Colonia Tovar: Difference between revisions
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{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}} |
{{More citations needed|date=January 2008}}{{Infobox settlement |
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| official_name = Colonia Tovar |
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{{copyedit|date=October 2021}} |
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| nickname = |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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| motto = |
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|official_name = Colonia Tovar |
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| image_skyline = [[File:Colonia-Tovar.jpg|300px]] |
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|nickname = |
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| image_caption = |
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|motto = |
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| image_flag = Bandera de la Colonia Tovar.svg |
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| image_shield = Escudo de la Colonia Tovar.svg |
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|image_caption = |
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| pushpin_map = Venezuela |
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|image_flag = Bandera de la Colonia Tovar.svg |
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| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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|image_shield = Escudo de la Colonia Tovar.svg |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States of Venezuela|State]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Venezuela|Municipality]] |
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|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] |
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|Venezuela}} |
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|subdivision_type1 = [[States of Venezuela|State]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Aragua]] |
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|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Venezuela|Municipality]] |
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Tovar Municipality, Aragua|Tovar Municipality]] |
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|subdivision_name = {{flag|Venezuela}} |
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| established_title = Founded |
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|subdivision_name1 = [[Aragua]] |
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| established_date = 8 April 1843 |
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|subdivision_name2 = [[Tovar Municipality, Aragua|Tovar Municipality]] |
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| established_title2 = |
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|established_title = Founded |
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| established_date2 = |
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|established_date = 8 April 1843 |
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| government_type = |
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|established_title2 = |
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| leader_title = |
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|established_date2 = |
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| leader_name = |
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|government_type = |
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| area_total_km2 = 250 |
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|leader_title = |
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| population_as_of = 2016 |
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|leader_name = |
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| population_footnotes = |
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|area_total_km2 = 250 |
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| population_total = 21,000 |
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|population_as_of = 2016 |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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|population_footnotes = |
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| timezone = [[Venezuelan Standard Time Zone|VET]] |
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|population_total = 21,000 |
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| utc_offset = −4 |
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|population_density_km2 = auto |
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| timezone_DST = |
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|timezone = [[Venezuelan Standard Time Zone|VET]] |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
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|utc_offset = −4 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|10|24|20|N|67|17|22|W|region:VE-D|display=inline,title}} |
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|timezone_DST = |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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|utc_offset_DST = |
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| elevation_m = 1800 |
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|coordinates = {{coord|10|24|20|N|67|17|22|W|region:VE-D|display=inline,title}} |
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| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |
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|elevation_footnotes= |
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| population_blank1 = Coloniero/a |
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|elevation_m = 1800 |
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| area_code = 0243, 0244 |
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|population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |
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| postal_code_type = Postal code |
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|population_blank1 = Coloniero/a |
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| postal_code = 1030 |
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|area_code = 0243, 0244 |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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|postal_code_type = Postal code |
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| blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] |
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|postal_code = 1030 |
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| website = [http://www.coloniatovar.net/ www.coloniatovar.net] |
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|blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| footnotes = |
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|blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] |
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| population_density_blank1_km2 = Veneco-Aleman |
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|website = [http://www.coloniatovar.net/ www.coloniatovar.net] |
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}} |
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|footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Colonia Tovar''' ({{ |
'''Colonia Tovar''' ({{langx|en|Tovar Colony}}) is a cold mountain town of [[Venezuela]], capital of the [[Tovar Municipality, Aragua|municipality Tovar]] in [[Aragua]] state. It is located about {{convert|65.5|km|0|abbr=on}} west of [[Caracas]]. It was founded on April 8, 1843, by a group of 390 immigrants<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Layrisse|first1=Z.|last2=Mendez-Castellano|first2=H.|last3=Balbas|first3=O.|last4=Ogando|first4=V.|last5=Montagnani|first5=S.|last6=Gendzekhadze|first6=K.|title=Colonia Tovar: the history of a semi-isolated Venezuelan population of German ancestry described by HLA Class I genes|url=https://www.academia.edu/33557045|journal=Tissue Antigens|year=2003 |language=en|volume=62|issue=5|pages=401–407|issn=0001-2815|doi=10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00119.x |pmid=14617047 }}</ref> from the then independent state of the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] (later incorporated into [[German Empire|Germany]]). It is characterized by the cultural imprint of its origin, so it is called "the Germany of the Caribbean". The economy depends primarily on agriculture and tourism. Colonia Tovar is known for its temperate crops ([[peach]]es, [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[Beetroot|beets]], [[cauliflower]], [[carrot]]s, [[cabbage]], [[chard]], [[broccoli]], [[lettuce]], [[onion]]s and [[potato]]es) and their derivatives. Since 1990 it has experienced high population growth, rising from 3,373 to 21,000 inhabitants in 2016. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{See also|Agustín Codazzi}} |
{{See also|Agustín Codazzi}} |
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Between 1806 and 1918 a state called the [[Baden|Grand Duchy of Baden]] occupied much of the eastern bank of the [[Rhine|Rhine River]] in the southwest corner of the mountainous wine-producing area [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl]]. |
Between 1806 and 1918, a state called the [[Baden|Grand Duchy of Baden]] occupied much of the eastern bank of the [[Rhine|Rhine River]] in the southwest corner of the mountainous wine-producing area [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl]]. This duchy provided the majority of settlers in Colonia Tovar. |
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A colonizing company was formed, composed of colonel [[Agostino Codazzi]] and Ramón Díaz, and as guarantor |
A colonizing company was formed, composed of colonel [[Agostino Codazzi]] and Ramón Díaz, and as guarantor Martín Tovar y Ponte (the Count of Tovar). Codazzi contacted residents of Kaiserstuhl and selected an area for the colony, choosing a site with geographic and climatic similarities to the German region. The land belonged to the nephew of Count of Tovar, [[Manuel Felipe Tovar]], who donated it for the creation of the colony. |
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On October 14, 1841, the territory was founded as ''Palmar del Tuy'' and construction of infrastructure was begun. Once completed, the colonizing company went to the town of [[Endingen am Kaiserstuhl|Endingen]] in Kaiserstuhl to select |
On October 14, 1841, the territory was founded as ''Palmar del Tuy'' and construction of infrastructure was begun. Once completed, the colonizing company went to the town of [[Endingen am Kaiserstuhl|Endingen]] in Kaiserstuhl to select settlers. Contracts between the company and immigrants were signed at the inn ''Der Pfauen'', a few meters from the entrance to the city. According to Alexander Benitz, the immigrants who embarked the ''Havre'' ship to Venezuela numbered 389: 239 men and 150 women,<ref name="[1]<ref>Jahn Montauban, Leopoldo. "La Colonia Tovar y su gente" Primera edición, 1990. Caracas, Venezuela. {{ISBN|980-07-0220-2}}</ref> most from Kaiserstuhl. They departed for Venezuela on December 18, 1842. |
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[[File:Map of Baden (1806-1945)-Kaiserstuhl (2).png|thumb|left|200px|The [[Baden|Grand Duchy of Baden]], in the west of present-day Germany, was an independent state until 1871, when it joined the [[German Empire]]. In the southwest corner is Kaiserstuhl and Endingen, from where the immigrant founders of Colonia Tovar came.]] |
[[File:Map of Baden (1806-1945)-Kaiserstuhl (2).png|thumb|left|200px|The [[Baden|Grand Duchy of Baden]], in the west of present-day Germany, was an independent state until 1871, when it joined the [[German Empire]]. In the southwest corner is Kaiserstuhl and Endingen, from where the immigrant founders of Colonia Tovar came.]] |
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They travelled along the Rhine, embarked at the port of [[Le Havre]] (France) on January 19, 1843, and arrived at the [[La Guaira]] on 4 March aboard the French ship ''Clemence'' piloted by Captain Malverin. The ship was scheduled to land on the Puerto Maya coast, north of La Victoria, but given that |
They travelled along the Rhine, embarked at the port of [[Le Havre]] (France) on January 19, 1843, and arrived at the [[La Guaira]] on 4 March aboard the French ship ''Clemence'' piloted by Captain Malverin. The ship was scheduled to land on the Puerto Maya coast, north of La Victoria, but given that no previous journeys had followed the path mapped by Codazzi, the ship was forced to turn to [[Choroní]] on an alternate path. This path was also designed by Codazzi and opened by engineer Inder Pellegrini, leaving La Victoria to the place assigned for the new population. However, they could not disembark immediately in Choroní because of a [[smallpox]] epidemic on board. The passengers and crew quarantined in Choroní from March 13. |
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On March 31, they headed to the city of [[Maracay]] and [[La Victoria, Aragua|La Victoria]] where |
On March 31, they headed to the city of [[Maracay]] and [[La Victoria, Aragua|La Victoria]] where they were received by [[President of Venezuela]] [[Carlos Soublette]]. Settlers arrived in Palmar del Tuy on April 8, 1843, 112 days after leaving Baden. That day is considered the foundation day of Colonia Tovar, which took the last name of the donor. The first residents included scientists, naturalists, writers and painters, such as [[Carl Ferdinand Appun]], [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|Hermann Karsten]], [[Karl Moritz]], [[Friedrich Gerstäcker]], [[Anton Goering]], [[Augustus Fendler]], [[Ferdinand Bellermann]] (a painter who was sponsored by [[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]]), some buried in the city cemetery. |
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Initially, the village was organized around the production of [[coffee]]. As "los colonieros" were thriving, production spread to new lands and activities such as growing vegetables and fruits, |
Initially, the village was organized around the production of [[coffee]]. As "''los colonieros''" were thriving, production spread to new lands and activities such as growing vegetables and fruits, sent to markets in [[Caracas]] or [[La Victoria, Venezuela|La Victoria]]. The manufacture of barrels became another income source. |
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For many years the colony was connected with [[Caracas]] by a river. The difficulty of communication, isolation and the environmental setting so different from the mountains of Germany kept the people isolated |
For many years the colony was connected with [[Caracas]] by a river. The difficulty of communication, isolation and the environmental setting so different from the mountains of Germany kept the people relatively isolated, with slow or even negative population growth, due to [[rural exodus]]. |
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That trend |
That trend reversed in the 1960s, when Colonia Tovar took up tourism, which led to significant economic development and population growth. It became one of the richest towns in the country measured by population and one of the highest in terms of quality of life. |
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The descendants of early settlers fully integrated into the country and the town natively speaks [[Spanish language|Spanish]], although German fluency is common. |
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Colonia Tovar's prosperity in turn led to high population growth, from 3,373 to 14,309 inhabitants in 2001. |
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Currently the paths tend to become congested at weekends due to the large number of visitors. The ancient descendants of early settlers are fully integrated into the country and have been crossbred with the native population. The town speaks Spanish and some have had to rescue their knowledge of German and improve because of the demands by the arrival of many German tourists, who are always surprised to find a typical German town in the tropics. |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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Colonia Tovar is located between 1,600 and 2,200 meters above sea level, in the central part of the [[Venezuelan Coastal Range]]. It is connected with [[Caracas]] and [[La Victoria, Venezuela|La Victoria]] by road. Its climate is temperate (''Cwb'') mountain with a daily temperature range of about {{convert|8|C}}, with a mean of {{convert|16.8|C}}, and frequent mists, especially at dawn and evening. |
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* '''Location:''' Lat 10° 25′ N, Long 67° 18′ W, altitude, 2,200 m |
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{{Weather box| location = Colonia Tovar, Venezuela (1991-2020)| width= 70%| single line = Y| metric first = Y| Jan high C =20.9| Feb high C =21.4| Mar high C =22.0| Apr high C =22.5| May high C =22.5| Jun high C =21.7| Jul high C =21.3| Aug high C =21.4| Sep high C =21.9| Oct high C =21.7| Nov high C = 21.4| Dec high C = 20.9| year high C =21.6| Jan low C =10.9| Feb low C =11.1| Mar low C =11.8| Apr low C =13.4| May low C =14.6| Jun low C =14.1| Jul low C =13.6| Aug low C =13.9| Sep low C =14.4| Oct low C =14.1| Nov low C =13.6| Dec low C =12.1| year low C =13.1| Jan mean C =16.3| Feb mean C =16.9| Mar mean C =17.3| Apr mean C =18.2| May mean C =18.4| Jun mean C =17.7| Jul mean C =17.2| Aug mean C =17.4| Sep mean C =17.8| Oct mean C =17.7| Nov mean C =17.4| Dec mean C =16.6| year mean C =17.4|precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm =64.7| Feb precipitation mm =45.5| Mar precipitation mm =27.2| Apr precipitation mm =55.3| May precipitation mm =86.3| Jun precipitation mm =114.1| Jul precipitation mm =142.6| Aug precipitation mm =152.3| Sep precipitation mm =140.1| Oct precipitation mm =138.3| Nov precipitation mm =130.6| Dec precipitation mm =90.4| year precipitation mm =1,187.4| unit precipitation days = 1 mm| Jan precipitation days =5.3| Feb precipitation days =3.4| Mar precipitation days =2.7| Apr precipitation days =8.0| May precipitation days =9.8| Jun precipitation days =16.5| Jul precipitation days =15.3| Aug precipitation days =16.0| Sep precipitation days =18.1| Oct precipitation days =13.8| Nov precipitation days =15.5| Dec precipitation days =7.1| year precipitation days =131.5| Jan record high C =29.5| Feb record high C =25.6| Mar record high C =26.7| Apr record high C =27.3| May record high C =29.0| Jun record high C =25.8| Jul record high C =25.5| Aug record high C =26.2| Sep record high C =26.7| Oct record high C =26.2| Nov record high C = 24.7| Dec record high C = 25.8| year record high C =29.5| Jan record low C =6.8| Feb record low C =6.7| Mar record low C =4.2| Apr record low C =8.9| May record low C =9.2| Jun record low C =10.9| Jul record low C =7.1| Aug record low C =8.2| Sep record low C =9.8| Oct record low C =9.4| Nov record low C = 9.1| Dec record low C = 6.5| year record low C =4.2 |
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* '''Temperatures in °C:''' in January (6.7), February (8.1), March (10), April (11.5), May (12.3), June (13.7), July (14.2 ), August (13.9), September (12.6), October (10.3), November (7.9), December (7.1). Annual average temperature: 10.7 °C |
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|source = NOAA<ref>{{cite web |
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* ''Rainfall in [[Millimetre|mm]]:''' January (66) February (32) March (24) April (67), May (127), June (143), July (176), August (133), September (149), October (166) November (118) December (70). Amount annual rainfall: {{convert|1271|mm|1|abbr=on}}. |
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| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Venezuela/CSV/ColoniaTovar_1435.csv| title = ColoniaTovar Climate Normals 1991–2020| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]| access-date = January 6, 2024 |
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The city is located in the northern of [[Aragua]] state. The municipality has the shape of the letter "L", and bounded on the north by the [[Caribbean Sea]], the northeast by the state of [[Vargas, Venezuela|Vargas]], in the east Caracas (Libertador municipality) in the south bordering the [[Aragua River]] and east ends with the [[Santiago Mariño Municipality]]. |
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}}</ref> |
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The Colonia Tovar is settled in very rugged terrain with creeks and streams. Prevail mountain landscapes of misty appearance characteristic of the [[Venezuelan Coastal Range]] (an mountainous alignment against the Venezuelan coast of the Caribbean Sea), which is the greater height of [[Aragua]] state, the Codazzi peak of 2,429 meters, located north of the town. The cloud forest that characterizes the dominant vegetation changes as you lower rungs of the relief as gallery forest and ends with savanna weeds southward and [[xerophytic]] in the north sea. |
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}} |
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The colony is surrounded by houses ([[chalet]]s) relatively far apart in many small plots of intensive use. It develops an intensive agriculture ([[horticultural]], [[fruit growing]]) high productivity and profitability: flowers, strawberries, tomatoes, peaches, garlic, peaches and other temperate crops. It has also installed ceramic craft workshops, sausage factories, cookies and candy, breweries, canned foods (jams, peaches, etc..), In addition to traditional agricultural activities that result in the marketing of vegetables, fruit, flowers, pork and its derivatives, etc. |
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The city is located in northern [[Aragua]] state. The municipality has the shape of the letter "L". It is bounded on the north by the [[Caribbean Sea]], the northeast by the state of [[Vargas, Venezuela|Vargas]], in the east by Caracas (Libertador municipality) in the south by the [[Aragua River]] and to the east ends by the [[Santiago Mariño Municipality]]. Colonia Tovar sits on rugged terrain with creeks and streams. Misty mountain landscapes are characteristic of the [[Venezuelan Coastal Range]] (running along the Venezuelan coast). Codazzi peak (2,429 meters) is north of the town. The cloud forest characterizes the dominant vegetation but changes to gallery forest at lower altitudes before ending with savanna weeds southward and [[xerophytic]]s in the north. |
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The colony is surrounded by houses ([[chalet]]s) relatively far apart in many small plots of intensive use. It develops an intensive agriculture: flowers, strawberries, tomatoes, peaches, garlic, peaches and other temperate crops. Ceramic craft workshops, sausage factories, cookies and candy, breweries, canned foods (jams, peaches, etc..) are present. |
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===Hydrography, flora and fauna=== |
===Hydrography, flora and fauna=== |
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The hydrography |
The [[hydrography]] is divided into three basins: the Caribbean Sea, fed by the: San Miguel, Ocumare, Cata, Aroa and Tuy rivers; the [[Orinoco River]], fed by the Memo and Guárico rivers; and the endorheic Lake Valencia, fed by the Aragua, Turmero, Maracay, Tapa-tapa, Tocorón, and Las Minas rivers. The River Aragua, southern boundary of the Colonia Tovar, was formed by the confluence of the Gabante and Curtidor rivers, above Pie de Cerro, north of [[La Victoria, Venezuela|La Victoria]]. The Gabante river is a tributary to Quebrada Honda, while Curtidor river converges with the San Carlos and Quebrada Coche rivers. All these rivers and streams originate in the high mountains surrounding Colonia Tovar. The headwaters of the Tuy River are near the town. |
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The headwaters of the Tuy River are near the town. In its first stage is a mountain river. The city is located in a catchment area of the river, which forms a kind of amphitheater. |
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The Colonia is located within Codazzi Peak Natural Monument and near |
The city is located in a catchment area of the river, which forms a kind of amphitheater. Colonia is located within Codazzi Peak Natural Monument and near [[Henri Pittier National Park]]. In addition to its diverse climate zones and flora. |
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The diverse flora includes mostly [[epiphyte]]s such as [[orchids]], [[bromeliad]]s and a variety of tree [[fern]]s. |
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Colonia has diverse wildlife, mainly birds, totaling 578 registered species. Mammals and snakes contribute to this diversity. |
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[[File:Chalet en la Colonia Tovar.JPG|thumb|left|250px|View of a house in Colonia Tovar.]] |
[[File:Chalet en la Colonia Tovar.JPG|thumb|left|250px|View of a house in Colonia Tovar.]] |
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The local fauna is characteristic of [[cloud forest]]s; a habitat for many endemic species due to its unique climate and peatland environment. Among the wildlife present, species most commonly referred to are the classic [[golden-headed quetzal]] and the toucan beak emerald bottle, also known as "tiátaro." Coludo blue [[hummingbird]]s and tiles [[swallow]]s are present. Among the most common primates is the [[black howler]]. Also common are the Tara [[butterfly]], the mountaineer [[armadillo]] and many more. A frog is named after this area, the El Tovar Glass Frog ''([[Celsiella revocata]])'', that lives in the cloud forests of this region. |
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In the Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande is a zoological museum with the species of the area, plus an informative trail of interpretation of the biological processes that occur in the cloud forest. It also has facilities and equipment for users to review the material under appropriate conditions such as magnifying glasses, water, trays and instruments of measurement and accessible literature. |
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Among the diverse flora include [[orchids]], [[bromeliad]]s and varieties of tree [[fern]]s. The fauna is characteristic of cloud forest; is habitat for many species due to its status climax. Among the wildlife species most characteristic referred to in [[golden-headed quetzal]], toucan beak emerald bottle, also known by the residents with the name "tiátaro." Among the most common primates include [[black howler]], there are also [[hummingbird]] coludo blue and Tiles [[swallow]]s. Also common Tara [[butterfly]], mountaineer [[armadillo]] and many more. |
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The Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande hosts a zoological museum that showcases area species. It has facilities and equipment such as magnifying glasses, water, trays and measurement instruments. |
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There are two paths: the road to [[El Junquito]] and route [[La Victoria, Venezuela|La Victoria]], the last of a remarkable beauty. |
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== Economy == |
== Economy == |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}} |
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Because of agriculture, los colonieros spread around the valley. Fruits and vegetables are sold throughout the country, especially in Caracas, Valencia, Maracay and La Victoria. Currently, weekends and holidays, near the main churches, [[farmer]]s and [[Artisan|craftsmen]]'s set up markets with stalls that resemble typical houses with red roofs, offering local produce, mainly fruit, flowers, vegetables, plants, candy and crafts. Tovar also produces quality wooden casks, which are famous in and out of the mountain. |
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Agriculture allowed the los colonieros to spread around the valley. Fruits and vegetables from there are sold throughout the country, especially in Caracas, Valencia, Maracay and La Victoria. [[Farmer]]s and crafters set up markets with stalls that include red roofs. Colonia Tovar produces wooden casks. Los colonieros produce other crops and goods originating in German culture, such as [[peach]]es, [[tree tomato]], [[passion fruit]], [[strawberries]], [[blackberries]], [[figs]], [[vegetables]], [[bread]], [[sausage]]s, [[pastry]], [[sauce]]s and [[pasta]], [[beer]], [[wood]], [[ceramic]]s, [[wrought iron]] and [[craft]]s. With the influx of tourism from the 1960s, cottages were converted to hotels, restaurants were built into traditional huts. Tourism, mainly from [[Caracas]], [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]] and [[Maracay]] has been replacing agriculture as the main economic activity. |
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With the influx of tourism from the 1960s, hotels were built in cozy and familiar cottages. Also installed restaurants in traditional huts, serving typical dishes of the local culture. Tourism, mainly from [[Caracas]], [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]] and [[Maracay]], has been replacing agriculture as the main economic activity in the Colonia since. |
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==Language and culture== |
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{{Further|Colonia Tovar dialect}} |
{{Further|Colonia Tovar dialect}} |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}} |
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[[File:Ferdinand Bellermann 004.JPG|250px|thumb|[[Ferdinand Bellermann]]. Colonia Tovar (1844)]] |
[[File:Ferdinand Bellermann 004.JPG|250px|thumb|[[Ferdinand Bellermann]]. Colonia Tovar (1844)]] |
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Tovar |
Colonia Tovar operated as a closed community. The founders intended to maintain their cultural traditions. Upon arrival, they built houses reflecting the distinctive architecture of [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl]]. The [[Baden-Württemberg#Dialects|Baden dialect]] (''Badisches Dialekt'') dominated the area and food and clothing remained traditional. For a time marriage outside the colonia was forbidden in order to ensure ethnic and cultural continuity. |
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Although the official language of Venezuela is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], |
Although the official language of Venezuela is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], some people in Colonia Tovar speak ''alemannisch'': [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]], [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Alemán Coloniero]] precisely. It is a variant language that was inherited from previous generations, although many phonetic and lexical motifs are no longer used in [[Europe]]. Moreover, the [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Alemán Coloniero]] has a strong influence of Spanish words with an ending in [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Alemán Coloniero]]. Many words came about after the Colonia Tovar was created, because of minimal communication with Germany. |
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The houses, buildings, and shops |
The houses, buildings, and shops are made according to the Kaiserstuhl style, giving Colonia Tovar an unmistakable peculiar identity. The Church of St. Martin de Tours in the center of town is a copy of the [[Endingen am Kaiserstuhl|Endingen]] in [[Germany]], origin of most of the founders. |
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In 1940, Spanish was established as the official language and [[Exogamy|exogamous]] marriage became a free practice. In the early 21st century, the inhabitants |
In 1940, Spanish was established as the official language and [[Exogamy|exogamous]] marriage became a free practice. In the early 21st century, the inhabitants started to integrate into Venezuelan culture, without abandoning their customs. Among the traditions that remain is [[Artisan|craftsmanship]] in wood, ceramic and other materials. The Academic Center of Violin is a local school that prepares students in the art of manufacturing, maintenance and repair of symphonic instruments. |
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==Gastronomy== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}} |
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The [[cuisine]] of the Colonia Tovar is conditioned by its German origin. In small popular [[restaurant]]s are famous desserts of the Colonia, such as ''[[strudel]]s'', ''[[gugelhupf]]'', cakes and [[churro]]s and/or strawberries with cream, the traditionals ''[[Kaiserschmarrn]]'', ''[[Germknödel]]'', ''[[Apfelstrudel]]'' and ''[[Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte]]'', known in English such as [[Black Forest cake]], along with [[charcuterie]] and specialties including the famous German [[sausage]]s. Also characteristic of the cuisine of the Colonia Tovar is the local [[beer]]. |
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The [[cuisine]] is conditioned by its German origin. Popular desserts include ''[[strudel]]s'', ''[[gugelhupf]]'', cakes and [[churro]]s and/or strawberries with cream, the traditionals ''[[Kaiserschmarrn]]'', ''[[Germknödel]]'', ''[[Apfelstrudel]]'' and ''[[Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte]]'', known in English as [[Black Forest cake]], along with [[charcuterie]] and specialties including the famous German [[sausage]]s. Also characteristic is the local [[beer]]. |
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==Dances and celebrations== |
==Dances and celebrations== |
||
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}} |
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[[File:Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg|thumb|250px|The Church San Martin de Tours was based in the church of [[Endingen am Kaiserstuhl|Endingen]] in [[Germany]].]] |
[[File:Iglesia_San_Martin_de_Tours_II.jpg|thumb|250px|The Church San Martin de Tours was based in the church of [[Endingen am Kaiserstuhl|Endingen]] in [[Germany]].]] |
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[[File:MuralColoniaTovar.jpg|thumb|250px|Mural representative of Colonia Tovar.]] |
[[File:MuralColoniaTovar.jpg|thumb|250px|Mural representative of Colonia Tovar.]] |
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''[[Oktoberfest]]'' is held annually in October. On occasion, groups from Germany were invited to play traditional music. The International Festival of Chamber Music also takes place. |
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April 8 is celebrated as the Colonia's founding date. Cultural activities in the Plaza Bolívar include a parade involving educational activities, dance groups, and cultural exchanges between locals and guests. The annual election of the Queen of Colonia Tovar is then. |
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[[Carnival]] parades include Jokilis and Gorilas. The Jokili is a character that appeared in Germany in 1782, a mixture of [[jester]] and [[harlequin]]. Their dress consists of a red suit with a fringed collar, sleeves, waist and legs, which reveal bells. They sport a three-pointed hat, white gloves and pointed shoes. They have a wooden mask, custom made for each Jokili. A carved wooden stick, which carries a knotted rope and a pig's bladder, a globe, is the instrument that usually hits bystanders. |
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[[St. Martin of Tours]], the patron saint of travelers, is honored on 11 November. The church has an image of the saint, brought by the founders from Baden. On the same day is the Festival of Flowers, Fruits, and Crafts, in which prizes are awarded to the best products. |
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Two music festivals are held annually, one between March and April, and the other between August and September. One celebrates cultural heritage, held since 1992 and known as the International Festival of Chamber Music Colonia Tovar. The second is the Friends of Chamber Music Colonia Tovar, which has been held since 1997. |
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Along with the religious celebrations of [[Easter]], in Colonia Tovar the traditional German "nests" take place, to celebrate the coming of Easter bunnies and eggs. It usually involves whole families, and it is customary for the children look for hidden eggs. The following Monday, the residents attend the Chapel of the Resurrection. A blessing of crops and food is given. |
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==Attractions== |
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== Sites of interest == |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}} |
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[[File:StreetShops.jpg|thumb|250px|View of a sale of fruits and vegetables in Colonia Tovar.]] |
[[File:StreetShops.jpg|thumb|250px|View of a sale of fruits and vegetables in Colonia Tovar.]] |
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The City Museum offers history, customs, and traditions of the Germanic people. |
|||
Breikanz Mall is a series of shops offering crafts particular to [[Germany]] and typical of the region. Its restaurants offer steaks, [[embutido]]s (cold meats or cured meats like sausage, bologna and salami), and [[Vienna sausage]]s. |
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Codazzi Peak reaches 2,429 m high in [[Aragua]]. It covers 11,850 sq m, shared by the states of [[Vargas, Venezuela|Vargas]], [[Miranda, Venezuela|Miranda]] and the Capital District. It was declared a national monument on June 5, 1991, in honor of Italian geographer/cartographer [[Agostino Codazzi]] (1793-1859). The Panarigua Archaeological Museum and Panarigua Inn are there. |
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Tovar Brewery was the first Venezuelan [[beer]] made in Colonia Tovar in 1843, arrived with its founders. Production methods have remained unchanged. It is produced by Cervecería Tovar C. A., and observes the quality standards defined in the [[Reinheitsgebot|Bavarian Purity Law of 1516]]. |
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Several buildings in the city center and around the Plaza Bolivar form the historical town's center. The most representative buildings are the Church of St. Martin of Tours, the Casa Codazzi, and the Old School. Many restaurants, cafes, craft shops are present. |
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Also located in the city center, Anno Domine Museum holds equipment belonging to the first settlers, documents, and paintings belonging to Baroness Elizabeth von Seller. |
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== Media == |
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* |
* KAY Radio |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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| Line 146: | Line 155: | ||
===Twin towns – Sister cities=== |
===Twin towns – Sister cities=== |
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Colonia Tovar is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: |
Colonia Tovar is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: |
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{|class="wikitable" |
{|class="wikitable" |
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== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery class="center"> |
<gallery class="center"> |
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File:Busto Agustin Codazzi.jpg|[[Agostino Codazzi]] monument in Colonia Tovar |
File:Busto Agustin Codazzi.jpg|[[Agostino Codazzi]] monument in Colonia Tovar |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== |
==See also== |
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* [[German colonization of the Americas]] |
* [[German colonization of the Americas]] |
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* [[German interest in the Caribbean]] |
* [[German interest in the Caribbean]] |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:1843 establishments in Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:European-Venezuelan culture]] |
[[Category:European-Venezuelan culture]] |
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[[Category:German diaspora in South America]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1843]] |
[[Category:Populated places established in 1843]] |
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[[Category:1843 establishments in Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Aragua]] |
[[Category:Populated places in Aragua]] |
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Latest revision as of 04:23, 26 October 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2008) |
Colonia Tovar | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
.svg)  Colonia Tovar | |
| Coordinates: 10°24′20″N 67°17′22″W / 10.40556°N 67.28944°W | |
| Country |  Venezuela |
| State | Aragua |
| Municipality | Tovar Municipality |
| Founded | 8 April 1843 |
| Area | |
• Total | 250 km2 (100 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,800 m (5,900 ft) |
| Population (2016) | |
• Total | 21,000 |
| • Density | 84/km2 (220/sq mi) |
| • Demonym | Coloniero/a |
| Time zone | UTC−4 (VET) |
| Postal code | 1030 |
| Area code(s) | 0243, 0244 |
| Climate | Cfb |
| Website | www.coloniatovar.net |
Colonia Tovar (English: Tovar Colony) is a cold mountain town of Venezuela, capital of the municipality Tovar in Aragua state. It is located about 65.5 km (41 mi) west of Caracas. It was founded on April 8, 1843, by a group of 390 immigrants[1] from the then independent state of the Grand Duchy of Baden (later incorporated into Germany). It is characterized by the cultural imprint of its origin, so it is called "the Germany of the Caribbean". The economy depends primarily on agriculture and tourism. Colonia Tovar is known for its temperate crops (peaches, strawberries, beets, cauliflower, carrots, cabbage, chard, broccoli, lettuce, onions and potatoes) and their derivatives. Since 1990 it has experienced high population growth, rising from 3,373 to 21,000 inhabitants in 2016.
History
[edit]Between 1806 and 1918, a state called the Grand Duchy of Baden occupied much of the eastern bank of the Rhine River in the southwest corner of the mountainous wine-producing area Kaiserstuhl. This duchy provided the majority of settlers in Colonia Tovar.
A colonizing company was formed, composed of colonel Agostino Codazzi and Ramón Díaz, and as guarantor Martín Tovar y Ponte (the Count of Tovar). Codazzi contacted residents of Kaiserstuhl and selected an area for the colony, choosing a site with geographic and climatic similarities to the German region. The land belonged to the nephew of Count of Tovar, Manuel Felipe Tovar, who donated it for the creation of the colony.
On October 14, 1841, the territory was founded as Palmar del Tuy and construction of infrastructure was begun. Once completed, the colonizing company went to the town of Endingen in Kaiserstuhl to select settlers. Contracts between the company and immigrants were signed at the inn Der Pfauen, a few meters from the entrance to the city. According to Alexander Benitz, the immigrants who embarked the Havre ship to Venezuela numbered 389: 239 men and 150 women,[2] most from Kaiserstuhl. They departed for Venezuela on December 18, 1842.
-Kaiserstuhl_(2).png)
They travelled along the Rhine, embarked at the port of Le Havre (France) on January 19, 1843, and arrived at the La Guaira on 4 March aboard the French ship Clemence piloted by Captain Malverin. The ship was scheduled to land on the Puerto Maya coast, north of La Victoria, but given that no previous journeys had followed the path mapped by Codazzi, the ship was forced to turn to Choroní on an alternate path. This path was also designed by Codazzi and opened by engineer Inder Pellegrini, leaving La Victoria to the place assigned for the new population. However, they could not disembark immediately in Choroní because of a smallpox epidemic on board. The passengers and crew quarantined in Choroní from March 13.
On March 31, they headed to the city of Maracay and La Victoria where they were received by President of Venezuela Carlos Soublette. Settlers arrived in Palmar del Tuy on April 8, 1843, 112 days after leaving Baden. That day is considered the foundation day of Colonia Tovar, which took the last name of the donor. The first residents included scientists, naturalists, writers and painters, such as Carl Ferdinand Appun, Hermann Karsten, Karl Moritz, Friedrich Gerstäcker, Anton Goering, Augustus Fendler, Ferdinand Bellermann (a painter who was sponsored by Humboldt), some buried in the city cemetery.
Initially, the village was organized around the production of coffee. As "los colonieros" were thriving, production spread to new lands and activities such as growing vegetables and fruits, sent to markets in Caracas or La Victoria. The manufacture of barrels became another income source.
For many years the colony was connected with Caracas by a river. The difficulty of communication, isolation and the environmental setting so different from the mountains of Germany kept the people relatively isolated, with slow or even negative population growth, due to rural exodus.
That trend reversed in the 1960s, when Colonia Tovar took up tourism, which led to significant economic development and population growth. It became one of the richest towns in the country measured by population and one of the highest in terms of quality of life.
The descendants of early settlers fully integrated into the country and the town natively speaks Spanish, although German fluency is common.
Geography
[edit]Colonia Tovar is located between 1,600 and 2,200 meters above sea level, in the central part of the Venezuelan Coastal Range. It is connected with Caracas and La Victoria by road. Its climate is temperate (Cwb) mountain with a daily temperature range of about 8 °C (46 °F), with a mean of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F), and frequent mists, especially at dawn and evening.
| Climate data for Colonia Tovar, Venezuela (1991-2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.3 (81.1) |
29.0 (84.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29.5 (85.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.3 (70.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.9 (71.4) |
21.7 (71.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.6 (70.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.3 (63.1) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.9 (51.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
13.1 (55.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.8 (44.2) |
6.7 (44.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.9 (48.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
8.2 (46.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
9.4 (48.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 64.7 (2.55) |
45.5 (1.79) |
27.2 (1.07) |
55.3 (2.18) |
86.3 (3.40) |
114.1 (4.49) |
142.6 (5.61) |
152.3 (6.00) |
140.1 (5.52) |
138.3 (5.44) |
130.6 (5.14) |
90.4 (3.56) |
1,187.4 (46.75) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 5.3 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 8.0 | 9.8 | 16.5 | 15.3 | 16.0 | 18.1 | 13.8 | 15.5 | 7.1 | 131.5 |
| Source: NOAA[3] | |||||||||||||
The city is located in northern Aragua state. The municipality has the shape of the letter "L". It is bounded on the north by the Caribbean Sea, the northeast by the state of Vargas, in the east by Caracas (Libertador municipality) in the south by the Aragua River and to the east ends by the Santiago Mariño Municipality. Colonia Tovar sits on rugged terrain with creeks and streams. Misty mountain landscapes are characteristic of the Venezuelan Coastal Range (running along the Venezuelan coast). Codazzi peak (2,429 meters) is north of the town. The cloud forest characterizes the dominant vegetation but changes to gallery forest at lower altitudes before ending with savanna weeds southward and xerophytics in the north.
The colony is surrounded by houses (chalets) relatively far apart in many small plots of intensive use. It develops an intensive agriculture: flowers, strawberries, tomatoes, peaches, garlic, peaches and other temperate crops. Ceramic craft workshops, sausage factories, cookies and candy, breweries, canned foods (jams, peaches, etc..) are present.
Hydrography, flora and fauna
[edit]The hydrography is divided into three basins: the Caribbean Sea, fed by the: San Miguel, Ocumare, Cata, Aroa and Tuy rivers; the Orinoco River, fed by the Memo and Guárico rivers; and the endorheic Lake Valencia, fed by the Aragua, Turmero, Maracay, Tapa-tapa, Tocorón, and Las Minas rivers. The River Aragua, southern boundary of the Colonia Tovar, was formed by the confluence of the Gabante and Curtidor rivers, above Pie de Cerro, north of La Victoria. The Gabante river is a tributary to Quebrada Honda, while Curtidor river converges with the San Carlos and Quebrada Coche rivers. All these rivers and streams originate in the high mountains surrounding Colonia Tovar. The headwaters of the Tuy River are near the town.
The city is located in a catchment area of the river, which forms a kind of amphitheater. Colonia is located within Codazzi Peak Natural Monument and near Henri Pittier National Park. In addition to its diverse climate zones and flora.
The diverse flora includes mostly epiphytes such as orchids, bromeliads and a variety of tree ferns.
Colonia has diverse wildlife, mainly birds, totaling 578 registered species. Mammals and snakes contribute to this diversity.
The local fauna is characteristic of cloud forests; a habitat for many endemic species due to its unique climate and peatland environment. Among the wildlife present, species most commonly referred to are the classic golden-headed quetzal and the toucan beak emerald bottle, also known as "tiátaro." Coludo blue hummingbirds and tiles swallows are present. Among the most common primates is the black howler. Also common are the Tara butterfly, the mountaineer armadillo and many more. A frog is named after this area, the El Tovar Glass Frog (Celsiella revocata), that lives in the cloud forests of this region.
The Estación Biológica de Rancho Grande hosts a zoological museum that showcases area species. It has facilities and equipment such as magnifying glasses, water, trays and measurement instruments.
Economy
[edit] |
Agriculture allowed the los colonieros to spread around the valley. Fruits and vegetables from there are sold throughout the country, especially in Caracas, Valencia, Maracay and La Victoria. Farmers and crafters set up markets with stalls that include red roofs. Colonia Tovar produces wooden casks. Los colonieros produce other crops and goods originating in German culture, such as peaches, tree tomato, passion fruit, strawberries, blackberries, figs, vegetables, bread, sausages, pastry, sauces and pasta, beer, wood, ceramics, wrought iron and crafts. With the influx of tourism from the 1960s, cottages were converted to hotels, restaurants were built into traditional huts. Tourism, mainly from Caracas, Valencia and Maracay has been replacing agriculture as the main economic activity.
Language and culture
[edit] |
Colonia Tovar operated as a closed community. The founders intended to maintain their cultural traditions. Upon arrival, they built houses reflecting the distinctive architecture of Kaiserstuhl. The Baden dialect (Badisches Dialekt) dominated the area and food and clothing remained traditional. For a time marriage outside the colonia was forbidden in order to ensure ethnic and cultural continuity.
Although the official language of Venezuela is Spanish, some people in Colonia Tovar speak alemannisch: Alemannic, Alemán Coloniero precisely. It is a variant language that was inherited from previous generations, although many phonetic and lexical motifs are no longer used in Europe. Moreover, the Alemán Coloniero has a strong influence of Spanish words with an ending in Alemán Coloniero. Many words came about after the Colonia Tovar was created, because of minimal communication with Germany.
The houses, buildings, and shops are made according to the Kaiserstuhl style, giving Colonia Tovar an unmistakable peculiar identity. The Church of St. Martin de Tours in the center of town is a copy of the Endingen in Germany, origin of most of the founders.
In 1940, Spanish was established as the official language and exogamous marriage became a free practice. In the early 21st century, the inhabitants started to integrate into Venezuelan culture, without abandoning their customs. Among the traditions that remain is craftsmanship in wood, ceramic and other materials. The Academic Center of Violin is a local school that prepares students in the art of manufacturing, maintenance and repair of symphonic instruments.
Gastronomy
[edit] |
The cuisine is conditioned by its German origin. Popular desserts include strudels, gugelhupf, cakes and churros and/or strawberries with cream, the traditionals Kaiserschmarrn, Germknödel, Apfelstrudel and Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte, known in English as Black Forest cake, along with charcuterie and specialties including the famous German sausages. Also characteristic is the local beer.
Dances and celebrations
[edit] |
Oktoberfest is held annually in October. On occasion, groups from Germany were invited to play traditional music. The International Festival of Chamber Music also takes place.
April 8 is celebrated as the Colonia's founding date. Cultural activities in the Plaza Bolívar include a parade involving educational activities, dance groups, and cultural exchanges between locals and guests. The annual election of the Queen of Colonia Tovar is then.
Carnival parades include Jokilis and Gorilas. The Jokili is a character that appeared in Germany in 1782, a mixture of jester and harlequin. Their dress consists of a red suit with a fringed collar, sleeves, waist and legs, which reveal bells. They sport a three-pointed hat, white gloves and pointed shoes. They have a wooden mask, custom made for each Jokili. A carved wooden stick, which carries a knotted rope and a pig's bladder, a globe, is the instrument that usually hits bystanders.
St. Martin of Tours, the patron saint of travelers, is honored on 11 November. The church has an image of the saint, brought by the founders from Baden. On the same day is the Festival of Flowers, Fruits, and Crafts, in which prizes are awarded to the best products.
Two music festivals are held annually, one between March and April, and the other between August and September. One celebrates cultural heritage, held since 1992 and known as the International Festival of Chamber Music Colonia Tovar. The second is the Friends of Chamber Music Colonia Tovar, which has been held since 1997.
Along with the religious celebrations of Easter, in Colonia Tovar the traditional German "nests" take place, to celebrate the coming of Easter bunnies and eggs. It usually involves whole families, and it is customary for the children look for hidden eggs. The following Monday, the residents attend the Chapel of the Resurrection. A blessing of crops and food is given.
Attractions
[edit] |
The City Museum offers history, customs, and traditions of the Germanic people.
Breikanz Mall is a series of shops offering crafts particular to Germany and typical of the region. Its restaurants offer steaks, embutidos (cold meats or cured meats like sausage, bologna and salami), and Vienna sausages.
Codazzi Peak reaches 2,429 m high in Aragua. It covers 11,850 sq m, shared by the states of Vargas, Miranda and the Capital District. It was declared a national monument on June 5, 1991, in honor of Italian geographer/cartographer Agostino Codazzi (1793-1859). The Panarigua Archaeological Museum and Panarigua Inn are there.
Tovar Brewery was the first Venezuelan beer made in Colonia Tovar in 1843, arrived with its founders. Production methods have remained unchanged. It is produced by Cervecería Tovar C. A., and observes the quality standards defined in the Bavarian Purity Law of 1516.
Several buildings in the city center and around the Plaza Bolivar form the historical town's center. The most representative buildings are the Church of St. Martin of Tours, the Casa Codazzi, and the Old School. Many restaurants, cafes, craft shops are present.
Also located in the city center, Anno Domine Museum holds equipment belonging to the first settlers, documents, and paintings belonging to Baroness Elizabeth von Seller.
Media
[edit]- KAY Radio
International relations
[edit]Twin towns – Sister cities
[edit]Colonia Tovar is twinned with:
|
Gallery
[edit]-
Agostino Codazzi monument in Colonia Tovar
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]
Colonia Tovar travel guide from Wikivoyage- The Colonia Tovar - Website about Colonia Tovar
- Colonia Tovar - Official Website
- Colonia Tovar - Tourism Website of Colonia Tovar
- Colonia Tovar - Main Website
References
[edit]- ^ Layrisse, Z.; Mendez-Castellano, H.; Balbas, O.; Ogando, V.; Montagnani, S.; Gendzekhadze, K. (2003). "Colonia Tovar: the history of a semi-isolated Venezuelan population of German ancestry described by HLA Class I genes". Tissue Antigens. 62 (5): 401–407. doi:10.1034/j.1399-0039.2003.00119.x. ISSN 0001-2815. PMID 14617047.
- ^ Jahn Montauban, Leopoldo. "La Colonia Tovar y su gente" Primera edición, 1990. Caracas, Venezuela. ISBN 980-07-0220-2
- ^ "ColoniaTovar Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 6, 2024.
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| National | |
| Other | |
