[[File:Coronado-Remington.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] Sets Out to the North'', by [[Frederic Remington]], 1861–1909]]
[[File:Cabrillo National Monument (Loki30).jpg|thumb|The [[Cabrillo National Monument]] in San Diego, California]]
[[File:Cabrillo National Monument (Loki30).jpg|thumb|[[Cabrillo National Monument]] in San Diego, California]]
[[File:Polar bear, Gerrit de Veer (1596).jpg|thumb|Crew of [[Willem Barentsz]] fighting a [[polar bear]], 1596]]
[[File:Polar bear, Gerrit de Veer (1596).jpg|thumb|Crew of [[Willem Barentsz]] fighting a [[polar bear]], 1596]]


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| year = 2007
| year = 2007
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780465068418
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1531 – [[Diego de Ordaz]] ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the [[Meta River|Meta]].<ref name=Goodman/>
*1531 – [[Diego de Ordaz]] ascends the Orinoco to the Atures rapids, just past its confluence with the [[Meta River|Meta]].<ref name=Goodman/>
*1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to [[Cajamarca]] and [[Cuzco]].<ref name=Goodman>{{cite book
*1532–33 – Pizarro explores and conquers inland to [[Cajamarca]] and [[Cuzco]].<ref name=Goodman>{{cite book
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| publisher = University of California Press
| publisher = University of California Press
| year = 2007
| year = 2007
| isbn = 9780520252585
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1534 – [[Jacques Cartier]] explores the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], discovering [[Anticosti Island]] and [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name=Morison/>
*1534 – [[Jacques Cartier]] explores the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]], discovering [[Anticosti Island]] and [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name=Morison/>
*1535 – [[Fray Tomás de Berlanga]] explores the [[Galapagos Islands]].<ref>Markham, Clements R. ''Discovery of the Galapagos Islands'' (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, May 1892, pp. 314–16).</ref>
*1535 – [[Fray Tomás de Berlanga]] explores the [[Galapagos Islands]].<ref>Markham, Clements R. ''Discovery of the Galapagos Islands'' (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, May 1892, pp. 314–16).</ref>
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==17th century==
==17th century==


[[File:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg|thumb|right|[[John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)|John Collier]]'s painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift.]]
[[File:Last Voyage Of Henry Hudson.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson]]'', [[John Collier (Pre-Raphaelite painter)|John Collier]]'s 1881 painting of [[Henry Hudson]] cast adrift.]]
[[File:Krsk koch.JPG|thumb|right|A 17th-century [[Koch (boat)|koch]] in a museum in [[Krasnoyarsk]]. Kochi were used to explore the [[Siberia]]n watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.]]
[[File:Krsk koch.JPG|thumb|right|A 17th-century [[Koch (boat)|koch]] in a museum in [[Krasnoyarsk]]. Kochi were used to explore the [[Siberia]]n watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.]]
[[File:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|thumb|"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.]]
[[File:Gilsemans 1642.jpg|thumb|"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.]]
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[[File:Alex MacKenzie from Canada by land.jpg|thumb|300px|Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's Canada crossing located at {{coord|52|22|43|N|127|28|14|W}}]]
[[File:Alex MacKenzie from Canada by land.jpg|thumb|300px|Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's Canada crossing located at {{coord|52|22|43|N|127|28|14|W}}]]


*1702 – The Spanish ship ''Rosario'' discovers [[Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)|Rosario Island]], later renamed Nishinoshima in 1904, around {{convert|940.|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Freeman, Otis W. |date=1951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjIhAAAAMAAJ |title=''Geography of the Pacific,'' |pages=229–235 |isbn=9780598436061 }}</ref>
*1702 – The Spanish ship ''Rosario'' discovers [[Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)|Rosario Island]], later renamed Nishinoshima in 1904, around {{convert|940.|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite book| author=Freeman, Otis W. |date=1951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjIhAAAAMAAJ |title=''Geography of the Pacific,'' |pages=229–235 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780598436061 }}</ref>
*1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches [[Cape Lopatka]] and sights [[Shumshu]], northernmost of the [[Kuril Islands]].<ref name=March/>
*1706 – Mikhail Nasedkin reaches [[Cape Lopatka]] and sights [[Shumshu]], northernmost of the [[Kuril Islands]].<ref name=March/>
*1710 – [[Yakov Permyakov]] discovers [[Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
*1710 – [[Yakov Permyakov]] discovers [[Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}
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| location = Canberra
| location = Canberra
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1728 – In the service of the [[Russian Empire]], Danish explorer [[Vitus Bering]] sails through [[Bering Strait|the strait]] that now bears his name. He also discovers and names [[Saint Lawrence Island]].<ref name=Vaughan/>
*1728 – In the service of the [[Russian Empire]], Danish-born Russian explorer [[Vitus Bering]] sails through [[Bering Strait|the strait]] that now bears his name. He also discovers and names [[Saint Lawrence Island]].<ref name=Vaughan/>
*1732 – [[Mikhail Gvozdev]] discovers the "Large Country" ([[Alaska]]).<ref name=Golder/>
*1732 – [[Mikhail Gvozdev]] discovers the "Large Country" ([[Alaska]]).<ref name=Golder/>
*1734 – [[Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye]] discovers [[Lake Winnipeg]].<ref name=DeVoto>{{cite book
*1734 – [[Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye]] discovers [[Lake Winnipeg]].<ref name=DeVoto>{{cite book
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| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| location = New Haven
| location = New Haven
| isbn = 9780300098662
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1742–43 – [[Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye]] and his brother [[François de La Vérendrye|François]] reach the [[Big Horn Mountains]] of modern [[Wyoming]]; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day [[Pierre, South Dakota]].<ref name=Parkman1893/><ref>Champagne, Father Antoine. The Vérendryes and Their Succossors, 1727–1760 (MHS Transactions, Series 3, No. 25, 1968–69 Season).</ref>
*1742–43 – [[Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye]] and his brother [[François de La Vérendrye|François]] reach the [[Big Horn Mountains]] of modern [[Wyoming]]; on their return they reach the vicinity of present-day [[Pierre, South Dakota]].<ref name=Parkman1893/><ref>Champagne, Father Antoine. The Vérendryes and Their Succossors, 1727–1760 (MHS Transactions, Series 3, No. 25, 1968–69 Season).</ref>
*1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers [[Chesterfield Inlet]] and sails about sixty miles up it.<ref name=Williams2003/>
*1747 – Jeremiah Westall discovers [[Chesterfield Inlet]] and sails about sixty miles up it.<ref name=Williams2003/>
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*1797–98 – [[George Bass]] explores from Cape Howe to [[Western Port]], discovering the [[Bass Strait]].<ref name=Wood/>
*1797–98 – [[George Bass]] explores from Cape Howe to [[Western Port]], discovering the [[Bass Strait]].<ref name=Wood/>
*1798 – [[John Fearn (whaler)|John Fearn]] discovers "Pleasant Island" ([[Nauru]]).<ref name=Quanchi/>
*1798 – [[John Fearn (whaler)|John Fearn]] discovers "Pleasant Island" ([[Nauru]]).<ref name=Quanchi/>
*1798 – [[Francisco de Lacerda]] travels from [[Tete, Mozambique|Tete]] northwest to [[Lake Mweru]].<ref name=Jeal1973>{{cite book|last=Jeal|first =Tim|title=Livingstone|publisher = G. P. Putnam’s Sons|year=1973|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1798 – [[Francisco de Lacerda]] travels from [[Tete, Mozambique|Tete]] northwest to [[Lake Mweru]].<ref name=Jeal1973>{{cite book|last=Jeal|first =Tim|title=Livingstone|publisher = G. P. Putnam’s Sons|year=1973|location=New York|isbn =9780399112157|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1798–99 – English cartographer [[Matthew Flinders]] and George Bass circumnavigate [[Tasmania]], proving its insularity.<ref name=Wood/>
*1798–99 – English cartographer [[Matthew Flinders]] and George Bass circumnavigate [[Tasmania]], proving its insularity.<ref name=Wood/>


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[[File:Fly River Map 1876 NLA.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876.]]
[[File:Fly River Map 1876 NLA.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876.]]
[[File:Nansen Johansen depart 14 March 1895.jpg|thumb|alt= A group of men pose on the ice with dogs and sledges, with the ship's outline visible in the background|Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey, 14 March 1895. Nansen is the tall figure, second from left; Johansen is standing second from right.]]
[[File:Nansen Johansen depart 14 March 1895.jpg|thumb|alt= A group of men pose on the ice with dogs and sledges, with the ship's outline visible in the background|Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey, 14 March 1895. Nansen is the tall figure, second from left; Johansen is standing second from right.]]
[[File:Commission at Angkor Wat.jpg|thumb|right|<center>The ''Mekong Exploration Commission'' at [[Angkor]] in 1866<br>From left to right: [[Francis Garnier]], [[Louis Delaporte]], Clovis Thorel, Captain [[Ernest Doudart de Lagrée]], Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné<br> engraving from photo by [[Émile Gsell]]</center>]]
[[File:Commission at Angkor Wat.jpg|thumb|right|{{center|The ''Mekong Exploration Commission'' at [[Angkor]] in 1866<br>From left to right: [[Francis Garnier]], [[Louis Delaporte]], Clovis Thorel, Captain [[Ernest Doudart de Lagrée]], Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné<br> engraving from photo by [[Émile Gsell]]}}]]


*1800 – [[James Grant (navigator)|James Grant]] discovers the Australian coastline from [[Cape Banks]] to [[Cape Otway]].<ref name=Wood/>
*1800 – [[James Grant (navigator)|James Grant]] discovers the Australian coastline from [[Cape Banks]] to [[Cape Otway]].<ref name=Wood/>
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| year = 1996
| year = 1996
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780684826974
| url =https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourage00ambr| url-access = registration
| url =https://archive.org/details/undauntedcourage00ambr| url-access = registration
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.<ref name=Fernandez-Armesto/>
*1805–06 – Mungo Park descends the Niger as far as the Bussa rapids, where he is drowned.<ref name=Fernandez-Armesto/>
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| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| location = New York}}</ref>
| location = New York}}</ref>
*1830 – English explorer [[Richard Lemon Lander|Richard Lander]] and his brother [[John Lander (explorer)|John]] descend the [[Niger River|Niger]] for more than {{convert|643|km|mi}} from [[Bussa, Nigeria|Bussa]] to its mouth.<ref name=Fleming2004/>
*1830 – English explorer [[Richard Lander]] and his brother [[John Lander (explorer)|John]] descend the [[Niger River|Niger]] for more than {{convert|643|km|mi}} from [[Bussa, Nigeria|Bussa]] to its mouth.<ref name=Fleming2004/>
*1831–32 – [[John Biscoe]] discovers [[Enderby Land]]; following year discovers [[Adelaide Island|Adelaide]], [[Anvers Island|Anvers]], and [[Biscoe Islands]].<ref name=Mills/>
*1831–32 – [[John Biscoe]] discovers [[Enderby Land]]; following year discovers [[Adelaide Island|Adelaide]], [[Anvers Island|Anvers]], and [[Biscoe Islands]].<ref name=Mills/>
*1833 – [[Andrei Glazunov]] and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the [[Yukon River]].<ref name=Hayes/>
*1833 – [[Andrei Glazunov]] and Semyon Lukin discover the mouth of the [[Yukon River]].<ref name=Hayes/>
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| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780670032310
| url =https://archive.org/details/seaofgloryameric00phil| url-access = registration
| url =https://archive.org/details/seaofgloryameric00phil| url-access = registration
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the [[Ross Sea]], reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano [[Mount Erebus]] on [[Ross Island]], the [[Ross Ice Shelf]], and [[Victoria Land]]. He also sights [[Snow Hill Island|Snow Hill]], [[Seymour Island|Seymour]], and [[James Ross Island]].<ref name=Ross1843>{{cite book
*1841–43 – James Clark Ross discovers the [[Ross Sea]], reaches 78°09′30″S, and discovers the active volcano [[Mount Erebus]] on [[Ross Island]], the [[Ross Ice Shelf]], and [[Victoria Land]]. He also sights [[Snow Hill Island|Snow Hill]], [[Seymour Island|Seymour]], and [[James Ross Island]].<ref name=Ross1843>{{cite book
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| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780786709939
| url =https://archive.org/details/fatalpassagetrue00mcgo| url-access = registration
| url =https://archive.org/details/fatalpassagetrue00mcgo| url-access = registration
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*c. 1847–48 – [[António da Silva Porto]] reaches the upper [[Zambezi]].<ref name=Jeal1973/>
*c. 1847–48 – [[António da Silva Porto]] reaches the upper [[Zambezi]].<ref name=Jeal1973/>
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| year = 1999
| year = 1999
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780312223724
| url =https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0}}</ref>
| url =https://archive.org/details/searchfornorth00savo_0}}</ref>
*1850 – [[Edwin De Haven]] sails up [[Wellington Channel]], discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the [[Grinnell Peninsula]], which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island).<ref name=Savours/>
*1850 – [[Edwin De Haven]] sails up [[Wellington Channel]], discovering and naming "Grinnell Land" (the [[Grinnell Peninsula]], which forms the northwestern corner of Devon Island).<ref name=Savours/>
*1850–54 – [[Robert McClure]] transits the [[Northwest Passage]] (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some {{convert|2736|km|mi}} of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to [[Prince Albert Sound]] in the south), in the process discovering [[Prince of Wales Strait]] and [[McClure Strait]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Discovery of the North-West Passage |last=McClure |first=Robert|editor1-first=Sherard |editor1-last=Osborn |editor1-link=Sherard Osborn |year=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SGUZAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref name=Armstrong1>{{cite book |title=A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage|last=Armstrong |first=Alexander |year=1857 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/apersonalnarrat00armsgoog
*1850–54 – [[Robert McClure]] transits the [[Northwest Passage]] (by boat and sledge); he and his men also chart some {{convert|2736|km|mi}} of new coastline, consisting of the entire coast of Banks Island and much of the northwestern coast of Victoria Island (from just east of Point Reynolds in the north to [[Prince Albert Sound]] in the south), in the process discovering [[Prince of Wales Strait]] and [[McClure Strait]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Discovery of the North-West Passage |last=McClure |first=Robert|editor1-first=Sherard |editor1-last=Osborn |editor1-link=Sherard Osborn |year=1856 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SGUZAAAAMAAJ }}</ref><ref name=Armstrong1>{{cite book |title=A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage|last=Armstrong |first=Alexander |year=1857 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/apersonalnarrat00armsgoog
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*1866–68 – A group of [[French colonial empire|French colonial]] officers, led by [[Ernest Doudard de Lagrée]], undertakes a [[Mekong expedition of 1866–1868|naval exploration and scientific expedition]] of the Mekong River and into [[Yunnan|Southern China]].<ref name="end-of-empires">{{cite journal |url=http://end-of-empires-south-east-asia.wikispaces.com/file/view/THE+MEKONG+EXPLORATION+COMMISSION.pdf |title=The Mekong Exploration Commission, 1866 – 68: Anglo-French Rivalry in South East Asia |last=Keay |first=John |journal=[[Asian Affairs]] |volume=XXXVI| issue = III |publisher=Routledge |date=November 2005 |accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>
*1866–68 – A group of [[French colonial empire|French colonial]] officers, led by [[Ernest Doudard de Lagrée]], undertakes a [[Mekong expedition of 1866–1868|naval exploration and scientific expedition]] of the Mekong River and into [[Yunnan|Southern China]].<ref name="end-of-empires">{{cite journal |url=http://end-of-empires-south-east-asia.wikispaces.com/file/view/THE+MEKONG+EXPLORATION+COMMISSION.pdf |title=The Mekong Exploration Commission, 1866 – 68: Anglo-French Rivalry in South East Asia |last=Keay |first=John |journal=[[Asian Affairs]] |volume=XXXVI| issue = III |publisher=Routledge |date=November 2005 |accessdate=3 April 2015}}</ref>
*1869 – American naturalist [[John Wesley Powell]] leads the first expedition to travel the entire length of the [[Colorado River]] through the [[Grand Canyon]].
*1869 – American naturalist [[John Wesley Powell]] leads the first expedition to travel the entire length of the [[Colorado River]] through the [[Grand Canyon]].
*1869–70 – [[Carl Koldewey]] and [[Julius von Payer]] explore the east coast of Greenland from 74°18’ to 77°01’N.<ref name=Fleming2001>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Fergus|title= Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/ninetydegreesnor00flem|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1869–70 – [[Carl Koldewey]] and [[Julius von Payer]] explore the east coast of Greenland from 74°18’ to 77°01’N.<ref name=Fleming2001>{{cite book|last=Fleming|first=Fergus|title= Ninety Degrees North: The Quest for the North Pole|publisher=Grove Press|year=2001|location=New York|isbn=9780802117250 |url=https://archive.org/details/ninetydegreesnor00flem|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1871 – [[Charles Francis Hall]] reaches [[Robeson Channel]], sailing his ship as far north as 82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.<ref name=Dick>{{cite book
*1871 – [[Charles Francis Hall]] reaches [[Robeson Channel]], sailing his ship as far north as 82°11’N; he later travels by sledge to 83°05’N.<ref name=Dick>{{cite book
| last = Dick
| last = Dick
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[[File:Severnaya Zemlya - raising of the Russian flag in 1913.jpg|thumb|Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the Russian flag in 1913.]]
[[File:Severnaya Zemlya - raising of the Russian flag in 1913.jpg|thumb|Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the Russian flag in 1913.]]


*1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from [[Cape Washington, Greenland|Cape Washington]] to [[Cape Clarence Wyckoff]], on the way reaching [[Cape Morris Jesup]], the most northern point of mainland Greenland.<ref name=Mirsky>{{cite book|last=Mirsky|first=Jeannette|title=To the Arctic: The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1970|location=Chicago|url=https://archive.org/details/toarcticstoryofn0000mirs|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1900 – Peary explores the north coast of Greenland from [[Cape Washington, Greenland|Cape Washington]] to [[Cape Clarence Wyckoff]], on the way reaching [[Cape Morris Jesup]], the most northern point of mainland Greenland.<ref name=Mirsky>{{cite book|last=Mirsky|first=Jeannette|title=To the Arctic: The story of northern exploration from earliest times to the present|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1970|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226531786 |url=https://archive.org/details/toarcticstoryofn0000mirs|url-access=registration}}</ref>
*1902–04 – [[Robert Falcon Scott]] traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the [[Edward VII Peninsula]], reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing {{convert|600|km|mi}} of the west coast of the shelf), crosses the [[Transantarctic Mountains]] and discovers the [[Antarctic Plateau]], penetrating nearly {{convert|240|km|mi}} into it; he is also the first to see the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys|dry valleys]] of the [[Antarctic]].<ref name=Crane>{{cite book
*1902–04 – [[Robert Falcon Scott]] traces the length of the Ross Ice Shelf, discovers the [[Edward VII Peninsula]], reaches about 82°11’ S (in the process tracing {{convert|600|km|mi}} of the west coast of the shelf), crosses the [[Transantarctic Mountains]] and discovers the [[Antarctic Plateau]], penetrating nearly {{convert|240|km|mi}} into it; he is also the first to see the [[McMurdo Dry Valleys|dry valleys]] of the [[Antarctic]].<ref name=Crane>{{cite book
| last = Crane
| last = Crane
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| year = 2006
| year = 2006
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780375415272
| url =https://archive.org/details/scottofantarctic00cran| url-access = registration
| url =https://archive.org/details/scottofantarctic00cran| url-access = registration
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] leads the first expedition to traverse the entire [[Northwest Passage]], in the sloop ''[[Gjøa]]''; Godfred Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N, 104°45'W).<ref name=Amundsen>{{cite book|last=Amundsen|first=Roald and Godfred Hansen|title=Roald Amundsen's "The North West Passage"; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gjøa" 1903–1907|publisher=A Constable and Co.|year=1908|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>
*1903–06 – Norwegian polar explorer [[Roald Amundsen]] leads the first expedition to traverse the entire [[Northwest Passage]], in the sloop ''[[Gjøa]]''; Godfred Hansen, his second-in-command, charts the east coast of Victoria Island north to Cape Nansen (72°02'N, 104°45'W).<ref name=Amundsen>{{cite book|last=Amundsen|first=Roald and Godfred Hansen|title=Roald Amundsen's "The North West Passage"; being the record of a voyage of exploration of the ship "Gjøa" 1903–1907|publisher=A Constable and Co.|year=1908|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA27}}</ref>
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*1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the [[South Pole]]. Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return journey.<ref name=Crane/>
*1911–12 – Amundsen becomes the first person to reach the [[South Pole]]. Scott and his team reach the Pole over a month later, all perishing on the return journey.<ref name=Crane/>
*1913 – [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|Frederick Bailey]] and [[Henry Morshead]] on their [[Bailey–Morshead exploration of Tsangpo Gorge|exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge]] discover the route of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] river.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=Kenneth|title=In Memoriam: Henry Treise Morshead|journal=Himalayan Journal|date=1932|volume=4|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|accessdate=12 August 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814003240/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|archivedate=14 August 2014}}</ref>
*1913 – [[Frederick Marshman Bailey|Frederick Bailey]] and [[Henry Morshead]] on their [[Bailey–Morshead exploration of Tsangpo Gorge|exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge]] discover the route of the [[Yarlung Tsangpo]] river.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mason|first1=Kenneth|title=In Memoriam: Henry Treise Morshead|journal=Himalayan Journal|date=1932|volume=4|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|accessdate=12 August 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814003240/https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/04/17/in-memorium/|archivedate=14 August 2014}}</ref>
*1913–14 – [[Boris Vilkitsky]] and Per Novopashennyy discover [[Severnaya Zemlya]], surveying parts of its eastern coast from [[Arctic Cape|Mys Arkticheskiy]] to Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva.<ref name=Barr1975>{{cite journal|author=Barr, William |year=1975|title=Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery |journal=Geographical Journal|volume=141|number=1|pages=59–71|doi=10.2307/1796946|jstor=1796946}}</ref>
*1913–14 – [[Boris Vilkitsky]] and Per Novopashennyy discover [[Severnaya Zemlya]], surveying parts of its eastern coast from [[Arctic Cape|Mys Arkticheskiy]] to Mys Vaygacha (its southeast point), as well as much of its south coast west to Mys Neupokoyeva.<ref name=Barr1975>{{cite journal|author=Barr, William |year=1975|title=Severnaya Zemlya: the last major discovery |journal=Geographical Journal|volume=141|number=1|pages=59–71|doi=10.2307/1796946|jstor=1796946|bibcode=1975GeogJ.141...59B }}</ref>
*1915–17 – [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]] discovers [[Brock Island|Brock]], [[Mackenzie King Island|Mackenzie King]], [[Borden Island|Borden]], [[Meighen Island|Meighen]], and [[Lougheed Island]]s; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and [[Stefansson Island]].<ref name=Mills/><ref name=Stefansson>{{cite book
*1915–17 – [[Vilhjalmur Stefansson]] discovers [[Brock Island|Brock]], [[Mackenzie King Island|Mackenzie King]], [[Borden Island|Borden]], [[Meighen Island|Meighen]], and [[Lougheed Island]]s; one of his men, Storker T. Storkerson, charts part of the northeast coast of Victoria Island, discovering the Storkerson Peninsula and [[Stefansson Island]].<ref name=Mills/><ref name=Stefansson>{{cite book
| last = Stefansson
| last = Stefansson
Line 1,076: Line 1,084:
*1954 – [[Lino Lacedelli]] and [[Achille Compagnoni]] are the first to ascend [[K2]] on the [[1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2|Italian Karakoram expedition]].<ref>{{cite book |title=K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain|last=Curran|first=Jim|year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-66007-2}}</ref>
*1954 – [[Lino Lacedelli]] and [[Achille Compagnoni]] are the first to ascend [[K2]] on the [[1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2|Italian Karakoram expedition]].<ref>{{cite book |title=K2: The Story of the Savage Mountain|last=Curran|first=Jim|year=1995 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-66007-2}}</ref>
*1957 – [[Finn Ronne]] discovers [[Berkner Island]].
*1957 – [[Finn Ronne]] discovers [[Berkner Island]].
*1978 – A Danish survey team discovers [[Oodaaq]], a gravel bank north of [[Kaffeklubben Island]], Greenland.<ref name="guardian2021">{{cite news |date=28 August 2021 |title=Scientists discover ‘world’s northernmost island’ off Greenland’s coast |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/28/scientists-discover-worlds-northernmost-island-off-greenlands-coast |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828042237/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/28/scientists-discover-worlds-northernmost-island-off-greenlands-coast |archive-date=28 August 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 01:08, 26 October 2024

Columbus before the Queen, imagined by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1843

This timeline of European exploration lists major geographic discoveries and other firsts credited to or involving Europeans during the Age of Discovery and the following centuries, between the years AD 1418 and 1957.

Despite several significant transoceanic and transcontinental explorations by European civilizations in the preceding centuries, the precise geography of the Earth outside of Europe was largely unknown to Europeans before the 15th century, when technological advances (especially in sea travel) as well as the rise of colonialism, mercantilism, and a host of other social, cultural, and economic changes made it possible to organize large-scale exploratory expeditions to uncharted parts of the globe.

The Age of Discovery arguably began in the early 15th century with the rounding of the feared Cape Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, while in the last decade of the century the Spanish sent expeditions far across the Atlantic, where the Americas would eventually be reached, and the Portuguese found a sea route to India. In the 16th century, various European states funded expeditions to the interior of both North and South America, as well as to their respective west and east coasts, north to California and Labrador and south to Chile and Tierra del Fuego. In the 17th century, Russian explorers conquered Siberia in search of sables, while the Dutch contributed greatly to the charting of Australia. The 18th century witnessed the first extensive explorations of the South Pacific and Oceania and the exploration of Alaska, while the 19th was dominated by exploration of the polar regions and excursions into the heart of Africa. By the early 20th century, the poles themselves had been reached.

15th century

[edit]
Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut, illustration for Os Lusíadas, 1880 by Ernesto Casanova

16th century

[edit]
An old painting depicting a wooden sailing ship with sails full blown by the wind
Pedro Álvares Cabral's ship on the fleet that sighted the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500. From the manuscript Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia
Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ("South Sea").
Map of the island city Tenochtitlán and Mexico gulf made by one of Hernán Cortés' men, 1524, Newberry Library, Chicago
Discovery of the Mississippi by William H. Powell (1823–1879) is a Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861–1909
Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego, California
Crew of Willem Barentsz fighting a polar bear, 1596

17th century

[edit]
The Last Voyage of Henry Hudson, John Collier's 1881 painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift.
A 17th-century koch in a museum in Krasnoyarsk. Kochi were used to explore the Siberian watershed and coasts by men such as Kurochkin, Perfilyev and Dezhnev.
"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.
The expedition of Semyon Dezhnyov by Klavdy Lebedev
Pere Marquette and the Indians at the Mississippi River, oil painting (1869) by Wilhelm Lamprecht (1838–1906), at Marquette University.

18th century

[edit]
Cook's map of New Zealand
Resolution and Adventure in Matavai Bay by William Hodges
"Mount Rainier from the south Part of Admiralty Inlet". The mountain was discovered by Vancouver during his exploration of Puget Sound in the spring of 1792.
Inscription at the end of the Alexander Mackenzie's Canada crossing located at 52°22′43″N 127°28′14″W / 52.37861°N 127.47056°W / 52.37861; -127.47056

19th century

[edit]
The famous map of Lewis and Clark's expedition. It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.
Colour drawing of Simon Fraser's 1808 descent of the Fraser River.
"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting into Winter Harbour, 26 September 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.
John Franklin's party encamped at Point Turnagain, the furthest point he reached.
HMS Investigator, on the northwestern coast of Banks Island, 20 August 1851.
Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing the Northwest Passage, including the 1851 route of the Investigator.
The first ascent of the Matterhorn, by Gustave Doré.
The original survey map created by L.M. D'Albertis in 1876.
A group of men pose on the ice with dogs and sledges, with the ship's outline visible in the background
Nansen and Johansen finally depart on their polar journey, 14 March 1895. Nansen is the tall figure, second from left; Johansen is standing second from right.
The Mekong Exploration Commission at Angkor in 1866
From left to right: Francis Garnier, Louis Delaporte, Clovis Thorel, Captain Ernest Doudart de Lagrée, Lucien Joubert, Louis de Carné
engraving from photo by Émile Gsell

20th century

[edit]
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right: Amundsen, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting (photo by fifth member Bjaaland).
Five men in heavy clothing and headgear; three are standing and two seated on the ground. The standing men carry flags; all five have dejected expressions
Scott's party at the South Pole, 18 January 1912. L to R: (standing) Wilson, Scott, Oates; (seated) Bowers, Edgar Evans.
Severnaya Zemlya – raising of the Russian flag in 1913.

See also

[edit]
History
portal
mapEurope
portal

References

[edit]
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Further reading

[edit]
  • Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. Harper encyclopedia of the modern world: a concise reference history from 1760 to the present (1970) online
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