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{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox country
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox country
|native_name = ''Herzogtum Beuthen'' <small>([[German language|de]])</small><br/>''Księstwo Bytomskie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])
|native_name = ''Księstwo Bytomskie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])</small>
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Bytom
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Bytom
|common_name = Bytom
|common_name = Bytom
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|event_post =
|event_post =
|date_post =
|date_post =
|religion = [[Catholicism]]
|p1 = Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
|p1 = Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
|image_p1 = [[File:POL województwo opolskie COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]]
|image_p1 = [[File:POL województwo opolskie COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]]
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|image_flag =
|image_flag =
|image_coat = POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg
|image_coat = POL_województwo_śląskie_COA.svg
|image_map = Silesia 1284-1287.jpg
|image_map = Śląsk 1284-1287.png
|image_map_caption = Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
|image_map_caption = Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
|capital = Bytom
|capital = Bytom
|footnotes =
|today = Poland
}}
}}
The '''Duchy of Bytom''' ({{lang-pl|Księstwo Bytomskie}}) or '''Duchy of Beuthen''' ({{lang-de|Herzogtum Beuthen}}) was one of many [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchies]]. It was established in [[Upper Silesia]] about 1281 during the division of the [[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]] among the sons of Duke [[Władysław Opolski]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=__8jAQAAIAAJ&q=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281&dq=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8h4WGvITXAhXMLlAKHQlQCq0Q6AEILDAB|title=Opole|last=Emmerling|first=Ryszard|last2=Zajączkowska|first2=Urszula|date=2003|publisher=Adan|year=|isbn=9788391537138|location=|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> The duchy's capital was [[Bytom]] (''Beuthen''), formerly part of [[Lesser Poland]] until in 1177 the Polish High Duke [[Casimir II the Just]] had attached it to the Silesian [[Duchy of Racibórz]].
The '''Duchy of Bytom''' ({{langx|pl|Księstwo Bytomskie}}, {{langx|cs|Bytomské knížectví}}, {{langx|de|Herzogtum Beuthen}}) was a duchy in [[Upper Silesia]], one of the [[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchies]] of fragmented [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled Poland. It was established in [[Upper Silesia]] about 1281 during the division of the [[Duchy of Opole and Racibórz]] among the sons of Duke [[Władysław Opolski]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__8jAQAAIAAJ&q=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281&dq=Bytom+opole+raciborz+1281|title=Opole|last1=Emmerling|first1=Ryszard|last2=Zajączkowska|first2=Urszula|date=2003|publisher=Adan|isbn=9788391537138|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> The duchy's capital was [[Bytom]], formerly part of [[Lesser Poland]] until in 1177 the Polish High Duke [[Casimir II the Just]] had attached it to the Silesian [[Duchy of Racibórz]].


==History==
==History==
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In 1472 [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]], then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of [[House of Zierotin|Zierotin]]. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke [[Jan II the Good]]. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave [[George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia.
In 1472 [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary]], then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of [[House of Zierotin|Zierotin]]. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke [[Jan II the Good]]. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave [[George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach|George of Brandenburg-Ansbach]], who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King [[Louis II of Hungary|Louis II Jagiellon]] of Bohemia.


His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the [[House of Habsburg]], who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the [[House of Hohenzollern]] in Silesia. After the 1620 [[Battle of White Mountain]] Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II of Habsburg]] took the opportunity to deprive Elector [[George William, Elector of Brandenburg|George Wiliam of Brandenburg]] of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a [[state country]] within the [[Habsburg monarchy]] until its annexation by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1742.
== Dukes ==
== Dukes ==
'''Of Bytom''' ([[1281]]/[[1282]]-[[1355]]/[[1357]]):
'''Of Bytom''' ([[1281]]/[[1282]]-[[1355]]/[[1357]]):
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* [[Margareta of Sternberg|Małgorzata ze Šternberka]] ([[1355]]-[[1357]]);
* [[Margareta of Sternberg|Małgorzata ze Šternberka]] ([[1355]]-[[1357]]);


'''Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1459]]):
'''Cieszyn Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1459]]):
*[[Kazimierz I of Cieszyn|Kazimierz I cieszyński]] ([[1357]]-[[1358]]) – początek podziału księstwa;
*[[Kazimierz I of Cieszyn|Kazimierz I cieszyński]] ([[1357]]-[[1358]]);
* [[Przemysław I Noszak]] ([[1358]]-[[1405]])
* [[Przemysław I Noszak]] ([[1358]]-[[1405]])
*[[Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn|Bolesław II]] ([[1405]]-[[1431]])
*[[Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn|Bolesław II]] ([[1405]]-[[1431]])
*[[Wacław I of Cieszyn|Wacław]] ([[1431]]/[[1442]]-[[1452]] i [[1452]]-[[1459]]);
*[[Wacław I of Cieszyn|Wacław]] ([[1431]]/[[1442]]-[[1452]] i [[1452]]-[[1459]]);
*[[Bolesław II of Cieszyn|Bolesław III]] ([[1452]]);
*[[Bolesław II of Cieszyn|Bolesław III]] ([[1452]]);
'''Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1472]]/[[1492]]):
'''Oleśnica Piasts''' ([[1357]]-[[1472]]/[[1492]]):
*[[Konrad I of Oleśnica|Konrad I oleśnicki]] ([[1357]]-[[1366]]);
*[[Konrad I of Oleśnica|Konrad I oleśnicki]] ([[1357]]-[[1366]]);
*[[Konrad II the Gray|Konrad II Siwy]] ([[1366]]-[[1403]]);
*[[Konrad II the Gray|Konrad II Siwy]] ([[1366]]-[[1403]]);
*[[Konrad III the Old|Konrad III Stary]] ([[1403]]-[[1412]]);
*[[Konrad III the Old|Konrad III Stary]] ([[1403]]-[[1412]]);
*[[Konrad IV the Older|Konrad IV Starszy]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1416]]), [[Konrad V Kantner|Konrad V Kącki]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VI the Dean|Konrad VI Dziekan]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VII the White|Konrad VII Biały]] ([[1316]]-[[1450]]), [[Konrad VIII the Younger|Konrad VIII Młody]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]);
*[[Konrad IV the Elder|Konrad IV Starszy]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1416]]), [[Konrad V Kantner|Konrad V Kącki]] ([[1412]]/[[1413]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VI the Dean|Konrad VI Dziekan]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]), [[Konrad VII the White|Konrad VII Biały]] ([[1316]]-[[1450]]), [[Konrad VIII the Younger|Konrad VIII Młody]] ([[1416]]-[[1427]]);
*[[Konrad IX the Black|Konrad IX Czarny]] ([[1450]]-[[1471]], [[Konrad X the White|Konrad X]] );
*[[Konrad IX the Black|Konrad IX Czarny]] ([[1450]]-[[1471]], [[Konrad X the White|Konrad X]] );
*[[Konrad X the White|Konrad X Biały]] ([[1450]]-[[1452]], [[1471]]-[[1472]], ''de facto [[1492]]'');
*[[Konrad X the White|Konrad X Biały]] ([[1450]]-[[1452]], [[1471]]-[[1472]], ''de facto [[1492]]'');


'''Piasts'''
'''Opole Piasts'''
*[[Jan II the Good|Jan II Dobry]] ([[1498]]-[[1532]])
*[[Jan II the Good|Jan II Dobry]] ([[1498]]-[[1532]])


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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Fiefs of the Polish Kingdom}}
{{Duchies of Silesia}}
{{Duchies of Silesia}}


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bytom, Duchy Of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bytom, Duchy Of}}
[[Category:Bytom]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Poland|Duchy of Bytom]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in Poland|Duchy of Bytom]]
[[Category:1498 disestablishments]]
[[Category:1498 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 13th century]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1280s]]
[[Category:1281 in Europe]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1490s]]
[[Category:1281 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1490s disestablishments in Europe]]

Latest revision as of 21:14, 26 October 2024

Duchy of Bytom
Księstwo Bytomskie (pl)
1281–1498
Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
Silesian duchies in 1284, Bytom in violet
StatusSilesian duchy
CapitalBytom
Religion
Catholicism
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Partitioned from
    Opole and Racibórz
1281
• Casimir sole ruler
1284
• Vassalized by Bohemia
1289
• Divided between
    Oleśnica and Cieszyn
1357–1459
• Merged with Opole
1498
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Opole and Racibórz Duchy of Opole and Racibórz
Duchy of Opole Duchy of Opole
Today part ofPoland

The Duchy of Bytom (Polish: Księstwo Bytomskie, Czech: Bytomské knížectví, German: Herzogtum Beuthen) was a duchy in Upper Silesia, one of the Silesian duchies of fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. It was established in Upper Silesia about 1281 during the division of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz among the sons of Duke Władysław Opolski.[1] The duchy's capital was Bytom, formerly part of Lesser Poland until in 1177 the Polish High Duke Casimir II the Just had attached it to the Silesian Duchy of Racibórz.

History

[edit]

When Władysław's second son Casimir became Duke of Bytom, he at first ruled jointly with his brother Duke Bolko I of Opole and from 1284 on alone. The conflict with his Piast cousin Duke Henryk IV Probus of Silesia-Wrocław led Casimir to seek shelter from King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and in 1289 he became the first Silesian Piast duke to submit himself under Bohemian overlordship.

With the death of Casimir's grandson Duke Bolesław in 1355 the Bytom branch of the Piasts became extinct and in the following inheritance dispute his widow Margareta of Sternberg had to cede the northern part of the duchy including the lordship of Koźle to Duke Konrad I of Oleśnica, while the remaining part was bequested to Duke Casimir I of Cieszyn. Bytom remained divided until in 1459 Duke Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn sold his portion to Duke Konrad IX the Black of Oleśnica and the duchy was reunited under his rule.

In 1472 Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, then self-declared King of Bohemia, annexed Bytom and pledged it to Lord Jan of Zierotin. In 1498 it was finally merged back into the Duchy of Opole under the rule of Duke Jan II the Good. Jan had signed an inheritance treaty with Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach, who in 1526 was enfeoffed with Bytom by King Louis II Jagiellon of Bohemia.

His rule however was denied by Louis' successors from the House of Habsburg, who suspiciously eyed the gain of power of the House of Hohenzollern in Silesia. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg took the opportunity to deprive Elector George Wiliam of Brandenburg of the rule over Bytom. It then remained a state country within the Habsburg monarchy until its annexation by Prussia in 1742.

Dukes

[edit]

Of Bytom (1281/1282-1355/1357):

Cieszyn Piasts (1357-1459):

Oleśnica Piasts (1357-1472/1492):

Opole Piasts

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Emmerling, Ryszard; Zajączkowska, Urszula (2003). Opole. Adan. p. 10. ISBN 9788391537138.

50°21′04″N 18°55′04″E / 50.351031°N 18.917853°E / 50.351031; 18.917853

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