Polikarpov DI-1: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Soviet aircraft}} |
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{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin |
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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| name=DI-1 (2I-N1) |
| name=DI-1 (2I-N1) |
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| image= |
| image=Polikarpov DI-1.jpg |
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| caption= |
| caption= |
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}}{{Infobox |
}}{{Infobox aircraft type |
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| type=Fighter |
| type=Fighter |
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| national origin=[[Soviet Union]] |
| national origin=[[Soviet Union]] |
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| manufacturer=[[Polikarpov]] |
| manufacturer=[[Polikarpov]] |
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| designer= |
| designer=[[Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov]] |
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| first flight=1926 |
| first flight=12 January 1926 |
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| introduced= |
| introduced= |
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| retired= |
| retired= |
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| status= |
| status=Cancelled |
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| primary user= |
| primary user= |
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| number built= |
| number built=1 |
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| developed from= |
| developed from= |
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The '''Polikarpov DI-1''' (DI - ''Dvukhmesnyy Istrebitel'' - two-seat fighter), also known as '''2I-N1''', {{langx|ru|Поликарпов ДИ-1 (2И-Н1)}}, was a prototype [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] two-seat fighter designed during the 1920s. The sole prototype built crashed on its ninth flight, due to manufacturing defects, and the program was cancelled. |
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'''Polikarpov DI-1''' (also known as '''2I-N1''', {{lang-ru|Поликарпов ДИ-1 (2И-Н1)}}) was a prototype Soviet two-seat fighter of the 1920s. First flown in 1926, DI-1 achieved performance comparable to single-seat fighters of the time due to light weight. The savings were achieved by carefully selecting airframe components to meet calculated durability requirements. However, during the ninth test flight on 31 March 1926 the aircraft suffered catastrophic failure of the top wing due to production defects and was destroyed along with its crew of two. The project was abandoned following the crash but certain design elements were carried over into the future Polikarpov aircraft.<ref name="shavrov">{{cite book|author=Shavrov V.B.|year=1985|title=Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR do 1938 g. (3izd.)|language=Russian|publisher=Mashinostroenie|id=ISBN 5-217-03112-3}}</ref> |
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==Design and development== |
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==Specifications (DI-1) == |
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[[Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov]] began design of a two-seat fighter initially designated as the 2I-N1 (two-seat ''Istrebitel{{'}}'' (fighter) with a single Napier engine) in October 1924 at Zavod (Factory) Nr. 1 at [[Khodynka Aerodrome]], [[Moscow]]. It was the first Soviet indigenous two-seat fighter.<ref name=g5>Gordon and Dexter, p. 5</ref> It was a single-bay [[biplane]] with its wings arranged in a [[sesquiplane]] configuration. The oval-shaped, semi-[[monocoque]] fuselage was made of 'shpon', molded birch plywood. The wings were also covered with 'shpon'. The upper wing had two [[spar (aviation)|spar]]s, but the lower wing only had one. Internal bracing wires were not used in the wings as it was built up from plywood ribs with large [[lightening holes]] and [[Longeron|stringers]]. [[Interplane strut|V-struts]] made from [[Duralumin]] separated the wings and connected the upper wing to the fuselage. Steel bracing wires were used externally. An airfoil enclosed the axle of the fixed undercarriage and a small ski served as a tailskid. It had an imported {{convert|336|kW|adj=on}} [[Napier Lion]] engine enclosed in a metal cowling. It carried {{convert|547|kg|abbr=on}} of fuel and oil. The armament consisted of a single fixed {{convert|7.62|mm|abbr=on}} synchronized [[PV-1 machine gun]] and a 7.62 mm [[Degtyaryov machine gun|DA]] machine gun mounted on a ring in the observer's cockpit.<ref name=g5/> |
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{{aircraft specifications |
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The first flight of the prototype took place on 12 January 1926 and the DI-1, as it was now known, demonstrated excellent performance. Polikarpov himself flew as the observer on the fourth and eighth test flights. However, during the ninth flight on 31 March 1926, the aircraft was making speed runs over the measured kilometer at Khodynka Airfield at a height of {{convert|100|m|0}} when the upper surface of the right upper wing ripped off, followed by the lower skin. Both right wings then collapsed and the DI-1 crashed, killing both the pilot, V. N. Filippov, and the observer, V. V. Mikhailov.<ref name=g8>Gunston, p. 288</ref> |
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|plane or copter?=plane |
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Examination of the wreckage revealed that large portions of the wings' skin were badly glued and that a number of rib caps and stringers were not glued at all. Many panel pins were not connected to the structure at all and many of the [[bradawl]] holes necessary to equalize pressure between the inside of the wing and the outside were missing entirely. The crash of such an advanced aircraft shocked the entire industry and caused a six-month hiatus in design work. Polikarpov overreacted to its loss and built the structure of a number of his subsequent aircraft stronger, and thus, heavier, than it needed to be.<ref name=g8/> All further work on the project was abandoned following the crash, nominally for lack of a suitable engine.<ref name=g5/> |
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|jet or prop?=prop |
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|ref=Shavrov 1985<ref name="shavrov"/> |
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==Specifications== |
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|crew=Two |
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{{Aircraft specs |
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|length main=9.75 m |
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|ref=''Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR do 1938'' <ref name=Shavrov>{{cite book|author=Shavrov V.B.|year=1985|title=Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR do 1938 g. (3izd.)|language=Russian|publisher=Mashinostroenie|isbn=5-217-03112-3}}</ref> |
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|length alt=31 ft 12 in |
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|prime units?=met |
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|span main=12 m |
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|span alt=39 ft 4 in |
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General characteristics |
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|height main= |
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--> |
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|height alt= |
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|crew=2 |
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|area main=27.15 m² |
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|length m=9.75 |
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|area alt=292.2 ft² |
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|length note= |
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|empty weight main=1,153 kg |
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|span m=12 |
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|empty weight alt=2,542 lb |
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|span note= |
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|loaded weight main=1,700 kg |
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|height m= |
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|loaded weight alt=3,748 lb |
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|height note= |
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|engine (prop)=[[Napier Lion]] |
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|wing area sqm=27.15 |
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|type of prop=12-cylinder [[W engine]] |
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|wing area note= |
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|number of props=1 |
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|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes --> |
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|power main=336 kW |
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|airfoil= |
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|power alt=450 hp |
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|empty weight kg=1153 |
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|max speed main=268 km/h |
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|empty weight note= |
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|max speed alt=145 knots, 167 mph |
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|gross weight kg=1700 |
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|range main=800 km |
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|gross weight note= |
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|range alt=432 nm, 497 mi |
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|max takeoff weight kg= |
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|ceiling main=7,100 m |
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|max takeoff weight note= |
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|ceiling alt=23,294 ft |
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|fuel capacity= |
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|loading main=63 kg/m² |
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|more general= |
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|loading alt=13 lb/ft² |
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|power/mass main=197 W/kg |
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Powerplant |
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|power/mass alt=0.12 hp/lb |
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--> |
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|more performance= |
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|eng1 number=1 |
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*'''Time to altitude:''' 13 min to 5,000 m (16,400 ft) |
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|eng1 name=[[Napier Lion]] |
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|eng1 type=W-12 water-cooled piston engine |
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|eng1 kw=336 |
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|eng1 note= |
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|prop blade number=2 |
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|prop name=fixed-pitch propeller |
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|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft --> |
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|prop dia note= |
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<!-- |
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Performance |
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--> |
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|max speed kmh=268 |
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|max speed note= |
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|cruise speed kmh= |
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|cruise speed note= |
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|stall speed kmh= |
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|stall speed note= |
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|never exceed speed kmh= |
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|never exceed speed note= |
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|range km=800 |
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|range note= |
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|combat range km= |
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|combat range note= |
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|ferry range km= |
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|ferry range note= |
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|endurance=<!-- if range unknown --> |
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|ceiling m=7100 |
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|ceiling note= |
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|g limits=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|roll rate=<!-- aerobatic --> |
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|climb rate ms= |
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|climb rate note= |
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|time to altitude={{cvt|5000|m}} in 13 minutes |
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|wing loading kg/m2=63 |
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|wing loading note= |
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|fuel consumption kg/km= |
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|power/mass={{cvt|0.2|kW/kg}} |
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|more performance=<br/> |
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*'''Horizontal turn time:''' 12 sec |
*'''Horizontal turn time:''' 12 sec |
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<!-- |
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|armament= |
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Armament |
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*2× 7.62 mm (0.3 in) machine guns |
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--> |
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|guns= 2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) machine guns |
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}} |
}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Gunston|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Gunston |title=The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995|publisher=Osprey|location=London|date=1995|isbn=1-85532-405-9}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Yefim |author2=Dexter, Keith |title= Polikarpov's Biplane Fighters|year=2002 |publisher= Midland Publishing|location=Hinckley, England |isbn=1-85780-141-5}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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{{Polikarpov aircraft}} |
{{Polikarpov aircraft}} |
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{{Soviet fighter |
{{Soviet fighter designations}} |
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{{Aviation lists}} |
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[[Category:Polikarpov aircraft]] |
[[Category:Polikarpov aircraft|DI-1]] |
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[[Category:Soviet fighter aircraft |
[[Category:1920s Soviet fighter aircraft]] |
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[[Category:Sesquiplanes]] |
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[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1926]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:54, 26 October 2024
| DI-1 (2I-N1) | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | Fighter |
| National origin | Soviet Union |
| Manufacturer | Polikarpov |
| Designer | Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov |
| First flight | 12 January 1926 |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Number built | 1 |
The Polikarpov DI-1 (DI - Dvukhmesnyy Istrebitel - two-seat fighter), also known as 2I-N1, Russian: Поликарпов ДИ-1 (2И-Н1), was a prototype Soviet two-seat fighter designed during the 1920s. The sole prototype built crashed on its ninth flight, due to manufacturing defects, and the program was cancelled.
Design and development
[edit]Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov began design of a two-seat fighter initially designated as the 2I-N1 (two-seat Istrebitel' (fighter) with a single Napier engine) in October 1924 at Zavod (Factory) Nr. 1 at Khodynka Aerodrome, Moscow. It was the first Soviet indigenous two-seat fighter.[1] It was a single-bay biplane with its wings arranged in a sesquiplane configuration. The oval-shaped, semi-monocoque fuselage was made of 'shpon', molded birch plywood. The wings were also covered with 'shpon'. The upper wing had two spars, but the lower wing only had one. Internal bracing wires were not used in the wings as it was built up from plywood ribs with large lightening holes and stringers. V-struts made from Duralumin separated the wings and connected the upper wing to the fuselage. Steel bracing wires were used externally. An airfoil enclosed the axle of the fixed undercarriage and a small ski served as a tailskid. It had an imported 336-kilowatt (451 hp) Napier Lion engine enclosed in a metal cowling. It carried 547 kg (1,206 lb) of fuel and oil. The armament consisted of a single fixed 7.62 mm (0.300 in) synchronized PV-1 machine gun and a 7.62 mm DA machine gun mounted on a ring in the observer's cockpit.[1]
The first flight of the prototype took place on 12 January 1926 and the DI-1, as it was now known, demonstrated excellent performance. Polikarpov himself flew as the observer on the fourth and eighth test flights. However, during the ninth flight on 31 March 1926, the aircraft was making speed runs over the measured kilometer at Khodynka Airfield at a height of 100 metres (328 ft) when the upper surface of the right upper wing ripped off, followed by the lower skin. Both right wings then collapsed and the DI-1 crashed, killing both the pilot, V. N. Filippov, and the observer, V. V. Mikhailov.[2]
Examination of the wreckage revealed that large portions of the wings' skin were badly glued and that a number of rib caps and stringers were not glued at all. Many panel pins were not connected to the structure at all and many of the bradawl holes necessary to equalize pressure between the inside of the wing and the outside were missing entirely. The crash of such an advanced aircraft shocked the entire industry and caused a six-month hiatus in design work. Polikarpov overreacted to its loss and built the structure of a number of his subsequent aircraft stronger, and thus, heavier, than it needed to be.[2] All further work on the project was abandoned following the crash, nominally for lack of a suitable engine.[1]
Specifications
[edit]Data from Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR do 1938 [3]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 9.75 m (32 ft 0 in)
- Wingspan: 12 m (39 ft 4 in)
- Wing area: 27.15 m2 (292.2 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 1,153 kg (2,542 lb)
- Gross weight: 1,700 kg (3,748 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Napier Lion W-12 water-cooled piston engine, 336 kW (451 hp)
- Propellers: 2-bladed fixed-pitch propeller
Performance
- Maximum speed: 268 km/h (167 mph, 145 kn)
- Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 7,100 m (23,300 ft)
- Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 13 minutes
- Wing loading: 63 kg/m2 (13 lb/sq ft)
- Power/mass: 0.2 kW/kg (0.12 hp/lb)
- Horizontal turn time: 12 sec
Armament
- Guns: 2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) machine guns
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Gunston, Bill (1995). The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875-1995. London: Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
- Gordon, Yefim; Dexter, Keith (2002). Polikarpov's Biplane Fighters. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-141-5.