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The '''transverse temporal gyri''', also called '''Heschl's gyri''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|ʃ|əl|z|_|ˈ|dʒ|aɪ|r|aɪ}}) or '''Heschl's convolutions''', are [[Gyrus|gyri]] found in the area of [[primary auditory cortex]] buried within the [[lateral sulcus]] of the [[human brain]], occupying [[Brodmann areas 41 and 42]]. Transverse temporal gyri are superior to and separated from the [[planum temporale]] (cortex involved in language production) by Heschl’s sulcus. Transverse temporal gyri are found in varying numbers in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain and one study found that this number is not related to the hemisphere or dominance of hemisphere studied in subjects. Transverse temporal gyri can be viewed in the sagittal plane as either an omega shape (if one gyrus is present) or a heart shape (if two gyri and a sulcus are present).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-1998/PDF5/p1377.pdf|title=Heschl's Gyrus: Anatomic description and methods of identification in MRI}}</ref>
The '''transverse temporal gyrus''', also called '''Heschl's gyrus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|ʃ|əl|z|_|ˈ|dʒ|aɪ|r|aɪ}}) or '''Heschl's convolutions''', is a [[gyrus]] found in the area of each [[primary auditory cortex]] buried within the [[lateral sulcus]] of the [[human brain]], occupying [[Brodmann areas 41 and 42]]. Transverse temporal gyri are superior to and separated from the [[planum temporale]] (cortex involved in language production) by Heschl's sulcus. Transverse temporal gyri are found in varying numbers in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain and one study found that this number is not related to the hemisphere or dominance of hemisphere studied in subjects.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024|reason=Which study?}} Transverse temporal gyri can be viewed in the sagittal plane as either an omega shape (if one gyrus is present) or a heart shape (if two gyri and a sulcus are present).<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yousry TA, Fesl G, Buttner A, Noachtar S, Schmid UD | title = Heschl's gyrus-Anatomic description and methods of identification on magnetic resonance imaging. | journal = Int J Neuroradiol | date = 1997 | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–12 | url = http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-1998/PDF5/p1377.pdf }}</ref>


Transverse temporal gyri are the first [[cerebral cortex|cortical]] structures to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (toward the center of the brain), rather than front to back as all other [[temporal lobe]] gyri run.
Transverse temporal gyri are the first [[cerebral cortex|cortical]] structures to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (toward the center of the brain), rather than front to back as all other [[temporal lobe]] gyri run.


⚫
The ''Heschl's gyri'' are named after [[Richard L. Heschl]].
⚫
The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under [[functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] for tone and semantic tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Transverse temporal gyri were found in one study to have significantly faster processing rates (33&nbsp;Hz) in the left hemisphere compared to those in the right hemisphere (3&nbsp;Hz). Additionally this difference in processing rate was found to be related to the volume of rate-related cortex in the gyri; right transverse temporal gyri were found to be more active during temporal processing, and these gyri were found to have more “rate-related cortex”.<ref name=":0" /> White and grey matter volumes of transverse temporal gyri were not found to relate to this processing speed, although larger white matter volumes in subjects are associated with increased sensitivity to “rapid auditory input”.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Relating structure to function: Heschl's Gyrus and acoustic processing | pmc=3341414 | pmid=19129385|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009|volume=29|issue = 1|year=2009|journal=J Neurosci|pages=61–9 | last1 = Warrier | first1 = C | last2 = Wong | first2 = P | last3 = Penhune | first3 = V | last4 = Zatorre | first4 = R | last5 = Parrish | first5 = T | last6 = Abrams | first6 = D | last7 = Kraus | first7 = N}}</ref>


== Processing tone ==
⚫
The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, Warrier et. al. (2008). This study revealed the following: subjects who could successfully form an association between Mandarin Chinese “pitch patterns” and word meaning were found to have transverse temporal gyri with larger volume than subjects who had “difficulty learning these associations.” Successful completion of the previous task also was found to be associated with a “greater concentration of white matter” in the left transverse temporal gyri of the subject. In general, larger transverse temporal gyri “could be associated with more efficient processing of speech-related cues which could facilitate learning and perceiving new speech sounds.”<ref name=":1" />


⚫
The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under [[functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]] for tone and semantic tasks.<ref name=":1" /> Transverse temporal gyri were found in one study to have significantly faster processing rates (33&nbsp;Hz) in the left hemisphere compared to those in the right hemisphere (3&nbsp;Hz). Additionally this difference in processing rate was found to be related to the volume of rate-related cortex in the gyri; right transverse temporal gyri were found to be more active during temporal processing, and these gyri were found to have more “rate-related cortex”.<ref name=":0" /> White and grey matter volumes of transverse temporal gyri were not found to relate to this processing speed, although larger white matter volumes in subjects are associated with increased sensitivity to “rapid auditory input”.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Warrier C, Wong P, Penhune V, Zatorre R, Parrish T, Abrams D, Kraus N | title = Relating structure to function: Heschl's gyrus and acoustic processing | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–9 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19129385 | pmc = 3341414 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009 }}</ref>
⚫
The ''Heschl's gyri'' are named after [[Richard L. Heschl]].

⚫
The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, Warrier et al. (2008). This study revealed the following: subjects who could successfully form an association between Mandarin Chinese “pitch patterns” and word meaning were found to have transverse temporal gyri with larger volume than subjects who had “difficulty learning these associations.” Successful completion of the previous task also was found to be associated with a “greater concentration of white matter” in the left transverse temporal gyri of the subject. In general, larger transverse temporal gyri “could be associated with more efficient processing of speech-related cues which could facilitate learning and perceiving new speech sounds.”<ref name=":1" />


== Inner voice ==
== Inner voice ==


Research on the inner voice perceived by humans led to the identification of these gyri as the area of the brain activated during such dialogue with oneself.<ref>Jaekl, Philip, ''[https://aeon.co/essays/our-inner-narrator-gives-us-continuity-and-a-sense-of-self The inner voice]'', Aeon, September 13, 2018</ref> Specifically, Heschl's gyrus responded to spontaneous inner speech, while it was hypoactive during task-elicited inner speech (repeating words prompted by an experimenter).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hurlburt|first=Russell T.|last2=Alderson-Day|first2=Ben|last3=Kühn|first3=Simone|last4=Fernyhough|first4=Charles|date=2016-02-04|title=Exploring the Ecological Validity of Thinking on Demand: Neural Correlates of Elicited vs. Spontaneously Occurring Inner Speech|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0147932|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=e0147932|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147932|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4741522|pmid=26845028}}</ref>
Research on the inner voice perceived by humans led to the identification of these gyri as the area of the brain activated during such dialogue with oneself.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Jaekl P | url = https://aeon.co/essays/our-inner-narrator-gives-us-continuity-and-a-sense-of-self | title = The inner voice | work = Aeon | date = 13 September 2018 }}</ref> Specifically, Heschl's gyrus responded to spontaneous inner speech, while it was hypoactive during task-elicited inner speech (repeating words prompted by an experimenter).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hurlburt RT, Alderson-Day B, Kühn S, Fernyhough C | title = Exploring the Ecological Validity of Thinking on Demand: Neural Correlates of Elicited vs. Spontaneously Occurring Inner Speech | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = e0147932 | date = 2016-02-04 | pmid = 26845028 | pmc = 4741522 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0147932 | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1147932H | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Mismatch negativity==
==Mismatch negativity==
One of the famous [[event-related potential]] (ERP) components is [[mismatch negativity]]. This component is consider to represent a prediction error process in the brain.<ref>Winkler, I. (2007). Interpreting the mismatch negativity. Journal of Psychophysiology, 21(3-4), 147-163.</ref><ref>Parras, G. G., Nieto-Diego, J., Carbajal, G. V., Valdés-Baizabal, C., Escera, C., & Malmierca, M. S. (2017). Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error. Nature communications, 8(1), 2148.
One of the famous [[event-related potential]] (ERP) components is [[mismatch negativity]]. This component is considered to represent a prediction error process in the brain.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Winkler I | title = Interpreting the mismatch negativity | journal = Journal of Psychophysiology| date = January 2007 | volume = 21 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 147–63 | doi = 10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.147 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29247159">{{cite journal | vauthors = Parras GG, Nieto-Diego J, Carbajal GV, Valdés-Baizabal C, Escera C, Malmierca MS | title = Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 2148 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 29247159 | pmc = 5732270 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-02038-6 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...8.2148P }}</ref> This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the transverse temporal gyrus and the [[superior temporal gyrus]].<ref name="pmid18602841">{{cite journal | vauthors = Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Kiebel SJ, Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Kilner JM | title = The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 936–44 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18602841 | pmc = 2640481 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018 }}</ref><ref name="pmid28782642">{{cite journal | vauthors = Heilbron M, Chait M | title = Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex? | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 389 | issue = | pages = 54–73 | date = October 2018 | pmid = 28782642 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061 | s2cid = 22700462 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
</ref> This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the transverse temporal gyrus and the [[superior temporal gyrus]].<ref>Garrido, M. I., Friston, K. J., Kiebel, S. J., Stephan, K. E., Baldeweg, T., & Kilner, J. M. (2008). The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm. Neuroimage, 42(2), 936-944.</ref><ref>Heilbron, M., & Chait, M. (2018). Great expectations: is there evidence for predictive coding in auditory cortex?. Neuroscience, 389, 54-73.</ref>


== Additional images ==
== Additional images ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Transverse temporal gyrus.gif|thumb|3D view of the transverse temporal gyrus in an average human brain
File:Transverse temporal gyrus.gif|3D view of the transverse temporal gyrus in an average human brain
File:Transverse temporal gyrus coronal sections.gif|thumb|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
File:Transverse temporal gyrus coronal sections.gif|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
File:Transverse temporal gyrus sagittal sections.gif|thumb|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
File:Transverse temporal gyrus sagittal sections.gif|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
File:Transverse temporal gyrus transversal sections.gif|thumb|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
File:Transverse temporal gyrus transversal sections.gif|Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
</gallery>
</gallery>


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031151458/http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/neuro/review/cc.html The peri-sylvian aphasias]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031151458/http://medinfo.ufl.edu/year2/neuro/review/cc.html The peri-sylvian aphasias]
* [http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-1998/PDF5/p1377.pdf Heschl’s Gyrus: Anatomic description and methods of identification in MRI]
* [http://cds.ismrm.org/ismrm-1998/PDF5/p1377.pdf Heschl's Gyrus: Anatomic description and methods of identification in MRI]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341414/pdf/nihms85919.pdf Relating structure to function: Heschl’s Gyrus and acoustic processing]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341414/pdf/nihms85919.pdf Relating structure to function: Heschl's Gyrus and acoustic processing]


{{Commons category|Heschl's gyrus}}
{{Commons category|Heschl's gyrus}}

Latest revision as of 14:59, 26 October 2024

For the Animal Collective album, see Transverse Temporal Gyrus.
Transverse temporal gyrus
Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe ("transverse temporal gyri" visible at center left)
Human brain view on transverse temporal and insular gyri (gyri temporales transversi are #4)
Details
Part ofTemporal lobe
PartsPrimary auditory cortex
ArteryMiddle cerebral
Identifiers
Latingyri temporales transversi
NeuroNames1520
TA98A14.1.09.140
TA25491
FMA72016
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The transverse temporal gyrus, also called Heschl's gyrus (/ˈhɛʃəlz ˈdʒaɪraɪ/) or Heschl's convolutions, is a gyrus found in the area of each primary auditory cortex buried within the lateral sulcus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. Transverse temporal gyri are superior to and separated from the planum temporale (cortex involved in language production) by Heschl's sulcus. Transverse temporal gyri are found in varying numbers in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain and one study found that this number is not related to the hemisphere or dominance of hemisphere studied in subjects.[citation needed] Transverse temporal gyri can be viewed in the sagittal plane as either an omega shape (if one gyrus is present) or a heart shape (if two gyri and a sulcus are present).[1]

Transverse temporal gyri are the first cortical structures to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (toward the center of the brain), rather than front to back as all other temporal lobe gyri run.

The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl.

Processing tone

[edit]

The transverse temporal gyri are active during auditory processing under fMRI for tone and semantic tasks.[2] Transverse temporal gyri were found in one study to have significantly faster processing rates (33 Hz) in the left hemisphere compared to those in the right hemisphere (3 Hz). Additionally this difference in processing rate was found to be related to the volume of rate-related cortex in the gyri; right transverse temporal gyri were found to be more active during temporal processing, and these gyri were found to have more “rate-related cortex”.[1] White and grey matter volumes of transverse temporal gyri were not found to relate to this processing speed, although larger white matter volumes in subjects are associated with increased sensitivity to “rapid auditory input”.[2]

The role of transverse temporal gyri in auditory processing of tone is demonstrated by a study by Wong, Warrier et al. (2008). This study revealed the following: subjects who could successfully form an association between Mandarin Chinese “pitch patterns” and word meaning were found to have transverse temporal gyri with larger volume than subjects who had “difficulty learning these associations.” Successful completion of the previous task also was found to be associated with a “greater concentration of white matter” in the left transverse temporal gyri of the subject. In general, larger transverse temporal gyri “could be associated with more efficient processing of speech-related cues which could facilitate learning and perceiving new speech sounds.”[2]

Inner voice

[edit]

Research on the inner voice perceived by humans led to the identification of these gyri as the area of the brain activated during such dialogue with oneself.[3] Specifically, Heschl's gyrus responded to spontaneous inner speech, while it was hypoactive during task-elicited inner speech (repeating words prompted by an experimenter).[4]

Mismatch negativity

[edit]

One of the famous event-related potential (ERP) components is mismatch negativity. This component is considered to represent a prediction error process in the brain.[5][6] This ERP has probably two generators, one in the right prefrontal lobe, and the other in the primary auditory regions - the transverse temporal gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus.[7][8]

Additional images

[edit]
  • 3D view of the transverse temporal gyrus in an average human brain
    3D view of the transverse temporal gyrus in an average human brain
  • Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
    Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
  • Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
    Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
  • Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
    Transverse temporal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Yousry TA, Fesl G, Buttner A, Noachtar S, Schmid UD (1997). "Heschl's gyrus-Anatomic description and methods of identification on magnetic resonance imaging" (PDF). Int J Neuroradiol. 3 (1): 2–12.
  2. ^ a b c Warrier C, Wong P, Penhune V, Zatorre R, Parrish T, Abrams D, Kraus N (January 2009). "Relating structure to function: Heschl's gyrus and acoustic processing". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (1): 61–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3489-08.2009. PMC 3341414. PMID 19129385.
  3. ^ Jaekl P (13 September 2018). "The inner voice". Aeon.
  4. ^ Hurlburt RT, Alderson-Day B, Kühn S, Fernyhough C (2016-02-04). "Exploring the Ecological Validity of Thinking on Demand: Neural Correlates of Elicited vs. Spontaneously Occurring Inner Speech". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0147932. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1147932H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147932. PMC 4741522. PMID 26845028.
  5. ^ Winkler I (January 2007). "Interpreting the mismatch negativity". Journal of Psychophysiology. 21 (3–4): 147–63. doi:10.1027/0269-8803.21.34.147.
  6. ^ Parras GG, Nieto-Diego J, Carbajal GV, Valdés-Baizabal C, Escera C, Malmierca MS (December 2017). "Neurons along the auditory pathway exhibit a hierarchical organization of prediction error". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2148. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2148P. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02038-6. PMC 5732270. PMID 29247159.
  7. ^ Garrido MI, Friston KJ, Kiebel SJ, Stephan KE, Baldeweg T, Kilner JM (August 2008). "The functional anatomy of the MMN: a DCM study of the roving paradigm". NeuroImage. 42 (2): 936–44. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.018. PMC 2640481. PMID 18602841.
  8. ^ Heilbron M, Chait M (October 2018). "Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex?". Neuroscience. 389: 54–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061. PMID 28782642. S2CID 22700462.
[edit]
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