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{{Short description|Red Army commander (1887–1919)}}
{{Short description|Red Army commander (1887–1919)}}
{{Redirect2|Chapayev|Chapaev||Chapayev (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect2|Chapayev|Chapaev||Chapayev (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Ivanovich|Chapayev|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{family name hatnote|Ivanovich|Chapayev|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
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|birth_name=
|birth_name=
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|02|09|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|02|09|df=y}}
|birth_place = Budayka, [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now part of [[Cheboksary]] in [[Chuvash Republic]])
|birth_place = Budayka, [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] (now part of [[Cheboksary]], [[Chuvashia]], Russia)
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|09|05|1887|01|09|df=y}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|09|05|1887|01|09|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Ural Oblast (Russian Empire)|Ural Oblast]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (now [[West Kazakhstan Province]])
|death_place = [[Ural Oblast (Russian Empire)|Ural Oblast]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (now part of [[West Kazakhstan Region]], Kazakhstan)
|body_discovered =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|death_cause =
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|awards = [[Cross of St. George]] (3)
|awards = [[Cross of St. George]] (3)
}}
}}
[[File:Дом-музей Чапаева.jpg|thumb|Сhapayev's birthplace (today the house-museum "Chapayevs' [[Log House]]")]]
[[File:Дом-музей Чапаева.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Сhapayev's birthplace (today the house-museum "Chapayevs' [[Log House]]"; moved from the original location)]]


'''Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev''' or '''Chapaev''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Василий Иванович Чапаев}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 February|1887|28 January}}{{snd}}5 September 1919) was a Russian soldier and [[Red Army]] commander during the [[Russian Civil War]].
'''Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev'''{{efn|Also transliterated as '''Chapaev'''}} ({{langx|ru|link=no|Василий Иванович Чапаев}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 February|1887|28 January}}{{snd}}5 September 1919) was a Russian soldier and [[Red Army]] commander during the [[Russian Civil War]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Chapayev was born into a poor peasant family in a village called Budayka, now part of [[Cheboksary]]. During [[World War I]], he fought as a [[non-commissioned officer]] and was awarded the [[Cross of St. George]] three times. In September 1917, he joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] ([[Bolsheviks]]). In December he was elected commander of the 138 Infantry Regiment by a vote of the regiment's soldiers. He later commanded the 2nd Nikolaev Division and the [[25th Rifle Division]].
Chapayev was born into a poor peasant family in a village called {{ill|Budayka|ru|Будайка}}, now part of [[Cheboksary]]. During [[World War I]], he fought as a [[non-commissioned officer]] and was awarded the [[Cross of St. George (Russia)|Cross of St. George]] three times.


In September 1917, he joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] ([[Bolsheviks]]). In December he was elected commander of the 138 Infantry Regiment by a vote of the regiment's soldiers. He later commanded the 2nd Nikolaev Division and the [[25th Rifle Division]].
On 5 September 1919, the divisional headquarters near Lbishchensk (now renamed [[Chapaev, Kazakhstan|Chapayev]] in his honour) were ambushed by [[White movement|White Army]] forces. According to official sources, Chapayev tried to escape by swimming across the [[Ural River]], but was never again seen alive. "In 1919, a wounded Chapayev was shot and drowned in the Ural river".<ref name=moscowtimes>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2014|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/following-in-chapayevs-footsteps/254889.html|author=Valeria Korchagina|title=Following in Chapayev's Footsteps|newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]]|issue=2154|date=2 March 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201156/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/following-in-chapayevs-footsteps/254889.html|url-status=live|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> His body was never recovered, but the town where he died was later renamed Chapaev, and a museum was established in 1927.

===Death===
On 5 September 1919, the divisional headquarters near Lbishchensk (renamed [[Chapaev, Kazakhstan|Chapayev]] in his honour) were ambushed by [[White movement|White Army]] forces ({{ill|Lbishchensk raid|ru|Лбищенский рейд}}). The circumstances of Chapayev's death are uncertain and his body was never recovered. The canonical version that the wounded Chapayev drowned when trying to cross the [[Ural River]] was particularly popularized by the 1934 ''[[Chapayev (film)|Chapayev]]'' (which was approved by Stalin himself and quickly gained the [[cult film|cult status]] not only in the Soviet Union, but among Russian emigrants as well<ref>Павел Аптекарь, ''Чапаев'', in series "Жизнь замечательных людей", 2017, {{ISBN|978-5-235-03983-4}}</ref>).

Several other versions have been in circulation.<ref>Борис Рожнов, [https://www.ng.ru/ideas/2023-05-23/8_8730_chapaev.html Утонул ли Василий Чапаев в реке Урал?], ''[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]'', May 23, 2023</ref> In 1926, the newspapers [[Pravda]], [[Izvestia]] and ''[[Krasnaya Zvezda]]'' reported on the arrest of the former Cossack officer Trofimov-Mirsky, who allegedly shot Chapaev after capturing him during a raid on Lbishensk. Chapaev's daughter Clavdiya and his great-granddaughter Yevgeniya wrote about the betrayal of the commander and the organization of his death by [[Leon Trotsky]], as well as about the participation in the conspiracy of Pelageya Kameshkertseva. None of the "non-canonical" versions received documentary evidence.{{sfn|Дайнес|2010|pp=436−439}}


==Private life==
==Private life==
In 1908 Chapayev became acquainted with Pelageya Metelina, who was 18. Although his father didn't approve of their relations, Vasily Ivanovich married her. They lived together for 6 years, and had three children, one of whom was Klavdia Chapayeva. Though there was no official divorce, in 1917 Chapayev started living with the widow of his deceased fellow-soldier Petr Kishkertsev. Curiously enough, her name was also Pelageya. Chapayev adopted both of her children. Currently{{when|date=July 2022}} the only relative that remains is his great-great-granddaughter Vasilisa Chapayeva, with her parents Yevgenia Chapayeva and Viktor Pecherin.<ref name=moscowtimes/>
In 1908 Chapayev became acquainted with Pelageya Metelina, who was 18. Although his father didn't approve of their relations, Chapayev married her. They lived together for 6 years, and had three children, one of whom was Klavdiya Chapayeva. Though there was no official divorce, in 1917 Chapayev started living with the widow of his deceased fellow-soldier Pyotr Kishkertsev. Curiously enough, her name was also Pelageya. Chapayev adopted both of her children. Currently{{when|date=July 2022}} the only relative that remains is his great-great-granddaughter Vasilisa Chapayeva, with her parents Yevgenia Chapayeva and Viktor Pecherin.


==Legacy==
==In Russian culture==
[[File:Tchapaev (timbre soviétique).jpg|thumb|140px|right|Chapayev on a 1948 [[Soviet Union]] [[postage stamp]]]]
[[File:Cheboksary Chapaev Museum.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The Chapaev museum in [[Cheboksary]], Russia]]
Memorial museums of Chapaev were opened in Cheboksary near the place of his birth; in the city of [[Pugachyov|Pugachev]] (former Nikolaevsk), with a branch in the city of Balakovo, where he spent his childhood and youth. Museums have also been opened in the buildings where the headquarters of the 25th Infantry Division was located during the Civil War: in the village of Krasny Yar in the Ufimsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the town of Belebey of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the city of Uralsk and in the village of Lbischenskaya (now the town of [[Chapaev, Kazakhstan|Chapaev]]) at the site of the last battle division chief. In the Soviet years, museums dedicated to Chapaev and the combat path of the 25th division existed in many schools.


Dozens of settlements in the Samara ([[Chapayevsk]]), Saratov, Orenburg regions and other regions of Russia are named after Chapaev, [[Chapaev, Kazakhstan|Lbishensk]] in modern Kazakhstan was also renamed in his honor during the Soviet era, Chapaev streets exist in hundreds of settlements on the territory of the former USSR, the [[Chapayevka (river)|Chapaevka River]] was named after him. In 1937, the Kiev cinema "Lira" on Bolshaya Zhitomirskaya Street, 40 was renamed the "Chapaev cinema".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kino-teatr.ua/cinema/lira-28.phtml|title=Кинотеатр ЛИРА (Киев) &#124; афиша, расписание фильмов, описание, адрес кинотеатра ЛИРА - Kino-teatr.ua|website=kino-teatr.ua|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525062349/https://kino-teatr.ua/cinema/lira-28.phtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
After the [[Soviet Union]] had been established, Chapayev was immortalized by [[Soviet propaganda]] as a hero of the [[Russian Civil War]]. In 1923, a Russian writer, [[Dmitri Furmanov|Dmitriy Furmanov]], who served as a [[Comissar|commissar]] in Chapayev's division wrote a popular novel entitled ''Chapaev''. Later, in 1934, it was made into [[Chapayev (film)|a film ''Chapayev'']] by the [[Vasilyev brothers]]. The movie became highly popular in the Soviet Union. The German actor and singer [[Ernst Busch (actor)|Ernst Busch]] also recorded the song ''Tschapajews Tod'', which talks about his death in the Ural.

[[File:Памятник Чапаеву и театр.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Monument to Chapaev and the drama theatre in Samara, Russia]]
Monuments to Chapaev were erected in the cities of [[Monument to Vasily Chapaev (Samara)|Samara (1932)]], in St. Petersburg (1933), in Pugachev (1957),<ref name="Пугачёв">{{cite web|url=http://pugachev-sar.ru/p14.htm|title=Памятники города Пугачёв|publisher=Город Пугачёв|accessdate=2014-01-17|lang=ru|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223553/http://pugachev-sar.ru/p14.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> in Cheboksary (1960) (earlier since the 1930s it was located on the territory of [[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]] in Moscow), in the village of Chapaev - a stele at the site of the alleged death and a monument on the central square (1979), in Uralsk (1982),<ref name="Уральск">{{cite web|url=http://turbina.ru/guide/Uralsk-Kazakhstan-102590/Otzyvy/Tchto-delat-dostoprimetchatelnosti/Arkhitektura-Pamyatniki/3/0/Pamyatnik-Tchapaevu-31724/Otzyv/Gulyal-po-Uralu-Tchapaev-geroy-53970/|title=Гулял по Уралу Чапаев-герой|publisher=Турбина.ру|accessdate=2014-01-17|lang=ru|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183936/http://turbina.ru/guide/Uralsk-Kazakhstan-102590/Otzyvy/Tchto-delat-dostoprimetchatelnosti/Arkhitektura-Pamyatniki/3/0/Pamyatnik-Tchapaevu-31724/Otzyv/Gulyal-po-Uralu-Tchapaev-geroy-53970/|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as in dozens of other cities and towns of the former Soviet Union. In 1973, for the museum in Uralsk, Efim Deshalyt painted the diorama "The Last Battle of Chapaev", in 1976 for the museum in Chapaev - the diorama "Fight of the Chapaevs in the village of Lbischenskaya" by artists Veniamin Sibirsky and Evgeny Danilevsky.{{sfn|Дайнес|2010|p=449}}

==In Russian culture==
[[File:Tchapaev (timbre soviétique).jpg|thumb|200px|right|Chapayev on a 1948 [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[postage stamp]]]]
[[File:Почтовая марка СССР № 5731. 1986. 400-летие города Куйбышева.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The monument to Chapaev in Samara on a 1986 Soviet stamp commemorating the city's 400th anniversary]]
After the [[Soviet Union]] had been established, Chapayev was immortalized by [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]] as a hero of the [[Russian Civil War]]. In 1923, a Russian writer, [[Dmitri Furmanov|Dmitriy Furmanov]], who served as a [[Comissar|commissar]] in Chapayev's division wrote a popular novel entitled ''Chapaev''. Later, in 1934, it was made into [[Chapayev (film)|a film ''Chapayev'']] by the [[Vasilyev brothers]]. The movie became highly popular in the Soviet Union. The German actor and singer [[Ernst Busch (actor)|Ernst Busch]] also recorded the song ''Tschapajews Tod'', which talks about his death in the Ural.


More recently, he became one of the central characters in the novel ''[[Chapayev and Void]]'' by modern Russian writer [[Viktor Pelevin]].
More recently, he became one of the central characters in the novel ''[[Chapayev and Void]]'' by modern Russian writer [[Viktor Pelevin]].
Line 44: Line 58:
In November 1998, [[Red Comrades Save the Galaxy]], a point-and-click graphic adventure game was developed by S.K.I.F. and published by Buka Entertainment (now [[1C Company]]). The game's protagonist Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev, is inspired by Chapayev.
In November 1998, [[Red Comrades Save the Galaxy]], a point-and-click graphic adventure game was developed by S.K.I.F. and published by Buka Entertainment (now [[1C Company]]). The game's protagonist Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev, is inspired by Chapayev.


Chapayev, along with his aide Petka, became [[Russian jokes#Vasily Ivanovich|a recurring character]] in popular [[Russian jokes]].
Chapayev, along with his aide Petka, [[Dmitry Furmanov|commissar Furmanov]], and Anka the Mashine-gunner, became [[Russian jokes#Vasily Ivanovich|a recurring character]] in popular [[Russian jokes]].


==See also==
==See also==
Line 53: Line 67:
*[[Chapaev Battalion]]
*[[Chapaev Battalion]]
*[[Chapaev Peak]], a mountain in Kyrgyzstan named after Chapayev
*[[Chapaev Peak]], a mountain in Kyrgyzstan named after Chapayev

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


==References==
==References==
Line 62: Line 79:
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy.asp?page=./1/13313/13916 Василий Иванович Чапаев]: Biography in Russian.
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy.asp?page=./1/13313/13916 Василий Иванович Чапаев]: Biography in Russian.
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/7378/7401/7402 "ГУЛЯЛ ПО УРАЛУ ЧАПАЕВ-ГЕРОЙ..."]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?page=./86/3743/7378/7401/7402 "ГУЛЯЛ ПО УРАЛУ ЧАПАЕВ-ГЕРОЙ..."]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book| last1 = Дайнес | first1 = В. О. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Чапаев | orig-year = | agency = | edition = {{nowrap|5000 экз}} |location= М. |date = 2010 |publisher= Вече |volume= | series = Великие исторические персоны | isbn = 978-5-9533-4952-9}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 03:49, 26 October 2024

Vasily Chapayev
Born(1887-02-09)9 February 1887
Budayka, Kazan Governorate, Russian Empire (now part of Cheboksary, Chuvashia, Russia)
Died5 September 1919(1919-09-05) (aged 32)
Known forRed Army commander during the Russian Civil War
Parent(s)Ivan Stepanovich Chapaev, Yekaterina Semyonovna Chapaeva
AwardsCross of St. George (3)
Сhapayev's birthplace (today the house-museum "Chapayevs' Log House"; moved from the original location)

Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev[a] (Russian: Василий Иванович Чапаев; 9 February [O.S. 28 January] 1887 – 5 September 1919) was a Russian soldier and Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War.

Biography

[edit]

Chapayev was born into a poor peasant family in a village called Budayka [ru], now part of Cheboksary. During World War I, he fought as a non-commissioned officer and was awarded the Cross of St. George three times.

In September 1917, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks). In December he was elected commander of the 138 Infantry Regiment by a vote of the regiment's soldiers. He later commanded the 2nd Nikolaev Division and the 25th Rifle Division.

Death

[edit]

On 5 September 1919, the divisional headquarters near Lbishchensk (renamed Chapayev in his honour) were ambushed by White Army forces (Lbishchensk raid [ru]). The circumstances of Chapayev's death are uncertain and his body was never recovered. The canonical version that the wounded Chapayev drowned when trying to cross the Ural River was particularly popularized by the 1934 Chapayev (which was approved by Stalin himself and quickly gained the cult status not only in the Soviet Union, but among Russian emigrants as well[1]).

Several other versions have been in circulation.[2] In 1926, the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and Krasnaya Zvezda reported on the arrest of the former Cossack officer Trofimov-Mirsky, who allegedly shot Chapaev after capturing him during a raid on Lbishensk. Chapaev's daughter Clavdiya and his great-granddaughter Yevgeniya wrote about the betrayal of the commander and the organization of his death by Leon Trotsky, as well as about the participation in the conspiracy of Pelageya Kameshkertseva. None of the "non-canonical" versions received documentary evidence.[3]

Private life

[edit]

In 1908 Chapayev became acquainted with Pelageya Metelina, who was 18. Although his father didn't approve of their relations, Chapayev married her. They lived together for 6 years, and had three children, one of whom was Klavdiya Chapayeva. Though there was no official divorce, in 1917 Chapayev started living with the widow of his deceased fellow-soldier Pyotr Kishkertsev. Curiously enough, her name was also Pelageya. Chapayev adopted both of her children. Currently[when?] the only relative that remains is his great-great-granddaughter Vasilisa Chapayeva, with her parents Yevgenia Chapayeva and Viktor Pecherin.

Legacy

[edit]
The Chapaev museum in Cheboksary, Russia

Memorial museums of Chapaev were opened in Cheboksary near the place of his birth; in the city of Pugachev (former Nikolaevsk), with a branch in the city of Balakovo, where he spent his childhood and youth. Museums have also been opened in the buildings where the headquarters of the 25th Infantry Division was located during the Civil War: in the village of Krasny Yar in the Ufimsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the town of Belebey of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the city of Uralsk and in the village of Lbischenskaya (now the town of Chapaev) at the site of the last battle division chief. In the Soviet years, museums dedicated to Chapaev and the combat path of the 25th division existed in many schools.

Dozens of settlements in the Samara (Chapayevsk), Saratov, Orenburg regions and other regions of Russia are named after Chapaev, Lbishensk in modern Kazakhstan was also renamed in his honor during the Soviet era, Chapaev streets exist in hundreds of settlements on the territory of the former USSR, the Chapaevka River was named after him. In 1937, the Kiev cinema "Lira" on Bolshaya Zhitomirskaya Street, 40 was renamed the "Chapaev cinema".[4]

Monument to Chapaev and the drama theatre in Samara, Russia

Monuments to Chapaev were erected in the cities of Samara (1932), in St. Petersburg (1933), in Pugachev (1957),[5] in Cheboksary (1960) (earlier since the 1930s it was located on the territory of VDNKh in Moscow), in the village of Chapaev - a stele at the site of the alleged death and a monument on the central square (1979), in Uralsk (1982),[6] as well as in dozens of other cities and towns of the former Soviet Union. In 1973, for the museum in Uralsk, Efim Deshalyt painted the diorama "The Last Battle of Chapaev", in 1976 for the museum in Chapaev - the diorama "Fight of the Chapaevs in the village of Lbischenskaya" by artists Veniamin Sibirsky and Evgeny Danilevsky.[7]

In Russian culture

[edit]
Chapayev on a 1948 Soviet postage stamp
The monument to Chapaev in Samara on a 1986 Soviet stamp commemorating the city's 400th anniversary

After the Soviet Union had been established, Chapayev was immortalized by Soviet propaganda as a hero of the Russian Civil War. In 1923, a Russian writer, Dmitriy Furmanov, who served as a commissar in Chapayev's division wrote a popular novel entitled Chapaev. Later, in 1934, it was made into a film Chapayev by the Vasilyev brothers. The movie became highly popular in the Soviet Union. The German actor and singer Ernst Busch also recorded the song Tschapajews Tod, which talks about his death in the Ural.

More recently, he became one of the central characters in the novel Chapayev and Void by modern Russian writer Viktor Pelevin.

In November 1998, Red Comrades Save the Galaxy, a point-and-click graphic adventure game was developed by S.K.I.F. and published by Buka Entertainment (now 1C Company). The game's protagonist Vasily Ivanovich Chapaev, is inspired by Chapayev.

Chapayev, along with his aide Petka, commissar Furmanov, and Anka the Mashine-gunner, became a recurring character in popular Russian jokes.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also transliterated as Chapaev

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Павел Аптекарь, Чапаев, in series "Жизнь замечательных людей", 2017, ISBN 978-5-235-03983-4
  2. ^ Борис Рожнов, Утонул ли Василий Чапаев в реке Урал?, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, May 23, 2023
  3. ^ Дайнес 2010, pp. 436−439.
  4. ^ "Кинотеатр ЛИРА (Киев) | афиша, расписание фильмов, описание, адрес кинотеатра ЛИРА - Kino-teatr.ua". kino-teatr.ua. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  5. ^ "Памятники города Пугачёв" (in Russian). Город Пугачёв. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  6. ^ "Гулял по Уралу Чапаев-герой" (in Russian). Турбина.ру. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  7. ^ Дайнес 2010, p. 449.
[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Дайнес, В. О. (2010). Чапаев. Великие исторические персоны (5000 экз ed.). М.: Вече. ISBN 978-5-9533-4952-9.