Gros Michel banana: Difference between revisions

Gros Michel
Gros Michel
	Gros Michel bananas in various stages of ripening
Species	Musa acuminata
Cultivar group	AAA Group
Cultivar	Gros Michel
Origin	native from Southeast Asia, selectively cultivated in Martinique, Jamaica

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 05:53, 26 October 2024

Gros Michel (French pronunciation: [ɡʁo miʃɛl]), often translated and known as "Big Mike", is an export cultivar of banana and was, until the 1950s, the main variety grown.^[3] The physical properties of the Gros Michel make it an excellent export produce; its thick peel makes it resilient to bruising during transport and the dense bunches that it grows in make it easy to ship.^[4]

Taxonomy

Gros Michel is a triploid cultivar of the wild banana Musa acuminata, belonging to the AAA group.^[5]

Its official designation is Musa acuminata (AAA Group) 'Gros Michel'.

Synonyms include:

Musa acuminata L. cv. 'Gros Michel'
Musa × paradisiaca L. cv. 'Gros Michel'

Gros Michel is known as Guineo Gigante, Banano, and Plátano Roatán in Spanish. It is also known as Pisang Ambon in the Philippines and Indonesia, Thihmwe in Burma, Chek Ambuong in Cambodia, Kluai hom thong in Thailand, Pisang Embun in Malaysia, and Chuoi Tieu Cao #2 in Vietnam.^[5]^[6]

Cultivation history

Early popularity and decline

French naturalist Nicolas Baudin carried a few corms of this banana from Southeast Asia, depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of Martinique. In 1835, French botanist Jean François Pouyat carried Baudin's fruit from Martinique to Jamaica.^[7] Originally called the "Figue Baudin" ("Baudin's fig"), the fruits were later referred to as "Poyo," after their Jamaican importer; the origin of the name "Gros Michel" is unknown.^[8]

Gros Michel bananas were grown on massive plantations in Honduras, Costa Rica, and elsewhere in Central America. The variety was once the dominant export banana to Europe and North America, grown in Central America but, in the 1950s, Panama disease, a wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, wiped out vast tracts of Gros Michel plantations in Central America, though it is still grown on non-infected land throughout the region.^[9]

By the 1960s, the exporters of Gros Michel bananas were unable to keep trading such a susceptible cultivar, and they started growing resistant cultivars belonging to the Cavendish subgroup (another Musa acuminata AAA).^[9]

A 2013 paper described experiments to create a version of Gros Michel which is resistant to black sigatoka, another fungal infection.^[10]

Cultural references

"Yes! We Have No Bananas", a novelty song about a grocer from the 1922 Broadway revue Make It Snappy, is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.^[11]

The Gros Michel is included as a Joker card in the Poker themed roguelike deck-building video game Balatro, where it has a one-in-six chance of being destroyed after each round. After it gets destroyed, the Cavendish card has a chance to appear in the shop in its place; a reference to the cultivar's susceptibility to disease and its subsequent commercial replacement.^[12]^[13]

The Gros Michel has a higher concentration of isoamyl acetate, the ester commonly used for "banana" food flavoring, than the Cavendish.^[14] This higher concentration is responsible for the myth that banana flavoring was based on the Gros Michel, but artificial banana flavor was created before bananas were widely available in American markets.^[15]^[16]

References

^ Marin, Douglas H.; Sutton, Turner B.; Barker, Kenneth R. (1998). "Dissemination of Bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of Radophouls similis". Plant Disease. 82 (9). Scientific Societies: 964–974. doi:10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.964. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30856847.
^ Robert J. Lancashire (25 August 2006). "Jamaican bananas and plantains". The Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
^ Koeppel, Dan (2008-06-18). "Yes, We Will Have No Bananas" (Editorial). New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
^ "The History of Banana Flavoring". Lucky Peach. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
^ ^a ^b Michel H. Porcher; Prof. Snow Barlow (2002-07-19). "Sorting Musa names". The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
^ Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N. (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 3. ISBN 978-971-91751-3-1. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
^ Dan Koeppel (2008). Banana: the fate of the fruit that changed the world. Hudson Street Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-4295-9325-0.
^ Hancock, James F. (17 February 2017). Plantation Crops, Plunder and Power: Evolution and Exploitation. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-351-97708-1. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
^ ^a ^b "Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana Export Trades". apsnet.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
^ Kovács, Gabriella; Sági, László; Jacon, Géraldine; Arinaitwe, Geofrey; Busogoro, Jean-Pierre; Thiry, Els; Strosse, Hannelore; Swennen, Rony; Remy, Serge (2013). "Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana ('Gros Michel', AAA genome group) confers resistance to black leaf streak disease". Transgenic Research. 22 (1): 117–130. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1. PMC 3525978. PMID 22791138.
^ Koeppel, Dan (19 June 2005). "Can This Fruit Be Saved?". Popsci.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
^ Parks, William. "Balatro: All Jokers (& How to Unlock Them)". Gamerant. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
^ Zerbinatto, Murillo (2024-04-08). "Balatro Reveals Update 1.0.1 Patch Notes". Game Rant. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
^ "ScienceFriday: Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas?".
^ "The secrets of fake flavours". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
^ "The chemistry of artificial banana flavor". Earth.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.

[Marin_Sutton_Barker_1998_pp._964–974-1] Marin, Douglas H.; Sutton, Turner B.; Barker, Kenneth R. (1998). "Dissemination of Bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of Radophouls similis". Plant Disease. 82 (9). Scientific Societies: 964–974. doi:10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.964. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30856847.

[a4-2] Robert J. Lancashire (25 August 2006). "Jamaican bananas and plantains". The Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

[NYT-3] Koeppel, Dan (2008-06-18). "Yes, We Will Have No Bananas" (Editorial). New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-18.

[4] "The History of Banana Flavoring". Lucky Peach. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-04-11.

[a3-5] Michel H. Porcher; Prof. Snow Barlow (2002-07-19). "Sorting Musa names". The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 11 January 2011.

[Molina_Roa_2000_p._3-6] Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N. (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 3. ISBN 978-971-91751-3-1. Retrieved 2021-12-08.

[7] Dan Koeppel (2008). Banana: the fate of the fruit that changed the world. Hudson Street Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-4295-9325-0.

[hancock-8] Hancock, James F. (17 February 2017). Plantation Crops, Plunder and Power: Evolution and Exploitation. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-351-97708-1. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

[apsnet.org-9] "Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana Export Trades". apsnet.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2016-03-15.

[10] Kovács, Gabriella; Sági, László; Jacon, Géraldine; Arinaitwe, Geofrey; Busogoro, Jean-Pierre; Thiry, Els; Strosse, Hannelore; Swennen, Rony; Remy, Serge (2013). "Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana ('Gros Michel', AAA genome group) confers resistance to black leaf streak disease". Transgenic Research. 22 (1): 117–130. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1. PMC 3525978. PMID 22791138.

[PopSci-11] Koeppel, Dan (19 June 2005). "Can This Fruit Be Saved?". Popsci.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2008-06-22.

[12] Parks, William. "Balatro: All Jokers (& How to Unlock Them)". Gamerant. Retrieved 25 February 2024.

[13] Zerbinatto, Murillo (2024-04-08). "Balatro Reveals Update 1.0.1 Patch Notes". Game Rant. Retrieved 2024-04-27.

[ScienceFriday-14] "ScienceFriday: Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas?".

[15] "The secrets of fake flavours". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.

[16] "The chemistry of artificial banana flavor". Earth.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 }}
-'''Gros Michel''' ({{IPA-fr|ɡʁo miʃɛl}}), often translated and known as "'''Big Mike'''", is an export [[cultivar]] of [[banana]] and was, until the 1950s, the main variety grown.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Koeppel |title=Yes, We Will Have No Bananas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/opinion/18koeppel.html |format=Editorial |work=New York Times |date=2008-06-18 |access-date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> The physical properties of the Gros Michel make it an excellent export produce; its thick peel makes it resilient to bruising during transport and the dense bunches that it grows in make it easy to ship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://luckypeach.com/the-history-of-banana-flavoring/|title=The History of Banana Flavoring|date=2016-05-19|work=Lucky Peach|access-date=2017-04-11|language=en-US
+'''Gros Michel''' ({{IPA|fr|ɡʁo miʃɛl}}), often translated and known as "'''Big Mike'''", is an export [[cultivar]] of [[banana]] and was, until the 1950s, the main variety grown.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Koeppel |title=Yes, We Will Have No Bananas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/opinion/18koeppel.html |format=Editorial |work=New York Times |date=2008-06-18 |access-date=2008-06-18 }}</ref> The physical properties of the Gros Michel make it an excellent export produce; its thick peel makes it resilient to bruising during transport and the dense bunches that it grows in make it easy to ship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://luckypeach.com/the-history-of-banana-flavoring/|title=The History of Banana Flavoring|date=2016-05-19|work=Lucky Peach|access-date=2017-04-11|language=en-US
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233708/http://luckypeach.com/the-history-of-banana-flavoring/ |archive-date=2017-06-27}}</ref>
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 * ''Musa acuminata'' <small>L.</small> cv. 'Gros Michel'
 * ''Musa × paradisiaca'' <small>L.</small> cv. 'Gros Michel'
-Gros Michel is known as Guineo Gigante, Banano, and Plátano Roatán in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. It is also known as Pisang Embun in [[Malaysia]], Pisang Ambon in [[Indonesia]] and [[Philippines]], Thihmwe in [[Burma]], Chek Ambuong in [[Cambodia]], Kluai hom thong in [[Thailand]], and Chuoi Tieu Cao #2 in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="a3" /><ref name="Molina Roa 2000 p. 3">{{cite book | last1=Molina | first1=A.B. | last2=Roa | first2=V.N. | title=Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific | publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute | year=2000 | isbn=978-971-91751-3-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV4k4j85r2AC&pg=PA3 | access-date=2021-12-08 | page=3}}</ref>
+Gros Michel is known as Guineo Gigante, Banano, and Plátano Roatán in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. It is also known as Pisang Ambon in the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], Thihmwe in [[Burma]], Chek Ambuong in [[Cambodia]], Kluai hom thong in [[Thailand]], Pisang Embun in [[Malaysia]], and Chuoi Tieu Cao #2 in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="a3" /><ref name="Molina Roa 2000 p. 3">{{cite book | last1=Molina | first1=A.B. | last2=Roa | first2=V.N. | title=Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific | publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute | year=2000 | isbn=978-971-91751-3-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lV4k4j85r2AC&pg=PA3 | access-date=2021-12-08 | page=3}}</ref>
 == Cultivation history ==
 === Early popularity and decline ===
 [[File:Banana wilt (1919) (20166670479).jpg|thumb|Brandes: Banana Wilt—Banana plants of the Gros Michel variety in Costa Rica attacked by the wilt organism. (1919)]]
-French naturalist [[Nicolas Baudin]] carried a few [[corms]] of this banana from [[Southeast Asia]], depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of [[Martinique]]. In 1835, French [[Botany|botanist]] Jean François Pouyat carried Baudin's fruit from Martinique to [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dan Koeppel|title=Banana: the fate of the fruit that changed the world|url=https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep|url-access=registration|publisher=Hudson Street Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4295-9325-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep/page/33 33]}}</ref> Gros Michel bananas were grown on massive plantations in Honduras, Costa Rica, and elsewhere in Central America.
+French naturalist [[Nicolas Baudin]] carried a few [[corms]] of this banana from [[Southeast Asia]], depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of [[Martinique]]. In 1835, French [[Botany|botanist]] Jean François Pouyat carried Baudin's fruit from Martinique to [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Dan Koeppel|title=Banana: the fate of the fruit that changed the world|url=https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep|url-access=registration|publisher=Hudson Street Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4295-9325-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bananafateoffrui00koep/page/33 33]}}</ref> Originally called the "Figue Baudin" ("Baudin's fig"), the fruits were later referred to as "Poyo," after their Jamaican importer; the origin of the name "Gros Michel" is unknown.<ref name="hancock">{{cite book |last1=Hancock |first1=James F. |title=Plantation Crops, Plunder and Power: Evolution and Exploitation |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-97708-1 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jAlDwAAQBAJ |access-date=3 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
-This variety was once the dominant export banana to Europe and North America, grown in Central America but, in the 1950s, [[Panama disease]], a wilt caused by the fungus [[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense|''Fusarium oxysporum'' f.sp. ''cubense'']], wiped out vast tracts of Gros Michel plantations in Central America, though it is still grown on non-infected land throughout the region.<ref name="apsnet.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspx|title=Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana Export Trades|work=apsnet.org|access-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821194641/https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspx|archive-date=2018-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Gros Michel bananas were grown on massive plantations in Honduras, Costa Rica, and elsewhere in Central America. The variety was once the dominant export banana to Europe and North America, grown in Central America but, in the 1950s, [[Panama disease]], a wilt caused by the fungus [[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense|''Fusarium oxysporum'' f.sp. ''cubense'']], wiped out vast tracts of Gros Michel plantations in Central America, though it is still grown on non-infected land throughout the region.<ref name="apsnet.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspx|title=Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana Export Trades|work=apsnet.org|access-date=2016-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821194641/https://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/PanamaDiseasePart1.aspx|archive-date=2018-08-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 By the 1960s, the exporters of Gros Michel bananas were unable to keep trading such a susceptible cultivar, and they started growing resistant cultivars belonging to the [[Cavendish banana|Cavendish]] subgroup (another ''Musa acuminata'' AAA).<ref name="apsnet.org" />
-===Genetic modification===
-There are efforts to use [[Genetic engineering|genetic modification]] to create a version of the Gros Michel which is resistant to Panama disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dale|first1=James|last2=James|first2=Anthony|last3=Paul|first3=Jean-Yves|last4=Khanna|first4=Harjeet|last5=Smith|first5=Mark|last6=Peraza-Echeverria|first6=Santy|last7=Garcia-Bastidas|first7=Fernando|last8=Kema|first8=Gert|last9=Waterhouse|first9=Peter|date=2017-11-14|title=Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4|journal=Nature Communications|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1496|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-01670-6|pmid=29133817|pmc=5684404|bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1496D|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> There have also been successful hybrids of Cavendish and Gros Michel that display a resistance to Panama disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.promusa.org/Fusarium+wilt#Resistant_cultivars|title = Fusarium wilt}}</ref>
 A 2013 paper described experiments to create a version of Gros Michel which is resistant to [[black sigatoka]], another fungal infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1|pmid = 22791138|title = Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana ('Gros Michel', AAA genome group) confers resistance to black leaf streak disease |journal=[[Transgenic Research]] |volume=22 |issue=1|pages = 117–130|year = 2013|last1 = Kovács|first1 = Gabriella|last2 = Sági|first2 = László|last3 = Jacon|first3 = Géraldine|last4 = Arinaitwe|first4 = Geofrey|last5 = Busogoro|first5 = Jean-Pierre|last6 = Thiry|first6 = Els|last7 = Strosse|first7 = Hannelore|last8 = Swennen|first8 = Rony|last9 = Remy|first9 = Serge|pmc = 3525978}}</ref>
 == Cultural references ==
-"[[Yes! We Have No Bananas]]", a [[novelty song]] about a grocer from the 1922 [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[revue]] ''[[Make It Snappy]]'', is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.<ref name="PopSci">{{ cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved |title=Can This Fruit Be Saved? |first=Dan |last=Koeppel |publisher=Popsci.com |date=19 June 2005 |access-date=2008-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221134012/http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>
+"[[Yes! We Have No Bananas]]", a [[novelty song]] about a grocer from the 1922 [[Broadway theater|Broadway]] [[revue]] ''[[Make It Snappy]]'', is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.<ref name="PopSci">{{ cite web|url=http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved |title=Can This Fruit Be Saved? |first=Dan |last=Koeppel |publisher=Popsci.com |date=19 June 2005 |access-date=2008-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221134012/http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-06/can-fruit-be-saved |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>
+The Gros Michel is included as a [[Joker (playing card)|Joker]] card in the [[Poker]] themed [[Roguelike deck-building game|roguelike deck-building]] video game ''[[Balatro (video game)|Balatro]]'', where it has a one-in-six chance of being destroyed after each round. After it gets destroyed, the [[Cavendish banana|Cavendish]] card has a chance to appear in the shop in its place; a reference to the cultivar's susceptibility to disease and its subsequent commercial replacement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parks |first1=William |title=Balatro: All Jokers (& How to Unlock Them) |url=https://gamerant.com/balatro-all-jokers-legendary-effects-unlock-rarity/ |website=Gamerant |access-date=25 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zerbinatto |first=Murillo |date=2024-04-08 |title=Balatro Reveals Update 1.0.1 Patch Notes |url=https://gamerant.com/balatro-update-patch-notes-101/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref>
 The Gros Michel has a higher concentration of [[isoamyl acetate]], the [[ester]] commonly used for "banana" food flavoring, than the Cavendish.<ref name="ScienceFriday">
-{{ cite web|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/why-dont-banana-candies-taste-like-real-bananas/ | title=ScienceFriday: Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas?}} </ref>
+{{ cite web|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/why-dont-banana-candies-taste-like-real-bananas/ | title=ScienceFriday: Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas?}} </ref> This higher concentration is responsible for the myth that banana flavoring was based on the Gros Michel, but artificial banana flavor was created before bananas were widely available in American markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The secrets of fake flavours |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140829-the-secrets-of-fake-flavours |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The chemistry of artificial banana flavor |url=https://www.earth.com/video/the-chemistry-of-artificial-banana-flavor/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref>
 == See also ==

v t e Bananas and plantains
Culinary usage	Alloco Banana beer Banana boat Banana bread Banana cake Banana chips Banana cue Banana custard Banana cream pie Banana flour Bananas Foster Banana fritter Banana ketchup Banana leaf Banana powder Banana pudding Banana split Banana wine Banania Bánh chuối Banoffee pie Boli Cayeye Chapo Chifle Flying Jacob Frozen banana Ginanggang Ginataang saba Mangú Maruya Matoke Minatamis na saging Mofongo Nagasari Nilagang saging Nilupak Pinasugbo Pritong saging Saba con hielo Tacacho Tonto Turón Tostones
Related topics	Banana, DR Congo Banana equivalent dose Banana, Kiribati Banana paper Banana peel Banana plantation Bananadine BanLec Cooking banana Green banana List of banana and plantain diseases List of banana cultivars List of banana dishes
Organizations	Banana Framework Agreement Banana Research Station, Kannara International Banana Museum MusaNet ProMusa Taiwan Banana Research Institute World Banana Forum
Category Production