Japonaiserie (Van Gogh): Difference between revisions

The Courtesan (after Eisen)
The Courtesan (after Eisen)
Artist	Vincent van Gogh
Year	1887
Catalogue	F373; JH1298;
Medium	Oil on canvas
Dimensions	105.5 cm × 60.5 cm (41½ in × 23¾ in)
Location	Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam

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Japonaiserie (English: Japanesery) was the term used by Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh to express the influence of Japanese art on his works.^[1]

Background

Before 1854, trade with Japan was limited to a Dutch monopoly,^[2] and Japanese goods imported into Europe primarily comprised porcelain and lacquer ware.^[3] The Convention of Kanagawa ended the 200-year Japanese foreign policy of Seclusion and opened up trade between Japan and the West.^[4] From the 1860s, ukiyo-e, Japanese woodblock prints, became a source of inspiration for many Western artists.^[5]

Influence of Japanese art on van Gogh

Curator Leo Jansen of the Van Gogh Museum explains Japonaiserie

Van Gogh's interest in Japanese prints began when he discovered illustrations by Félix Régamey featured in The Illustrated London News and Le Monde Illustré.^[6] Régamey created woodblock prints, followed Japanese techniques, and often depicted scenes of Japanese life.^[6] Beginning in 1885, Van Gogh switched from collecting magazine illustrations, such as Régamey, to collecting ukiyo-e prints which could be bought in small Parisian shops.^[6] Van Gogh bought Japanese ukiyo-e woodcuts in the docklands of Antwerp, later incorporating elements of their style into the background of some of his paintings.^[7] Vincent possessed twelve prints from Hiroshige's series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, and he also had bought Two Girls Bathing by Kunisada II, 1868. These prints were influential to his artistic development.^[8]

He shared his collection with his contemporaries and organized a Japanese print exhibition in Paris in 1887. He and his brother Theo van Gogh dealt in these prints for some time, eventually amassing hundreds of them, which are now housed in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.^[9]

A month later he wrote,

All my work is based to some extent on Japanese art...^[10]

Van Gogh made three copies of ukiyo-e prints, The Courtesan and the two studies after Hiroshige.

Van Gogh's dealing in ukiyo-e prints brought him into contact with Siegfried Bing, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese art to the West and later in the development of Art Nouveau.^[11] Van Gogh developed an idealised conception of the Japanese artist which led him to the Yellow House at Arles and his attempt to form a utopian art colony there with Paul Gauguin.

Style

Van Gogh admired the techniques of Japanese artists.^[12]

Characteristic features of ukiyo-e prints include their ordinary subject matter, the distinctive cropping of their compositions, bold and assertive outlines, absent or unusual perspective, flat regions of uniform colour, uniform lighting, absence of chiaroscuro, and their emphasis on decorative patterns. One or more of these features can be found in numbers of Vincent's paintings from his Antwerp period onwards.

Japonaiserie and Impressionism

In a letter to Theo dated 5 June 1888, Vincent remarked,

About staying in the south, even if it’s more expensive—Look, we love Japanese painting, we’ve experienced its influence—all the Impressionists have that in common—[so why not go to Japan], in other words, to what is the equivalent of Japan, the south? So I believe that the future of the new art still lies in the south after all.^[13]

In a letter of July 1888 he referred to the Impressionists as the "French Japanese".^[14]

The Courtesan (after Eisen)

The May 1886 edition of Paris Illustré was devoted to Japan with text by Tadamasa Hayashi who may have inspired van Gogh's utopian notion of the Japanese artist:

Just think of that; isn't it almost a new religion that these Japanese teach us, who are so simple and live in nature as if they themselves were flowers? And we wouldn't be able to study Japanese art, it seems to me, without becoming much happier and more cheerful, and it makes us return to nature, despite our education and our work in a world of convention.^[15]

The cover carried a reverse image of a colour woodblock by Keisai Eisen depicting a Japanese courtesan or Oiran. Vincent traced this and enlarged it to produce his painting.

Copies of Hiroshige prints

Plum Park in Kameido (1857) by Hiroshige

Flowering Plum Tree (after Hiroshige) (1887) by Vincent van Gogh

Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi bridge and Atake (1857) by Hiroshige

The Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige) (1887) by Vincent van Gogh

Van Gogh made copies of two Hiroshige prints. He altered their colours and added borders filled with calligraphic characters he borrowed from other prints.^[16]

References

^ "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.
^ Chisaburo, Yamada. "Exchange of Influences in the Fine Arts between Japan and Europe." Japonisme in Art: An International Symposium (1980): 14.
^ "Commodore Perry and Japan (1853–1854) | Asia for Educators | Columbia University". afe.easia.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-10.
^ Bickford, Lawrence (1993). "Ukiyo-E Print History". Impressions (17). ISSN 1095-2136. JSTOR 42597774.
^ ^a ^b ^c Thomson, Belinda (2014). "Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gauguin, Bernard and Anquetin". In Museum Folkwang (ed.). Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations. Folkwang/Steidl.
^ Hammacher, Abraham Marie (1985). Vincent Van Gogh : Genius and Disaster. New York. p. 84. ISBN 0-8109-8067-3. OCLC 50030883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Hammacher, Renilde (1982). Van Gogh, A Documentary Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishing CO., INC. pp. 135, 151. ISBN 0-02-547710-2.
^ "Japanese prints: Catalogue of the Van Gogh Museum's collection". Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ "Letter 640". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.
^ "Letter 620". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ "Letter 686 note 21". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.
^ 'Utagawa, Japonaiserie and Vincent Van Gogh' in: Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). 100 Famous Views of Edo. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00HR3RHUY

External links

Krikke, Jan. "Vincent van Gogh: Lessons from Japan". The Vincent van Gogh Gallery. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
"Japonism". Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

[1] "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[2] Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.

[3] Chisaburo, Yamada. "Exchange of Influences in the Fine Arts between Japan and Europe." Japonisme in Art: An International Symposium (1980): 14.

[4] "Commodore Perry and Japan (1853–1854) | Asia for Educators | Columbia University". afe.easia.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021-07-10.

[5] Bickford, Lawrence (1993). "Ukiyo-E Print History". Impressions (17). ISSN 1095-2136. JSTOR 42597774.

[:0-6] Thomson, Belinda (2014). "Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gauguin, Bernard and Anquetin". In Museum Folkwang (ed.). Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations. Folkwang/Steidl.

[7] Hammacher, Abraham Marie (1985). Vincent Van Gogh : Genius and Disaster. New York. p. 84. ISBN 0-8109-8067-3. OCLC 50030883.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] Hammacher, Renilde (1982). Van Gogh, A Documentary Biography. New York: Macmillan Publishing CO., INC. pp. 135, 151. ISBN 0-02-547710-2.

[9] "Japanese prints: Catalogue of the Van Gogh Museum's collection". Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[10] "Letter 640". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[11] "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[12] Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations, edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.

[13] "Letter 620". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[14] "Search result". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[15] "Letter 686 note 21". Vincent van Gogh. The Letters. Amsterdam: Van Gogh Museum.

[16] 'Utagawa, Japonaiserie and Vincent Van Gogh' in: Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2014). 100 Famous Views of Edo. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00HR3RHUY

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Influence of Japanese art on the works of Vincent van Gogh}}
 {{Infobox artwork
 | image_file = Van Gogh - la courtisane.jpg
+| image_upright      = 1
-| painting_alignment = right
-| image_size         = 259px
 | title              = The Courtesan (after Eisen)
 | alt                = An Oiran courtesan dressed in a colourful kimono placed against a bright yellow background framed by a border of bamboo canes, water lilies, frogs, cranes and a boat
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | owner              =
 }}
-[[File:Vincent van Gogh Looking to Japan.webm|{{largethumb}}|Curator Leo Jansen of the [[Van Gogh Museum]] about Japonaiserie]]
-'''''Japonaiserie''''' ({{lang-en|Japanesery}}) was the term used by Dutch [[post-impressionist]] painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] to express the [[Japonisme|influence of Japanese art]] on his works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/search/advanced?originaltext=original&term=Japonaiserie&person_terms=&person_code=&literature_terms=&literature_code=&workofart_terms=&workofart_code=&bibleref_terms=&bibleref_code=&f_number=&jh_number=&periodical=&from=1&id_range=&id_type=jlb_id&date_from=1872-09-29&date_until=1890-07-31&period=&correspondent_name=&correspondent_id=&place_name=&place_id=&order=date&search2.x=13&search2.y=8&search2=Search |title=Search result |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
+'''''Japonaiserie''''' ({{langx|en|Japanesery}}) was the term used by Dutch [[Post-Impressionist]] painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] to express the [[Japonisme|influence of Japanese art]] on his works.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/search/advanced?originaltext=original&term=Japonaiserie&person_terms=&person_code=&literature_terms=&literature_code=&workofart_terms=&workofart_code=&bibleref_terms=&bibleref_code=&f_number=&jh_number=&periodical=&from=1&id_range=&id_type=jlb_id&date_from=1872-09-29&date_until=1890-07-31&period=&correspondent_name=&correspondent_id=&place_name=&place_id=&order=date&search2.x=13&search2.y=8&search2=Search |title=Search result |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
 == Background ==
-Before 1854, trade with Japan was [[Dutch Golden Age#Monopoly on trade with Japan|limited to a Dutch monopoly]],<ref>Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In ''Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations'', edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.</ref> and [[Dejima#Trade|Japanese goods imported into Europe]] primarily comprised porcelain and lacquer ware.<ref>Chisaburo, Yamada. "Exchange of Influences in the Fine Arts between Japan and Europe." ''Japonisme in Art: An International Symposium'' (1980): 14.</ref> The [[Convention of Kanagawa]] ended the 200-year Japanese foreign policy of [[Sakoku|Seclusion]] and opened up trade between Japan and the West.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commodore Perry and Japan (1853-1854) {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_perry.htm|access-date=2021-07-10|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref> From the 1860s, ''[[ukiyo-e]],'' [[Moku hanga|Japanese woodblock prints]], became a source of inspiration for many Western artists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bickford|first=Lawrence|date=1993|title=UKIYO-E PRINT HISTORY|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42597774|journal=Impressions|issue=17|issn=1095-2136}}</ref>
+Before 1854, trade with Japan was [[Dutch Golden Age#Monopoly on trade with Japan|limited to a Dutch monopoly]],<ref>Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In ''Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations'', edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.</ref> and [[Dejima#Trade|Japanese goods imported into Europe]] primarily comprised porcelain and lacquer ware.<ref>Chisaburo, Yamada. "Exchange of Influences in the Fine Arts between Japan and Europe." ''Japonisme in Art: An International Symposium'' (1980): 14.</ref> The [[Convention of Kanagawa]] ended the 200-year Japanese foreign policy of [[Sakoku|Seclusion]] and opened up trade between Japan and the West.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Commodore Perry and Japan (1853–1854) {{!}} Asia for Educators {{!}} Columbia University|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_perry.htm|access-date=2021-07-10|website=afe.easia.columbia.edu}}</ref> From the 1860s, ''[[ukiyo-e]],'' [[Moku hanga|Japanese woodblock prints]], became a source of inspiration for many Western artists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bickford|first=Lawrence|title=Ukiyo-E Print History |date=1993|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42597774|journal=Impressions|issue=17|jstor=42597774 |issn=1095-2136}}</ref>
-==Influence of Japanese art on Van Gogh==
+== Influence of Japanese art on van Gogh ==
+[[File:Vincent van Gogh Looking to Japan.webm|upright=1.35|thumb|Curator Leo Jansen of the [[Van Gogh Museum]] explains Japonaiserie]]
-Vincent began collecting prints in the late 1880s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Janet A.|date=2008|title=Van Gogh, Collector of “Japan”|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/237767|journal=The Comparatist|volume=32|issue=1|pages=82–114|doi=10.1353/com.0.0025|issn=1559-0887}}</ref> He and his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo]] dealt in these prints for some time, eventually amassing hundreds of them, which are now housed in the [[Van Gogh Museum]] in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese prints: Catalogue of the Van Gogh Museum’s collection|url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=206701&lang=en|publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]]|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> In a letter to Theo dated 5 June 1888, Vincent remarked,
+Van Gogh's interest in Japanese prints began when he discovered illustrations by Félix Régamey featured in ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'' and ''[[Le Monde illustré|Le Monde Illustré]].''<ref name=":0">Thomson, Belinda (2014). "Japonisme in the Works of Van Gogh, Gauguin, Bernard and Anquetin". In Museum Folkwang (ed.). Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations. Folkwang/Steidl.</ref> Régamey created woodblock prints, followed Japanese techniques, and often depicted scenes of Japanese life.<ref name=":0" /> Beginning in 1885, Van Gogh switched from collecting magazine illustrations, such as Régamey, to collecting ukiyo-e prints which could be bought in small Parisian shops.<ref name=":0" /> Van Gogh bought Japanese [[ukiyo-e]] woodcuts in the docklands of Antwerp, later incorporating elements of their style into the background of some of his paintings.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hammacher|first=Abraham Marie|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50030883|title=Vincent Van Gogh : Genius and Disaster|date=1985|isbn=0-8109-8067-3|location=New York|pages=84|oclc=50030883}}</ref> Vincent possessed twelve prints from [[Hiroshige]]'s series ''[[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]],'' and he also had bought ''Two Girls Bathing'' by [[Utagawa Kunisada II|Kunisada II]], 1868. These prints were influential to his artistic development.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hammacher|first=Renilde|title=Van Gogh, A Documentary Biography|publisher=Macmillan Publishing CO., INC.|year=1982|isbn=0-02-547710-2|location=New York|pages=135, 151}}</ref>
-{{quote|About staying in the south, even if it’s more expensive—Look, we love Japanese painting, we’ve experienced its influence—all the Impressionists have that in common—[so why not go to Japan], in other words, to what is the equivalent of Japan, the south? So I believe that the future of the new art still lies in the south after all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let620/letter.html |title=Letter 620 |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>}}
+He shared his collection with his contemporaries and organized a Japanese print exhibition in Paris in 1887. He and his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo van Gogh]] dealt in these prints for some time, eventually amassing hundreds of them, which are now housed in the [[Van Gogh Museum]] in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web|title=Japanese prints: Catalogue of the Van Gogh Museum's collection|url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=206701&lang=en|publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]]|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
 A month later he wrote,
@@ Line 36: / Line 37: @@
 {{quote|All my work is based to some extent on Japanese art...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let640/letter.html|title=Letter 640|work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]]|location=Amsterdam}}</ref>}}
+Van Gogh made three copies of ''ukiyo-e'' prints, ''The Courtesan'' and the two studies after [[Hiroshige]].
-Van Gogh's interest in Japanese ''ukiyo-e'' [[moku hanga|woodblock prints]] dates from his time in Antwerp when he was also immersing himself in [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix's]] theory of colour and where he used them to decorate his studio. Vincent possessed twelve prints from [[Hiroshige]]'s series ''[[One Hundred Famous Views of Edo]]'' and he also had bought ''Two Girls Bathing'' by [[Utagawa Kunisada II|Kunisada II]], 1868. These prints had an increasing influence on his whole development.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Van Gogh, A Documentary Biography|last=Hammacher|first=Renilde|publisher=Macmillan Publishing CO., INC.|year=1982|isbn=0-02-547710-2|location=New York|pages=135, 151}}</ref>
-{{quote|One of [[Jules de Goncourt|De Goncourt's]] sayings was "Japonaiserie for ever". Well, these docks [at Antwerp] are one huge Japonaiserie, fantastic, singular, strange ... I mean, the figures there are always in motion, one sees them in the most peculiar settings, everything fantastic, and interesting contrasts keep appearing of their own accord.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let545/letter.html |title=Letter 545 |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>}}
+Van Gogh's dealing in ''ukiyo-e'' prints brought him into contact with [[Siegfried Bing]], who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese art to the West and later in the development of [[Art Nouveau]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Search result|url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/search/advanced?originaltext=original&translation=translation&annotations=notes&essays=essays&from=1&to=1&date_from=1872-09-29&date_until=1890-07-31&order=date&person_code=290|work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters|publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]]|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Van Gogh developed an idealised conception of the Japanese artist which led him to the [[Yellow House (Arles)|Yellow House at Arles]] and his attempt to form a utopian [[art colony]] there with [[Paul Gauguin]].
+== Style ==
-During his subsequent stay in Paris, where [[Japonism|''Japonisme'']] had become a fashion influencing the work of the [[Impressionists]], he began to collect ''ukiyo-e'' prints and eventually to deal in them with his brother Theo. At that time he made three copies of ''ukiyo-e'' prints, ''The Courtesan'' and the two studies after [[Hiroshige]].
+Van Gogh admired the techniques of Japanese artists.<ref>Gianfreda, Sandra. "Introduction." In ''Monet, Gauguin, Van Gogh… Japanese Inspirations'', edited by Museum Folkwang, Essen, 14. Gottingen: Folkwang/Steidl, 2014.</ref>
+Characteristic features of ''ukiyo-e'' prints include their ordinary subject matter, the distinctive cropping of their compositions, bold and assertive outlines, absent or unusual perspective, flat regions of uniform colour, uniform lighting, absence of ''[[chiaroscuro]]'', and their emphasis on decorative patterns. One or more of these features can be found in numbers of Vincent's paintings from his Antwerp period onwards.
-Van Gogh developed an idealised conception of the Japanese artist which led him to the [[Yellow House (Arles)|Yellow House at Arles]] and his attempt to form a utopian [[art colony]] there with [[Paul Gauguin]].
+== ''Japonaiserie'' and Impressionism ==
-His enthusiasm for Japanese art was later taken up by the Impressionists. In a letter of July 1888 he refers to the Impressionists as the "French Japanese".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let642/letter.html |title=Letter 642 |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref> He strongly admired the techniques of Japanese artists, writing to Theo in September 1888:
+In a letter to Theo dated 5 June 1888, Vincent remarked,{{quote|About staying in the south, even if it’s more expensive—Look, we love Japanese painting, we’ve experienced its influence—all the Impressionists have that in common—[so why not go to Japan], in other words, to what is the equivalent of Japan, the south? So I believe that the future of the new art still lies in the south after all.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let620/letter.html |title=Letter 620 |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>}}In a letter of July 1888 he referred to the Impressionists as the "French Japanese".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/search/advanced?originaltext=original&term=Japonaiserie&person_terms=&person_code=&literature_terms=&literature_code=&workofart_terms=&workofart_code=&bibleref_terms=&bibleref_code=&f_number=&jh_number=&periodical=&from=1&id_range=&id_type=jlb_id&date_from=1872-09-29&date_until=1890-07-31&period=&correspondent_name=&correspondent_id=&place_name=&place_id=&order=date&search2.x=13&search2.y=8&search2=Search |title=Search result |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
+== ''The Courtesan (after Eisen)'' ==
-{{quote|I envy the Japanese the extreme clarity that everything in their work has. It's never dull, and never appears to be done too hastily. Their work is as simple as breathing, and they do a figure with a few confident strokes with the same ease as if it was as simple as buttoning your waistcoat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vangoghletters.org/vg/letters/let686/letter.html |title=Letter 686 |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>}}
+[[File:Van Gogh tracing for The Courtesan.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|Vincent's tracing of the courtesan figure|alt= an old looking squared up tracing of a Japanese woman]]
-Van Gogh's dealing in ''ukiyo-e'' prints brought him into contact with [[Siegfried Bing]], who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese art to the West and later in the development of [[Art Nouveau]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vangoghletters.org/vg/search/advanced?originaltext=original&translation=translation&annotations=notes&essays=essays&from=1&to=1&date_from=1872-09-29&date_until=1890-07-31&order=date&person_code=290|title=Search result |work=Vincent van Gogh. The Letters |publisher=[[Van Gogh Museum]] |location=Amsterdam}}</ref>
-Characteristic features of ''ukiyo-e'' prints include their ordinary subject matter, the distinctive cropping of their compositions, bold and assertive outlines, absent or unusual perspective, flat regions of uniform colour, uniform lighting, absence of ''[[chiaroscuro]]'', and their emphasis on decorative patterns. One or more of these features can be found in numbers of Vincent's paintings from his Antwerp period onwards.
-==''The Courtesan (after Eisen)''==
-[[File:Van_Gogh_tracing_for_The_Courtesan.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|Vincent's tracing of the courtesan figure|alt= an old looking squared up tracing of a Japanese woman]]
 [[File:Title page Paris Illustre Le Japon vol 4 May 1886.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of ''Paris Illustré Le Japon'' vol. 4, May 1886, no. 45-46|alt= the front of an old French magazine showing a courtesan or oiran or 'geisha girl' in a colourful kimono her hair fantasically done up with cherry or almond blossom to the left]]
@@ Line 66: / Line 64: @@
 {{clear}}
-==Copies of Hiroshige prints==
+== Copies of Hiroshige prints ==
 {{multiple image
@@ Line 78: / Line 76: @@
 | width2    = 185
 | alt2      =
-| caption2  = ''Flowering Plum Tree (after Hiroshige)'' (1887) by [[Vincent Van Gogh]]
+| caption2  = ''Flowering Plum Tree (after Hiroshige)'' (1887) by [[Vincent van Gogh]]
 }}
@@ Line 91: / Line 89: @@
 | width2    = 177
 | alt2      =
-| caption2  = ''The Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige)'' (1887) by [[Vincent Van Gogh]]
+| caption2  = ''The Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige)'' (1887) by [[Vincent van Gogh]]
 }}
@@ Line 98: / Line 96: @@
 {{clear}}
+== See also ==
-==Example ukiyo-e colour woodblock prints==
+* [[List of works by Vincent van Gogh]]
-*Eisen: ''The Feast of Seven Herbs''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/04.+Engraving/405861/?lng=en |title=The Feast of Seven Herbs (Imayo musume nanakusa) |website=State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Eisen and  others: 22 Japanese woodcuts, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528123133/http://www.conncoll.edu/visual/Japanese-prints/index-3.html Connecticut College, Connecticut]
-*Eisen: ''Opening Night in the Theater District for Two Theaters of Edo'' (Edo ryôza Shibai-machi kaomise no zu).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/opening-night-in-the-theater-district-for-two-theaters-of-edo-edo-ry%C3%B4za-shibai-machi-kaomise-no-zu-176473 |title=Opening Night in the Theater District for Two Theaters of Edo (Edo ryôza Shibai-machi kaomise no zu) |website=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Hiroshige: ''[[Sudden Shower over Shin-Ōhashi bridge and Atake|Sudden Shower over Atake]]'' (1857), [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/edo/detail.php?view=9005.58.13 Brooklyn Museum, New York]
-*Hiroshige: ''Plum Estate, Kameido'' (1857), [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/edo/detail.php?view=9022.30.10 Brooklyn Museum, New York]
-*Hiroshige: ''Maple Trees at Mama, Tekona Shrine'' (1857), [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/edo/detail.php?view=Autumn.94 Brooklyn Museum, New York]
-*Hiroshige: ''Ushimachi, Takanawa''  (1857), [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/edo/detail.php?view=9013.81.14 Brooklyn Museum, New York]
-*Hiroshige: ''Fireworks at Ryōgoku''   (1857), [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/online/edo/detail.php?view=9016.98.7 Brooklyn Museum, New York]
-[[File:Dragon ascending Mount Fuji, Katsushika Hokusai.jpg|thumb|''Dragon ascending Mount Fuji'' from ''[[100 Views of Mount Fuji]]'' by [[Hokusai]], 1835. British Museum, London]]
-*Hiroshige: ''Yui, Satta Peak''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=786846&partId=1 |title=No 17 Yui, Satta-mine 由井薩埵嶺 (Yui: Satta Peak) / Tokaido gojusan-tsugi no uchi 東海道五拾三次之内 (Fifty-Three Stations of the Tokaido Highway) |website=British Museum|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Hiroshige: ''(various)''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiroshige.org.uk/ |title=Ando Hiroshige |newspaper=Hiroshige.org |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Hokusai: ''Abe No Nakamaro'', [http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/19th_pages/Hokusai/FRM_PIC_SE-Hokusai.html Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge]
-*Hokusai (''attrib.''): ''The Shishi-Mai Dance'', [http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXSESSION_=CdB2B4AGBWQ&_IXSR_=&_IXACTION_=display&_MREF_=15641&_IXSP_=1&_IXFPFX_=templates/full/&_IXSPFX_=templates/full/ Royal Academy of Arts, London]
-*Sharaku: ''The Actors Nakamura Wadaemon and Nakamura Konoz''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=785650&partId=1 |title=The Actors Nakamura Wadaemon and Nakamura Konoz |website=British Museum|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Utamaro: ''Girl at her Toilet with two female attendants and male admirer'', [http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1926P184 Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery, Birmingham]
-*Utamaro: ''Women sewing''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=785546&partId=1 |title=Utamaro: Women sewing |website=British Museum|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*Utamaro: ''Picture Book of Crawling Creatures'' (1788)s, [http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/utamaro/start.html Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge]
-==Illustrative Van Gogh oil paintings on canvas==
-===In the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam===
-*''Houses seen from the Back'' (1885, Antwerp).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0142V1962 |title=Houses Seen from the Back |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Courtesan'' (1887).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0116V1962 |title=Courtesan (after Eisen) |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige)'', (1887).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0114V1962 |title=Bridge in the Rain (after Hiroshige) |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''Flowering Plum Orchard (after Hiroshige)'', (1887).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0115V1962 |title=Flowering Plum Orchard (after Hiroshige) |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''Sprig of Flowering Almond in a Glass'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0184V1962 |title=Sprig of Flowering Almond in a Glass |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Bedroom'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0047V1962 |title=The Bedroom |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''Fishing Boats on the Beach at Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0028V1962 |title=Fishing Boats on the Beach at Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Rock of Montmajour with Pine Trees'' (1888), pen and brush.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/d0344V1962 |title=The Rock of Montmajour with Pine Trees |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Langlois Bridge'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0027V1962 |title=The Langlois Bridge |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Harvest'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0030V1962 |title=The Harvest |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''The Sower'' (1888).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0029V1962 |title=The Sower |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-*''Almond Blossom'' (1890).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/collection/s0176V1962 |title=Almond Blossom |website=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam |access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref>
-===Outside the Netherlands===
-*''Vincent's  Chair with Pipe'' (1888), [http://nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-van-goghs-chair National Gallery, London]
-*''Sunflowers'' (1888), [http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/vincent-van-gogh-sunflowers National Gallery, London]
-==See also==
 * [[Copies by Vincent van Gogh]]
 *[[Japonism]]
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{reflist}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
+{{Commons category|Japonaiserie, Vincent van Gogh serie}}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.vggallery.com/visitors/018.htm|title=Vincent van Gogh: Lessons from Japan|last=Krikke|first=Jan|work=The Vincent van Gogh Gallery|access-date=2010-08-25}}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/prints/subject/5772|title=Japonism|work=Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam|access-date=14 January 2017}}
-{{Commons category|Japonaiserie, Vincent van Gogh serie}}
-{{Vincent van Gogh}}
+{{Vincent van Gogh|state=collapsed}}
 [[Category:Paintings by Vincent van Gogh]]
-[[Category:Vincent van Gogh paintings of Paris]]
+[[Category:Paintings of Paris by Vincent van Gogh]]
-[[Category:Series of Vincent van Gogh paintings]]
+[[Category:Series of paintings by Vincent van Gogh]]
 [[Category:1887 paintings]]
 [[Category:Japonisme]]
 [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
+[[Category:Oil on canvas paintings]]
+[[Category:Bamboo]]