Tuxentius melaena: Difference between revisions

Black pie
	Upper and underside of the; nominate subspecies
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Lycaenidae
Genus:	Tuxentius
Species:	T. melaena
Binomial name
	Tuxentius melaena; (Trimen, 1887)
	approximate range
Synonyms
	Lycaena melaena Trimen, 1887; Castalius melaena; Lycaena griqua Trimen, 1887; Cupido melas Aurivillius, 1924;

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Tuxentius melaena, the black pie or dark pied Pierrot, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Africa.

Description

The wingspan is 19–24 mm for males and 21–25 mm for females. Adults are on wing year-round, but are most common from October to March.^[2]

Taxonomic status of the species remains uncertain due to significant variations noted across individual specimens.^[3]

Appearance

Males of subspecies Tuxentius melaena griqua are characterised by having faint, dark markings on a dirty- yellow base color, on the dorsal region. There are minimal white markings on that side, which are distinctive but subtle. Whereas the female specimens contain reduced black markings on their ventral region. On the upperside of the hindwing, they feature expanded white markings. Individual variations are also detected within subspecies.^[4]^[5]

Habitat and behavior

The larvae feed on Ziziphus mucronata and probably other Ziziphus species.^{[citation needed]}

Subspecies

Tuxentius melaena melaena — South Africa (from Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast, inland to Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and North West) to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia
Tuxentius melaena griqua (Trimen, 1887) — Northern Cape, South Africa

References

^ Tuxentius at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
^ Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
^ Terblanche, R. (1994). "The little hairtail from the Kalahari". Metamorphosis. 5 (4). The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa: 173–174.
^ Pringle, E.L.L.; Henning, G.A.; Ball, J.B. (1994). Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Winchester. ISBN 9780947430467. OCLC 32270879.
^ Krüger, M. (2000). "A review of the afrotropical Cabera subalba group, with description of the first Southern African species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)". Metamorphosis. 11 (3). The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa: 111–121. ISSN 2307-5031 – via Lepsoc.

This Polyommatini-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Tuxentius at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

[2] Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.

[3] Terblanche, R. (1994). "The little hairtail from the Kalahari". Metamorphosis. 5 (4). The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa: 173–174.

[4] Pringle, E.L.L.; Henning, G.A.; Ball, J.B. (1994). Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Winchester. ISBN 9780947430467. OCLC 32270879.

[5] Krüger, M. (2000). "A review of the afrotropical Cabera subalba group, with description of the first Southern African species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae)". Metamorphosis. 11 (3). The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa: 111–121. ISSN 2307-5031 – via Lepsoc.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{Italic title}}
-{{Taxobox
+{{Speciesbox
-| name = Tuxentius melaena
+| name = Black pie
-| image = SeitzGrossschmett13Plate73.jpg
+| image = SeitzGrossschmett13Plate73, Tuxentius melaena.jpg
-| image_width = 240px
+| image2 = Tuxentius melaena subsp melaena, Skeerpoort, a.jpg
-| image_caption =
+| image2_caption = Upper and underside of the<br> nominate subspecies
-| regnum = [[Animalia]]
+| taxon = Tuxentius melaena
-| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
+| authority = ([[Roland Trimen|Trimen]], 1887)<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/polyommatinae/tuxentius/index.html ''Tuxentius''] at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms</ref>
-| classis = [[Insecta]]
-| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
-| familia = [[Lycaenidae]]
-| tribus =
-| genus = ''[[Tuxentius]]''
-| species = '''''T. melaena''
-| binomial = ''Tuxentius melaena''
-| binomial_authority = ([[Roland Trimen|Trimen]], 1887)<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/polyommatinae/tuxentius/index.html ''Tuxentius''], Site of Markku Savela</ref>
 | synonyms =
 *''Lycaena melaena'' <small>Trimen, 1887</small>
@@ Line 20: / Line 13: @@
 *''Lycaena griqua'' <small>Trimen, 1887</small>
 *''Cupido melas'' <small>Aurivillius, 1924</small>
+|range_map = Tuxentius melaena, verspreiding, a.gif
+|range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#87d50a|approximate range}}
 }}
-The '''Black Pie''' or '''Dark Pied Pierrot''' (''Tuxentius melaena'') is a [[butterfly]] of the [[Lycaenidae]] family. It is found in [[Africa]].
+'''''Tuxentius melaena''''', the '''black pie''' or '''dark pied Pierrot''', is a [[butterfly]] of the family [[Lycaenidae]]. It is found in [[Africa]].
-The [[wingspan]] is 19-24 mm for males and 21-25 mm for females. Adults are on wing year round, but are most common from October to March.<ref>Woodhall, S. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 2005.</ref>
+== Description ==
-The larvae feed on ''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]'' and probably other ''[[Ziziphus]]'' species.
+The [[wingspan]] is 19–24&nbsp;mm for males and 21–25&nbsp;mm for females. Adults are on wing year-round, but are most common from October to March.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodhall |first=Steve |title=Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa |year=2005 |location=Cape Town, South Africa |publisher=Struik |isbn=978-1-86872-724-7 }}</ref>
+Taxonomic status of the species remains uncertain due to significant variations noted across individual specimens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terblanche |first=R. |date=1994 |title=The little hairtail from the Kalahari |url=https://www.lepsoc.org/ |journal=Metamorphosis |publisher=The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=173-174}}</ref>
+== Appearance ==
+Males of subspecies ''Tuxentius melaena griqua'' are characterised by having faint, dark markings on a dirty- yellow base color, on the [[Anatomical terms of location|dorsal]] region. There are minimal white markings on that side, which are distinctive but subtle. Whereas the female specimens contain reduced black markings on their [[Anatomical terms of location|ventral]] region. On the upperside of the [[Insect wing|hindwing]], they feature expanded white markings. Individual variations are also detected within subspecies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pringle |first=E.L.L. |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/Pennington's-Butterflies-of-Southern-Africa/oclc/32270879 |title=Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa |last2=Henning |first2=G.A. |last3=Ball |first3=J.B. |publisher=Struik Winchester |year=1994 |isbn=9780947430467 |location=Cape Town |oclc=32270879}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krüger |first=M. |date=2000 |title=A review of the afrotropical Cabera subalba group, with description of the first Southern African species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) |url=https://metamorphosis.org.za/?p=articles&s=Details&pt=92&i=794 |journal=Metamorphosis |publisher=The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=111-121 |issn=2307-5031 |via=Lepsoc}}</ref>
+== Habitat and behavior ==
+The larvae feed on ''[[Ziziphus mucronata]]'' and probably other ''[[Ziziphus]]'' species.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
 ==Subspecies==
-*''Tuxentius melaena melaena'' (South Africa (East Cape to KwaZulu-Natal coast, then into Gauteng, Mpumalanga, the Limpopo Province and North West Province) to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia)
+*''Tuxentius melaena melaena'' — South Africa (from [[Eastern Cape]] and [[KwaZulu-Natal]] coast, inland to [[Gauteng]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[Limpopo]] and [[North West (South African province)|North West]]) to Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia
-*''Tuxentius melaena griqua'' <small>(Trimen, 1887)</small> (North Cape)
+*''Tuxentius melaena griqua'' <small>(Trimen, 1887)</small> — [[Northern Cape]], South Africa
 ==References==
-{{commons}}
+{{Commons}}
-{{wikispecies}}
+{{Wikispecies}}
-{{refs}}
+{{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q7857199}}
-[[Category:Animals described in 1887]]
+[[Category:Butterflies described in 1887]]
 [[Category:Polyommatini]]
+[[Category:Butterflies of Africa]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Roland Trimen]]
-{{Polyommatinae-stub}}
+{{Polyommatini-stub}}