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{{short description|17th-century Catholic pope}}
{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church in 1605}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
{{Infobox Christian leader
|type = Pope
| type = Pope
|honorific-prefix = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
|name = Leo XI
| name = Leo XI
|title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
|image = Portret van paus Leo XI Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici . NL-HlmNHA 1477 53010831.JPG
| image = Portret van paus Leo XI Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici . NL-HlmNHA 1477 53010831.JPG
|image_size = 220px
| image_size = 220px
|caption = Portrait engraving of Leo XI by [[Jacob Matham]], 1605
| caption = Leo XI in a 1605 engraving
|birth_name = Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici
| birth_name = Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
|term_start = 1 April 1605
|term_end = 27 April 1605
| term_start = 1 April 1605
| term_end = 27 April 1605<br>
|predecessor = [[Clement VIII]]
|successor = [[Paul V]]
| predecessor = [[Clement VIII]]
| successor = [[Paul V]]
|ordination = 22 July 1567
| ordination = 22 July 1567
|ordained_by = [[Antonio Altoviti]]
| ordained_by = [[Antonio Altoviti]]
|consecration = March 1573
| consecration = March 1573
|consecrated_by = [[Francisco Pacheco de Villena (Toledo)]]
| consecrated_by = [[Francisco Pacheco de Villena (Toledo)]]
|cardinal = 12 December 1583
| cardinal = 12 December 1583
|created_cardinal_by=[[Pope Gregory XIII]]
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]
|birth_date = 2 June 1535
| birth_date = 2 June 1535
|birth_place = [[Florence]], [[Duchy of Florence]]
| birth_place = [[Florence]], [[Duchy of Florence]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1605|4|27|1535|6|2|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1605|4|27|1535|6|2|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
|previous_post={{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pistoia|Bishop of Pistoia]] (1573)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|Archbishop of Florence]] (1574–1596)|[[Santi Quirico e Giulitta|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta]] (1583–1591)|[[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] (1591–1592)|[[Santa Prassede|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede]] (1592–1594)|[[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] (1594–1600)|Prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars (1598–1605)|[[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]] (1600)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1600–1602)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1602–1605)}}
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
⚫
|other = Leo
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Pistoia|Bishop of Pistoia]] (1573)
⚫
|coat_of_arms = File:Coat of arms of Medici popes.svg
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|Archbishop of Florence]] (1574–1596)
* [[Santi Quirico e Giulitta|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta]] (1583–1591)
* [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] (1591–1592)
* [[Santa Prassede|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede]] (1592–1594)
* [[San Pietro in Vincoli|Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli]] (1594–1600)
* Prefect of the [[Congregation of Bishops and Regulars]] (1598–1605)
* [[Santa Maria in Trastevere|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere]] (1600)
* [[Cardinal-Bishop of Albano]] (1600–1602)
* [[Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina]] (1602–1605)
}}
}}
⚫
| other = Leo
⚫
'''Pope Leo XI''' (2 June 1535{{snd}}27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 1 April 1605 to his death.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Leo XI |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-XI}}</ref> His pontificate is one of the briefest in history, having lasted under a month. He was from the prominent [[House of Medici]] originating from [[Florence]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm "List of Popes,"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2009); retrieved 2013-3-15.</ref> Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood and sought to prevent it by having him given secular honours, but after her death he eventually was ordained a priest in 1567. In his career he served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, [[Bishop of Pistoia]], [[Archbishop of Florence]], papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of the Bishops and Religious. He was elected to the papacy in the [[Papal conclave, March 1605|March 1605 papal conclave]] and served as pope for 27 days.
⚫
| coat_of_arms = Medici popes.svg
}}

⚫
'''Pope Leo XI''' ({{langx|it|Leone XI}}; 2 June 1535{{snd}}27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 1 April 1605 to his death, on 27 April 1605.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |title=Leo XI |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-XI}}</ref> His pontificate is one of the briefest in history, having lasted under a month. He was from the prominent [[House of Medici]] originating from [[Florence]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12272b.htm "List of Popes,"] ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (2009); retrieved 2013-3-15.</ref> Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood and sought to prevent it by having him given secular honours, but after her death he eventually was ordained a priest in 1567. In his career he served as [[Duchy of Florence|Florence]]'s ambassador to the pope, [[Bishop of Pistoia]], [[Archbishop of Florence]], [[Papal legate]] to [[Kingdom of France|France]], and as the cardinal Prefect for the [[Congregation of Bishops and Regulars]]. He was elected to the papacy in the [[Papal conclave, March 1605|March 1605 papal conclave]] when he was almost seventy. He almost immediately suffered from fever and served as pope for 27 days.


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
=== Early life ===
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici was born in [[Florence]]<ref name="catholic">{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Leo XI}}</ref> as the son of [[Ottaviano de' Medici]] and Francesca [[Salviati]]. His family belonged to [[[[Princes of Ottajano|Medici di Ottajano]], a cadet branch of the [[Medici family]]. He was also the great-nephew of [[Pope Leo X]]. Ottaviano died early in his son’s life, and thereafter Alessandro was home schooled by a [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] priest, Vincenzo Ercolano.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 298.</ref>
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici was born in [[Florence]]<ref name="catholic">{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Pope Leo XI}}</ref> as the son of [[Ottaviano de' Medici]] and Francesca [[Salviati family|Salviati]]. His family belonged to [[Princes of Ottajano|Medici di Ottajano]], a cadet branch of the [[House of Medici]]. He was also the great-nephew of [[Pope Leo X]]. Ottaviano died early in his son’s life, and thereafter Alessandro was home schooled by a [[Order of Preachers|Dominican]] priest, Vincenzo Ercolano.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 298.</ref>


de' Medici felt the call to the priesthood, but his mother opposed his vocation since he was the only male in the family. She sent him instead to the court of the [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]], who appointed him a knight of San Stefano. In 1560 he travelled to [[Rome]] where he commenced a lifelong friendship and collaboration with [[Philip Neri]], future saint. It was Neri who predicted that Alessandro would ascend to the pontificate. de' Medici's mother died in 1566 at which point he resumed his studies to become a priest. This led to his ordination on 22 July 1567.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Leo XI|publisher=Saints SQPN}}</ref>
Alessandro felt the call to the priesthood, but his mother opposed this since he was the only male in the family. She sent him instead to the court of the [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]], who appointed him a [[Order of Saint Stephen|knight of San Stefano]]. In 1560 he travelled to [[Rome]] where he commenced a lifelong friendship and collaboration with [[Philip Neri]], the future saint. It was Philip who predicted that Alessandro would ascend to the pontificate. His mother died in 1566, at which point he resumed his studies to become a priest. His ordination took place on 22 July 1567.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Leo XI|publisher=Saints SQPN}}</ref>


=== Priesthood ===
=== Priesthood ===
[[File:Alessandro Algardi, monumento a leone XI Medici, 1644, 01.JPG|thumb|left|125px|Tomb of Leo XI in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], by [[Alessandro Algardi]]]]
[[File:Alessandro Algardi, monumento a leone XI Medici, 1644, 01.JPG|thumb|left|125px|Tomb of Leo XI in [[St. Peter's Basilica]], by [[Alessandro Algardi]]]]


Alessandro served as the Florentine [[ambassador]] to [[Pope Pius V]] from 1569 to 1584 and was later appointed by [[Pope Gregory XIII]] as the [[Bishop of Pistoia]] in 1573. In March 1573 after the appointment he received episcopal consecration in Rome. He was later made the [[Archbishop of Florence]] in 1574.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', 298.</ref>
Alessandro served as the Florentine [[ambassador]] to [[Pope Pius V]] from 1569 to 1584 and in 1573 was appointed by [[Pope Gregory XIII]] [[Bishop of Pistoia]]. In March 1573 he received episcopal consecration in Rome. In 1574 he was made [[Archbishop of Florence]].<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', 298.</ref>


Medici was elevated into the cardinalate in 1583 and Pope Sixtus V made the [[Santi Quirico e Giulitta|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta]]: a title he received on 9 January 1584. It was a titular church reverted from its previous name of [[San Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane]]. In the period after this, he would opt for other titular churches.<ref name="catholic"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCkxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |page=126 |title=Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence |isbn=9781351575645 |last1=Cornelison |first1=Sallyj |date=5 July 2017 }}</ref>
In 1583 he was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] by Pope Sixtus V and on 9 January 1584 received the title of Cardinal-Priest of [[Santi Quirico e Giulitta]], after a titular church previously known as [[San Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane]]. In later years, according to custom he would opt for other titular churches.<ref name="catholic"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCkxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 |page=126 |title=Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence |isbn=9781351575645 |last1=Cornelison |first1=Sallyj |date=5 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref>


In 1596 [[Pope Clement VIII]] sent him as the papal legate to [[France]]. He remained there until 1598 when he received word of his appointment as the Prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=Leo XI |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SwEugEACAAJ |encyclopedia=The Papacy: An Encyclopedia |year = 2002|volume=2 |editor-first=Philippe |editor-last=Levillain|page=929 |isbn = 9780415922289}}</ref>
In 1596 [[Pope Clement VIII]] sent Alessandro as a [[papal legate]] to [[Kingdom of France|France]], where he remained until 1598, when he received word of his appointment as Prefect of the [[Congregation of Bishops and Regulars]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |chapter=Leo XI |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SwEugEACAAJ |encyclopedia=The Papacy: An Encyclopedia |year = 2002|volume=2 |editor-first=Philippe |editor-last=Levillain|page=929 |isbn = 9780415922289}}</ref>


== Pontificate ==
== Pontificate ==
Line 56: Line 69:
=== Papal election ===
=== Papal election ===
{{main|Papal conclave, March 1605}}
{{main|Papal conclave, March 1605}}
On 14 March 1605, eleven days after the death of Clement VIII, 62 cardinals entered the [[papal election|conclave]]. Prominent among the candidates for the papacy were the great [[historian]] [[Cesare Baronius]] and the famous [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] controversialist [[Robert Bellarmine]], future saint.
On 14 March 1605, eleven days after the death of Clement VIII, 62 cardinals entered the [[papal election|conclave]]. Prominent among the candidates for the papacy were the great [[historian]] [[Caesar Baronius]] and the famous [[Jesuit]] controversialist [[Robert Bellarmine]], future saint.


But [[Pietro Aldobrandini]], the leader of the Italian party among the cardinals, allied with the French cardinals and brought about the election of Alessandro against the express wish of King [[Philip III of Spain]]. King [[Henry IV of France]] is said to have spent 300,000 [[écu]]s in the promotion of Alessandro's candidacy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiTl-lhM36wC&pg=PA236 |page=236 |title=Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes |isbn=0300115970 |last1=Duffy |first1=Eamon |year=2006 }}</ref>
But [[Pietro Aldobrandini]], the leader of the Italian party among the cardinals, allied with the French cardinals and brought about the election of Alessandro against the express wish of King [[Philip III of Spain]]. King [[Henry IV of France]] is said to have spent 300,000 [[écu]]s in the promotion of Alessandro's candidacy.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiTl-lhM36wC&pg=PA236 |page=236 |title=Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes |isbn=0300115970 |last1=Duffy |first1=Eamon |year=2006 |publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref>


On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Alessandro de' Medici was elected as pope. He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle [[Pope Leo X]].<ref name="catholic"/> He was crowned on 10 April 1605 by the protodeacon, Cardinal [[Francesco Sforza (cardinal)|Francesco Sforza]] and he took possession of the [[Basilica of Saint John Lateran]] on 17 April 1605.
On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Alessandro de' Medici was elected as pope. He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle [[Pope Leo X]].<ref name="catholic"/> He was [[Papal coronation|crowned]] on 10 April 1605 by the [[protodeacon]], Cardinal [[Francesco Sforza (cardinal)|Francesco Sforza]] and he took possession of the [[Basilica of Saint John Lateran]] on 17 April 1605.


== Death ==
== Death ==
When he was elected, Leo XI was almost 70 years of age, and he died 27 days later.<ref>George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy:The Families and Descendants of the Popes'', (McFarland & Company, 1998), 75.</ref> His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the [[Lateran Basilica|Basilica of St John Lateran]] on 17 April; he started suffering from a [[fever]] the following day.
When he was elected, Leo XI was almost 70 years of age, and he died 27 days later.<ref>George L. Williams, ''Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes'', (McFarland & Company, 1998), 75.</ref> His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the [[Lateran Basilica|Basilica of St John Lateran]] on 17 April; he started suffering from a [[fever]] the following day.


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 74: Line 87:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Leo XI}}
*{{commons category-inline|Leo XI}}
*{{wikisource author-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Leo (popes)/Leo XI |display=Leo XI}}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic Hierarchy], [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdmed.html Pope Leo XI]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic Hierarchy], [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdmed.html Pope Leo XI]
* [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church], [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1583.htm#Medici Cardinal Medici]
* [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church], [http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1583.htm#Medici Cardinal Medici] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203913/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1583.htm#Medici |date=29 October 2013 }}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Leo 11}}

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[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]]
[[Category:Apostolic Nuncios to France]]
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Latest revision as of 14:02, 26 October 2024

Pope

Leo XI
Bishop of Rome
Leo XI in a 1605 engraving
ChurchCatholic Church
Papacy began1 April 1605
Papacy ended27 April 1605
PredecessorClement VIII
SuccessorPaul V
Previous post(s)
Orders
Ordination22 July 1567
by Antonio Altoviti
ConsecrationMarch 1573
by Francisco Pacheco de Villena (Toledo)
Created cardinal12 December 1583
by Gregory XIII
Personal details
Born
Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici

2 June 1535
Florence, Duchy of Florence
Died27 April 1605(1605-04-27) (aged 69)
Rome, Papal States
Coat of armsLeo XI's coat of arms
Other popes named Leo

Pope Leo XI (Italian: Leone XI; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 April 1605 to his death, on 27 April 1605.[1] His pontificate is one of the briefest in history, having lasted under a month. He was from the prominent House of Medici originating from Florence.[2] Medici's mother opposed his entering the priesthood and sought to prevent it by having him given secular honours, but after her death he eventually was ordained a priest in 1567. In his career he served as Florence's ambassador to the pope, Bishop of Pistoia, Archbishop of Florence, Papal legate to France, and as the cardinal Prefect for the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. He was elected to the papacy in the March 1605 papal conclave when he was almost seventy. He almost immediately suffered from fever and served as pope for 27 days.

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]

Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici was born in Florence[3] as the son of Ottaviano de' Medici and Francesca Salviati. His family belonged to Medici di Ottajano, a cadet branch of the House of Medici. He was also the great-nephew of Pope Leo X. Ottaviano died early in his son’s life, and thereafter Alessandro was home schooled by a Dominican priest, Vincenzo Ercolano.[4]

Alessandro felt the call to the priesthood, but his mother opposed this since he was the only male in the family. She sent him instead to the court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who appointed him a knight of San Stefano. In 1560 he travelled to Rome where he commenced a lifelong friendship and collaboration with Philip Neri, the future saint. It was Philip who predicted that Alessandro would ascend to the pontificate. His mother died in 1566, at which point he resumed his studies to become a priest. His ordination took place on 22 July 1567.[5]

Priesthood

[edit]
Tomb of Leo XI in St. Peter's Basilica, by Alessandro Algardi

Alessandro served as the Florentine ambassador to Pope Pius V from 1569 to 1584 and in 1573 was appointed by Pope Gregory XIII Bishop of Pistoia. In March 1573 he received episcopal consecration in Rome. In 1574 he was made Archbishop of Florence.[6]

In 1583 he was made a cardinal by Pope Sixtus V and on 9 January 1584 received the title of Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quirico e Giulitta, after a titular church previously known as San Ciriaco alle Terme Diocleziane. In later years, according to custom he would opt for other titular churches.[3][7]

In 1596 Pope Clement VIII sent Alessandro as a papal legate to France, where he remained until 1598, when he received word of his appointment as Prefect of the Congregation of Bishops and Regulars.[8]

Pontificate

[edit]

Papal election

[edit]
Main article: Papal conclave, March 1605

On 14 March 1605, eleven days after the death of Clement VIII, 62 cardinals entered the conclave. Prominent among the candidates for the papacy were the great historian Caesar Baronius and the famous Jesuit controversialist Robert Bellarmine, future saint.

But Pietro Aldobrandini, the leader of the Italian party among the cardinals, allied with the French cardinals and brought about the election of Alessandro against the express wish of King Philip III of Spain. King Henry IV of France is said to have spent 300,000 écus in the promotion of Alessandro's candidacy.[9]

On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Alessandro de' Medici was elected as pope. He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.[3] He was crowned on 10 April 1605 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Francesco Sforza and he took possession of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 17 April 1605.

Death

[edit]

When he was elected, Leo XI was almost 70 years of age, and he died 27 days later.[10] His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran on 17 April; he started suffering from a fever the following day.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Leo XI". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  2. ^ "List of Popes," Catholic Encyclopedia (2009); retrieved 2013-3-15.
  3. ^ a b c Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope Leo XI" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 2000), 298.
  5. ^ "Pope Leo XI". Saints SQPN. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. ^ Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, 298.
  7. ^ Cornelison, Sallyj (5 July 2017). Art and the Relic Cult of St. Antoninus in Renaissance Florence. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 9781351575645.
  8. ^ Levillain, Philippe, ed. (2002). "Leo XI". The Papacy: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. p. 929. ISBN 9780415922289.
  9. ^ Duffy, Eamon (2006). Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. Yale University Press. p. 236. ISBN 0300115970.
  10. ^ George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes, (McFarland & Company, 1998), 75.
[edit]
Catholic Church titles
Preceded by Pope
1–27 April 1605 		Succeeded by


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