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{{Redirect|Freiburg Cathedral|former collegiate church in Freiberg, Saxony|Freiberg Cathedral}} |
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The building of '''Freiburg Münster''' or cathedral of our love woman went through three stylistic building phases: the "konradinisch"-Roman, "the bertholdinisch" spaetromanische and the gothical-spaetgotische. The konradinische phase is designated after the Zaehringer Konrad I. and begins around 1120; in this year the Freiburg created already in former times kept the market and municipal law lent from it and its brother Berthold I.; these two Zaehringer are considered therefore as "Stadtgruender". From the first building exist only foundation remainder. Under the last Zaehringer Berthold V. began 1210/1220 the second building phase in spaetromanisch dreischiffigem style with west tower, transverse house, Chorapsiden and choir towers; of it only the transverse house and the stumps of these towers are received. The third building phase begun around 1230 brought the Muenster practically into the today's shape. The Muenster is the town church of Freiburg in mash gau and only since 1827 bishop seat. (Erzdioezese Freiburg) thus the church is today formally a cathedral and only from tradition still cathedral is called. During the building in latin a document is designated from 27 May 1298 still as parish church ("ecclesia parochialis"), appears the designation cathedral for the first time on 24 December 1356 in a document of the Pfalzgraefin Klara of Tübingen, the daughter on 9 November 1356 died counts Friedrich of Freiburg: "zuo Friburg in the Muenster". One had thus taken over the name for that, become in the meantime the designation of large churches, gothical extension building. |
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{{Infobox church |
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| name = Freiburg Münster |
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| fullname = The Cathedral of Our Lady |
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| other name = |
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| native_name = Freiburger Münster |
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| native_name_lang = German |
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| image = 2 Freiburger Münster.JPG |
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| imagesize = 250px |
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| caption = Freiburg Münster |
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| coordinates = {{coord|47|59|44|N|7|51|11|E|type:landamrk_region:DE|display=inline,title}} |
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| osgraw = <!-- TEXT --> |
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| osgridref = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} --> |
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| location = [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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| country = [[Germany]] |
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| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]] |
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| previous denomination = |
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| website = [http://www.freiburgermuenster.info/ Website of the Cathedral] |
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| former name = |
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| bull date = |
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| founded date = 1200 |
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| founder = [[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
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| status = Active |
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| functional status = Cathedral |
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| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Freiburg]] |
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'''Freiburg Minster''' ({{langx|de|'''Freiburger Münster'''}} or {{lang|de|Münster Unserer Lieben Frau}}) is the cathedral of [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], southwest [[Germany]]. The last [[House of Zähringen|duke of Zähringen]] had started the building around 1200 in romanesque style. The construction continued in 1230 in Gothic style. The minster was partly built on the foundations of an original church that had been there from the beginning of Freiburg, in 1120. |
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In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the [[Diocese of Konstanz]]. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly established Catholic [[Archdiocese of Freiburg]], and thus a cathedral. |
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==Architecture== |
==Architecture== |
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[[Image:Germany Freiburg Münster Waterspouts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Waterspouts and other statuary of Freiburg Minster]] |
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The Swiss historian [[Jacob Burckhardt]] once said that the church's 116-meter tower ''will forever remain the most beautiful spire on earth''.<ref>Der schönste Turm auf Erden, Badische Zeitung, Seite 17, 10. März 2005</ref> His remark gave rise to the frequently heard misquote of the most ''beautiful tower in the whole of Christianity''. |
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The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire. |
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The salient tower of the Muenster, designation by Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt once as "the most beautiful tower in the Christianity", is 116 meters high. At the foot of the tower the building is nearly square in the sketch; the walls are wuchtig and nearly without break-through. Approximately on the center of the tower this by the 12-eckigen star gallery is surrounded. Above the gallery the tower sits down as if eight-hit a corner away. The octagonal part goes over into sucked. Lantern, which is also accessible. On this height the tower broke through already often; from its eight high spitzbogenfenstern four release the view outward. Over the lantern are the likewise octagonal, filigrane and often broken through polygonal spire. The rib elbows are occupied with crabs. Its expression strength wins the tower by the architecturally completed, like spielerischen transitions of the square over the twelve-angular to the octagonal form into the polygonal spire up to the helmet flower on the highest point. It is the only such gothical church tower in Germany, which was completed still in the Middle Ages (over 1330) and since then nearly like a miracle the time outlasted, also the Bombenangrif from 27 November 1944, which destroyed the houses in the next environment of the tower. However the building was pulled by the vibrations strongly in. The fact that also the filigrane polygonal spire got over the vibrations is attributed to the lead anchors, which serve as connection of the individual segments of the polygonal spire. The windows had been taken out before the attack and endured therefore likewise the vibrations. At present the cathedral Muenster was not Freiburg a bishop seat; therefore the church in the remarkable contrast possesses one tower to other gothical cathedrals only. Two towers were alone bishop churches reserved. The bishop seat Freiburg became only 1827. Berthold V. (? 1218), wanted to create an appropriate burial place and the konradinischen building, which too small parish church from the establishment time of the city, become, to replace. Initially with the building in the lateRoman style, after the model of the Basler of cathedral, one began. Of it today still the transverse ship and the stumps of the seitentuerme are received. Off approx.. 1230 the building however in the new style of the French gothic continued with the nave and the tower. Subsequently, the lategothical choir with chapel ring was established, put to on 24 March 1354 the foundation-stone (with medium high-German text: "of God birth mcccliiii jar to our frowen abent in the uasten lead one the first stone on disen kor"). After a building interruption of approx.. 100 years the choir 1513 was completed; only one had briefly before broken off the lateRoman choir, around which the new choir had been built around 1475. In 16. Century to the south facade of the Roman transverse ship Renaissance-before-resounds added. The number wasserspeiern bizarren on, which has their-same only at few other gothical churches, is particularly noteworthy. The tower accommodates 16 bells, the oldest is the "Hosanna" bell from the year 1258, it weighs 3290 kg and is one of the oldest received bells in this size. One can hear the bell sound of the Hosanna thursday evening after the Angelus, on Fridays at 11.00 o'clock (therefore "Spaetzleglocke"), Saturday evening and on each 27 November. |
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It is the only [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and has lasted until the present, surviving the [[Operation Tigerfish|bombing raids]] of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visit.freiburg.de/en/attractions/freiburg-muenster-cathedral-our-landmark|title=Freiburg Münster (Cathedral) – Our landmark|website=Freiburg Tourism|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |
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Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built. |
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The tower has 16 bells, the oldest being the "Hosanna" bell from 1258, which weighs 3,290 kilograms. This bell can be heard on Thursday evening after the [[Angelus]], on Friday at 11:00 am (a time consequently known as "Spätzleglocke"), on Saturday evenings, and each year on 27 November in remembrance of the air raid. |
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==Interior== |
==Interior== |
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[[Image:Muenster-Fenster01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Window of Freiburg Minster]] |
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[[File:Freiburg Miner 1330.jpg|thumb|200px|Freiburg Miner, stained glass, circa 1330]] |
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There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of [[Hans Baldung]], and another altar of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] in a side chapel. ''See also: [[Freiburg Altarpiece]]'' |
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The inner portal contains sculptures of [[the Ten Virgins]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erzbischöfliches Dompfarramt |date=nd |title=Die Vorhallenwände |url=https://www.muensterfabrikfonds.de/freiburger-muenster/muenster/kunstwerke-highlights/die-vorhallenwaende/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=Münsterfabrikfonds |language=de}}</ref> |
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The nave windows were donated by the [[guilds]], and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold [[nanoparticle]]s.<ref name="Urban">{{cite web|url=http://www.bio-pro.de/en/region/freiburg/magazin/02479/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070312124145/http://www.bio-pro.de/en/region/freiburg/magazin/02479/index.html|url-status=dead|title=BIOPRO Home|date=12 March 2007|archive-date=12 March 2007|website=archive.is|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |
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In 2003, the [[Lenten cloth]]<!-- Fastentuch--> was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during [[Lent]].{{cn|date=February 2022}} |
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==Bells== |
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The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany. |
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<!-- column sort for chime: a=h, b=i; es=dz (to make it sort before e); h=bes=hz; I don't know why 1dz sorts before 1d, so I worked around it by changing 1d into 1dm and 2h into 2hm, which works --> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | Nr. |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | name |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | year cast |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | caster's name |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | cast at |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" data-sort-type="number"| diameter |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" data-sort-type="number" | measures |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | [[chime (bell instrument)|chime]] |
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|---- |
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| 1 || [[Christ (title)|Christus]] ([[Bourdon (bell)|Bourdon Bell]])|| rowspan="4" | 1959 || rowspan="4" | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling || rowspan="4" | Heidelberg || 2133 mm || 6856 kg || data-sort-value="0g" | g<sup>0</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 2 || [[Simon Peter|Petrus]] || 1774 mm || 3917 kg || data-sort-value="0hz" | bes<sup>0</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 3 || [[Paul the Apostle|Paulus]] || 1566 mm || 2644 kg || data-sort-value="1c" | c<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 4 || [[Mary (Mother of Jesus)|Maria]] || 1490 mm || 2290 kg || data-sort-value="1d" | d<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 5 || [[Hosianna|Hosanna]] || 1258 || anonymous || || 1610 mm || 3290 kg || data-sort-value="1dz" | es<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 6 || [[Saint Joseph|Josef]] || rowspan="11" | 1959 || rowspan="11" | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling || rowspan="11" | Heidelberg || 1242 mm || 1354 kg || data-sort-value="1f" | f<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 7 || [[Nikolaus of Flüe|Nikolaus]] || 1095 mm || 958 kg || data-sort-value="1g" | g<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 8 || [[John the Baptist|Johannes]] || 1081 mm || 913 kg || data-sort-value="1h" | a<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 9 || [[James the Greater|Jakobus]] || 1022 mm || 803 kg || data-sort-value="1hz" | bes<sup>1</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 10 || [[Conrad of Constance|Konrad]] || 903 mm || 560 kg || data-sort-value="2c" | c<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 11 || [[Bernhard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Bernhard]] || 798 mm || 381 kg || data-sort-value="2d" | d<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 12 || [[Lambert of Maastricht|Lambert]] und [[Alexander (Märtyrer)|Alexander]] || 670 mm || 212 kg || data-sort-value="2f" | f<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 13 || [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] || 594 mm || 149 kg || data-sort-value="2g" | g<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 14 || [[Guardian Angel|Schutzengel]] || 575 mm || 150 kg || data-sort-value="2h" | a<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 15 || [[Odilia]] || 505 mm || 112 kg || data-sort-value="3c" | c<sup>3</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 16 || [[Magnificat]] || 456 mm || 79 kg || data-sort-value="3d" | d<sup>3</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 17 || Vesperglöckchen || 1606 || Hans Ulrich Bintzlin || Breisach || 510 mm || 70 kg || data-sort-value="2i" | b<sup>2</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 18 || Silberglöckchen || 13th century || anonymous || || 352 mm || 33 kg || data-sort-value="3f" | f<sup>3</sup> |
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|---- |
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| 19 || Taufglocke || 13th/14th century || anonymous || || 550 mm || 95 kg || data-sort-value="2h" | a<sup>2</sup> |
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|} |
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==Burials== |
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The most important pieces are the high altar of Hans Baldung Grien and an altar of Hans's getting leg the younger one in one of the choir chapels. The windows were donated by the handicraft guilds, whose symbols such as brezel, boot etc. on them to appear. Since 2003 are imposed the choir in the chamfering time with the chamfering cloth of 1612. This was restored and provided with a supporting material. It must be brought therefore in the future with a heavy transporter from the workshop in the cathedral, since it exhibits a weight of over a ton. In the choir is the tomb of the habsburgischen general v. Roth sketched by the sculptor Johann Christian Wentzinger. Freshly reconditioned presents itself for November 2004 those gothical portal-resounds in the west tower in new gloss. It shows a world court representation, which is extended by scenes from the life Jesu (birth and passion) on the Tympanon. In the center Christ is located as barmherziger judges. The Archivolten shows important figures of the old person of federation and refers in such a way to the continuity of old one and new federation. Haven alga walls is of a Marienzyklus occupied, in whose center a great Mariendarstellung is located on the Trumeaupfeiler of the portal. With the renovation and cleaning of the figures the condition of the preceding renovation became conscious from the 90's 19. Century again manufactured, for which the Freiburger glass painter and artist Fritz Geiges was responsible at that time. |
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*[[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
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*The [[Locherer]] family (altarpiece by [[Hans Sixt]]) |
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== |
==Legal situation== |
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From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the ''Münsterbauverein'' association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral. |
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==Conservation== |
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Regarding the legal situation the Freiburger cathedral is a characteristic. From the beginning the Muenster did not belong to the church. The building was advanced by the Freiburger citizenry. In the Middle Ages the situation changed such that the Muenster was right itself quasi "". The building was administered by one of the city ordered cathedral male nurses. In the modern times the Muenster of building of cathedrals was created, which is also legally seen owners of the Muenster. |
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[[Image:Octagonal belfrey.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Looking up into the spire of Freiburg Minster]] |
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For the conservation of the cathedral, the ''[[:de:Freiburger Münsterbauverein|Freiburger Münsterbauverein]]'' ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg. |
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== |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery mode="nolines"> |
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File:Freiburg Münster Hochaltar 01.jpg|High altar |
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File:Freiburg Münster rechtes Seitenschiff Märtyrerfenster 01.jpg|Martyrs' Window |
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File:00 0743 Freiburg Minster - Hahnenturm.jpg|Hahnen tower |
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File:Freiburg-Gargoyles Freiburg Minster-men and mythical creature-12ASD.jpg|Exterior view |
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File:Freiburg-Gargoyles Freiburg Minster-ram-04ASD.jpg|Ram-like creature as gargoyle |
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File:Freiburg-Freiburg Minster-Exterior-Gargoyles-03ASD.jpg|Gargoyles |
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File:High altar of Freiburg Minster Hochaltar (geschlossen) von Hans Baldung Grien.jpg|High altar |
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File:Freiburg Minster-front hall-sculptures-01ESD.jpg|Entrance hall |
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File:Tympanum Freiburger Münster.jpg|'''Tympanum Freiburger Münster''' |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
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For the preservation of the Muenster 1890 the Freiburger association of building of cathedrals was created. The association must apply several million euro in the year around the Freiburger cathedral to secure and receive. Present Muensterbaumeisterin (conditions: November. 2005) is the Architektin Yvonne Faller. Chairman of the association is a head of the provincial government Sven von reluctantly Ungern-Sternberg. In the building of the old persons hut of building of cathedrals the association operates a small "cathedral shop". |
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*[[The Ten Virgins]] |
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*[[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]] |
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==External links== |
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==Physical experiments for visitors== |
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{{commonscat}} |
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*{{in lang|de}} [http://www.fgs.snbh.schule-bw.de/see/muenster/ Cathedral windows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421173545/http://www.fgs.snbh.schule-bw.de/see/muenster/ |date=2008-04-21 }} |
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==References== |
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Who runs also openly eyes by the Freiburger cathedral, can learn quite somewhat over physics. Underneath the bell tower two points of brass are let in in the soil. Their larger the point, that, is geometrically seen, directly perpendicularly underneath the turmspitze of the bell tower is. The smaller point is that, at which an article would hit, if one would have it fallen directly from the point of the tower. The discrepancy (approx. 3.2 cm) between the geometrical point and the point of impact results from the earth rotation. |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[de:Freiburger Münster]] |
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[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Baden-Württemberg]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Freiburg im Breisgau|Minster]] |
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[[Category:Gothic architecture in Germany]] |
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[[Category:Tourist attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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[[Category:Burial sites of the House of Zähringen]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:15, 27 October 2024
| Freiburg Münster | |
|---|---|
| The Cathedral of Our Lady | |
Freiburger Münster | |
 Freiburg Münster | |
 | |
| 47°59′44″N 7°51′11″E / 47.99556°N 7.85306°E | |
| Location | Freiburg im Breisgau |
| Country | Germany |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Website | Website of the Cathedral |
| History | |
| Status | Active |
| Founded | 1200 |
| Founder(s) | Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Cathedral |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Freiburg |
Freiburg Minster (German: Freiburger Münster or Münster Unserer Lieben Frau) is the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau, southwest Germany. The last duke of Zähringen had started the building around 1200 in romanesque style. The construction continued in 1230 in Gothic style. The minster was partly built on the foundations of an original church that had been there from the beginning of Freiburg, in 1120.
In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the Diocese of Konstanz. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly established Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg, and thus a cathedral.
Architecture
[edit]
The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt once said that the church's 116-meter tower will forever remain the most beautiful spire on earth.[1] His remark gave rise to the frequently heard misquote of the most beautiful tower in the whole of Christianity.
The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire.
It is the only Gothic church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and has lasted until the present, surviving the bombing raids of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.[2]
Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built.
The tower has 16 bells, the oldest being the "Hosanna" bell from 1258, which weighs 3,290 kilograms. This bell can be heard on Thursday evening after the Angelus, on Friday at 11:00 am (a time consequently known as "Spätzleglocke"), on Saturday evenings, and each year on 27 November in remembrance of the air raid.
Interior
[edit]
There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of Hans Baldung, and another altar of Hans Holbein the Younger in a side chapel. See also: Freiburg Altarpiece
The inner portal contains sculptures of the Ten Virgins.[3]
The nave windows were donated by the guilds, and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold nanoparticles.[4]
In 2003, the Lenten cloth was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during Lent.[citation needed]
Bells
[edit]The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany.
| Nr. | name | year cast | caster's name | cast at | diameter | measures | chime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Christus (Bourdon Bell) | 1959 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling | Heidelberg | 2133 mm | 6856 kg | g0 |
| 2 | Petrus | 1774 mm | 3917 kg | bes0 | |||
| 3 | Paulus | 1566 mm | 2644 kg | c1 | |||
| 4 | Maria | 1490 mm | 2290 kg | d1 | |||
| 5 | Hosanna | 1258 | anonymous | 1610 mm | 3290 kg | es1 | |
| 6 | Josef | 1959 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling | Heidelberg | 1242 mm | 1354 kg | f1 |
| 7 | Nikolaus | 1095 mm | 958 kg | g1 | |||
| 8 | Johannes | 1081 mm | 913 kg | a1 | |||
| 9 | Jakobus | 1022 mm | 803 kg | bes1 | |||
| 10 | Konrad | 903 mm | 560 kg | c2 | |||
| 11 | Bernhard | 798 mm | 381 kg | d2 | |||
| 12 | Lambert und Alexander | 670 mm | 212 kg | f2 | |||
| 13 | Michael | 594 mm | 149 kg | g2 | |||
| 14 | Schutzengel | 575 mm | 150 kg | a2 | |||
| 15 | Odilia | 505 mm | 112 kg | c3 | |||
| 16 | Magnificat | 456 mm | 79 kg | d3 | |||
| 17 | Vesperglöckchen | 1606 | Hans Ulrich Bintzlin | Breisach | 510 mm | 70 kg | b2 |
| 18 | Silberglöckchen | 13th century | anonymous | 352 mm | 33 kg | f3 | |
| 19 | Taufglocke | 13th/14th century | anonymous | 550 mm | 95 kg | a2 |
Burials
[edit]- Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
- The Locherer family (altarpiece by Hans Sixt)
Legal situation
[edit]From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the Münsterbauverein association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral.
Conservation
[edit]
For the conservation of the cathedral, the Freiburger Münsterbauverein ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg.
Gallery
[edit]-
High altar -
Martyrs' Window -
Hahnen tower -
Exterior view -
Ram-like creature as gargoyle -
Gargoyles -
High altar -
Entrance hall -
Tympanum Freiburger Münster
_von_Hans_Baldung_Grien.jpg)
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freiburg Minster.
- (in German) Cathedral windows Archived 2008-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
References
[edit]- ^ Der schönste Turm auf Erden, Badische Zeitung, Seite 17, 10. März 2005
- ^ "Freiburg Münster (Cathedral) – Our landmark". Freiburg Tourism. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ Erzbischöfliches Dompfarramt (nd). "Die Vorhallenwände". Münsterfabrikfonds (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
- ^ "BIOPRO Home". archive.is. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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