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{{Redirect|Freiburg Cathedral|former collegiate church in Freiberg, Saxony|Freiberg Cathedral}} |
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{{Infobox church |
{{Infobox church |
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| name |
| name = Freiburg Münster |
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| fullname |
| fullname = The Cathedral of Our Lady |
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| other name |
| other name = |
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| native_name |
| native_name = Freiburger Münster |
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| native_name_lang |
| native_name_lang = German |
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| image |
| image = 2 Freiburger Münster.JPG |
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| imagesize |
| imagesize = 250px |
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| imagelink |
| imagelink = |
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| imagealt |
| imagealt = |
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| landscape |
| landscape = |
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| caption |
| caption = Freiburg Münster |
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| relief |
| relief = |
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| map caption = |
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| coordinates = {{coord|47|59|44|N|7|51|11|E|type:landamrk_region:DE|display=inline,title}} |
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| latd = 47 |
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| osgraw = <!-- TEXT --> |
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| latm = 59 |
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| osgridref = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} --> |
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| lats = 44 |
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| location = [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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| latNS = N |
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| country = [[Germany]] |
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| longd = 7 |
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| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]] |
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| longm = 51 |
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| previous denomination = |
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| longs = 08 |
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| churchmanship = |
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| longEW = E |
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| membership = |
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| coordinates = |
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| attendance = |
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| osgraw = <!-- TEXT --> |
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| website = [http://www.freiburgermuenster.info/ Website of the Cathedral] |
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| osgridref = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall| TEXT}} --> |
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| former name = |
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| location = [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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| bull date = |
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| founded date = 1200 |
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| country = [[Germany]] |
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| founder = [[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
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| dedication = |
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| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]] |
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| website = [http://www.freiburgermuenster.info/ Website of the Cathedral] |
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| past bishop = |
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| people = |
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| former name = |
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| status = Active |
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| bull date = |
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| functional status = Cathedral |
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| founded date = 1200 |
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| heritage designation = |
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| founder = [[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
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| length = <!-- {{convert| }} --> |
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| functional status = Cathedral |
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| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Freiburg]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Freiburg Minster''' ({{ |
'''Freiburg Minster''' ({{langx|de|'''Freiburger Münster'''}} or {{lang|de|Münster Unserer Lieben Frau}}) is the cathedral of [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], southwest [[Germany]]. The last [[House of Zähringen|duke of Zähringen]] had started the building around 1200 in romanesque style. The construction continued in 1230 in Gothic style. The minster was partly built on the foundations of an original church that had been there from the beginning of Freiburg, in 1120. |
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In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the [[Diocese of Konstanz]]. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly |
In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the [[Diocese of Konstanz]]. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly established Catholic [[Archdiocese of Freiburg]], and thus a cathedral. |
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==Architecture== |
==Architecture== |
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The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire. |
The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire. |
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It is the only [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and |
It is the only [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and has lasted until the present, surviving the [[Operation Tigerfish|bombing raids]] of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visit.freiburg.de/en/attractions/freiburg-muenster-cathedral-our-landmark|title=Freiburg Münster (Cathedral) – Our landmark|website=Freiburg Tourism|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |
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Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built. |
Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built. |
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[[Image:Muenster-Fenster01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Window of Freiburg Minster]] |
[[Image:Muenster-Fenster01.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Window of Freiburg Minster]] |
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[[File:Freiburg Miner 1330.jpg|thumb|200px|Freiburg Miner, stained glass, circa 1330]] |
[[File:Freiburg Miner 1330.jpg|thumb|200px|Freiburg Miner, stained glass, circa 1330]] |
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There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of [[Hans Baldung]], and another altar of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] in a side chapel. |
There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of [[Hans Baldung]], and another altar of [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] in a side chapel. ''See also: [[Freiburg Altarpiece]]'' |
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The inner portal contains sculptures of [[the Ten Virgins]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Erzbischöfliches Dompfarramt |date=nd |title=Die Vorhallenwände |url=https://www.muensterfabrikfonds.de/freiburger-muenster/muenster/kunstwerke-highlights/die-vorhallenwaende/ |access-date=2022-02-15 |website=Münsterfabrikfonds |language=de}}</ref> |
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The nave windows were donated by the [[guilds]], and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold nanoparticles.<ref name="Urban">[http://www.bio-pro.de/en/region/freiburg/magazin/02479/index.html Nanoparticles - Minute Particles with a Huge Effect]</ref> |
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The nave windows were donated by the [[guilds]], and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold [[nanoparticle]]s.<ref name="Urban">{{cite web|url=http://www.bio-pro.de/en/region/freiburg/magazin/02479/index.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070312124145/http://www.bio-pro.de/en/region/freiburg/magazin/02479/index.html|url-status=dead|title=BIOPRO Home|date=12 March 2007|archive-date=12 March 2007|website=archive.is|access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |
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In 2003, the [[Lenten cloth]]<!-- Fastentuch--> was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during [[Lent]]. |
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In 2003, the [[Lenten cloth]]<!-- Fastentuch--> was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during [[Lent]].{{cn|date=February 2022}} |
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==Bells== |
==Bells== |
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The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany. |
The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany. |
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<!-- column sort for chime: a=h, b=i; es=dz (to make it sort before e); h=bes=hz; I don't know why 1dz sorts before 1d, so I worked around it by changing 1d into 1dm and 2h into 2hm, which works --> |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | Nr. |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | Nr. |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | name |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | year cast |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | caster's name |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | cast at |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" data-sort-type="number"| diameter |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" |
! style="background-color:#dddddd;" data-sort-type="number" | measures |
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! style="background-color:#dddddd;" | [[chime (bell instrument)|chime]] |
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|---- |
|---- |
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| 1 || [[Christ]] |
| 1 || [[Christ (title)|Christus]] ([[Bourdon (bell)|Bourdon Bell]])|| rowspan="4" | 1959 || rowspan="4" | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling || rowspan="4" | Heidelberg || 2133 mm || 6856 kg || data-sort-value="0g" | g<sup>0</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 2 || [[Simon Peter|Petrus]] || 1774 mm || 3917 kg || |
| 2 || [[Simon Peter|Petrus]] || 1774 mm || 3917 kg || data-sort-value="0hz" | bes<sup>0</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 3 || [[Paul the Apostle|Paulus]] || 1566 mm || 2644 kg || c<sup>1</sup> |
| 3 || [[Paul the Apostle|Paulus]] || 1566 mm || 2644 kg || data-sort-value="1c" | c<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 4 || [[Mary (Mother of Jesus)|Maria]] || 1490 mm || 2290 kg || d<sup>1</sup> |
| 4 || [[Mary (Mother of Jesus)|Maria]] || 1490 mm || 2290 kg || data-sort-value="1d" | d<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 5 || [[Hosianna|Hosanna]] || 1258 || |
| 5 || [[Hosianna|Hosanna]] || 1258 || anonymous || || 1610 mm || 3290 kg || data-sort-value="1dz" | es<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 6 || [[Saint Joseph|Josef]] || rowspan="11"|1959 || rowspan="11"|Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling |
| 6 || [[Saint Joseph|Josef]] || rowspan="11" | 1959 || rowspan="11" | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling || rowspan="11" | Heidelberg || 1242 mm || 1354 kg || data-sort-value="1f" | f<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 7 || [[Nikolaus of Flüe|Nikolaus]] || 1095 mm || 958 kg || g<sup>1</sup> |
| 7 || [[Nikolaus of Flüe|Nikolaus]] || 1095 mm || 958 kg || data-sort-value="1g" | g<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 8 || [[John the Baptist|Johannes]] || 1081 mm || 913 kg || a<sup>1</sup> |
| 8 || [[John the Baptist|Johannes]] || 1081 mm || 913 kg || data-sort-value="1h" | a<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 9 || [[James the Greater|Jakobus]] || 1022 mm || 803 kg || |
| 9 || [[James the Greater|Jakobus]] || 1022 mm || 803 kg || data-sort-value="1hz" | bes<sup>1</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 10 || [[Conrad of Constance|Konrad]] || 903 mm || 560 kg || c<sup>2</sup> |
| 10 || [[Conrad of Constance|Konrad]] || 903 mm || 560 kg || data-sort-value="2c" | c<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 11 || [[Bernhard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Bernhard]] || 798 mm || 381 kg || d<sup>2</sup> |
| 11 || [[Bernhard II, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Bernhard]] || 798 mm || 381 kg || data-sort-value="2d" | d<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 12 || [[Lambert of Maastricht|Lambert]] und [[Alexander (Märtyrer)|Alexander]] || 670 mm || 212 kg || f<sup>2</sup> |
| 12 || [[Lambert of Maastricht|Lambert]] und [[Alexander (Märtyrer)|Alexander]] || 670 mm || 212 kg || data-sort-value="2f" | f<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 13 || [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] || 594 mm || 149 kg || g<sup>2</sup> |
| 13 || [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] || 594 mm || 149 kg || data-sort-value="2g" | g<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 14 || [[Guardian Angel|Schutzengel]] || 575 mm || 150 kg || a<sup>2</sup> |
| 14 || [[Guardian Angel|Schutzengel]] || 575 mm || 150 kg || data-sort-value="2h" | a<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 15 || [[Odilia]] || 505 mm || 112 kg || c<sup>3</sup> |
| 15 || [[Odilia]] || 505 mm || 112 kg || data-sort-value="3c" | c<sup>3</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 16 || [[Magnificat]] || 456 mm || 79 kg || d<sup>3</sup> |
| 16 || [[Magnificat]] || 456 mm || 79 kg || data-sort-value="3d" | d<sup>3</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
||
| 17 || Vesperglöckchen || 1606 || Hans Ulrich Bintzlin |
| 17 || Vesperglöckchen || 1606 || Hans Ulrich Bintzlin || Breisach || 510 mm || 70 kg || data-sort-value="2i" | b<sup>2</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 18 || Silberglöckchen || |
| 18 || Silberglöckchen || 13th century || anonymous || || 352 mm || 33 kg || data-sort-value="3f" | f<sup>3</sup> |
||
|---- |
|---- |
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| 19 || Taufglocke || |
| 19 || Taufglocke || 13th/14th century || anonymous || || 550 mm || 95 kg || data-sort-value="2h" | a<sup>2</sup> |
||
|} |
|} |
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==Burials== |
==Burials== |
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*[[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
*[[Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen]] |
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*The [[Locherer]] family (altarpiece by [[Hans Sixt]]) |
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== |
==Legal situation== |
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From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the ''Münsterbauverein'' association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral. |
From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the ''Münsterbauverein'' association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral. |
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==Conservation== |
==Conservation== |
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[[Image:Octagonal belfrey.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Looking up into the |
[[Image:Octagonal belfrey.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Looking up into the spire of Freiburg Minster]] |
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For the conservation of the cathedral, the ''[[:de:Freiburger Münsterbauverein|Freiburger Münsterbauverein]]'' ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg. |
For the conservation of the cathedral, the ''[[:de:Freiburger Münsterbauverein|Freiburger Münsterbauverein]]'' ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg. |
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== Gallery == |
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<gallery mode="nolines"> |
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File:Freiburg Münster Hochaltar 01.jpg|High altar |
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File:Freiburg Münster rechtes Seitenschiff Märtyrerfenster 01.jpg|Martyrs' Window |
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File:00 0743 Freiburg Minster - Hahnenturm.jpg|Hahnen tower |
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File:Freiburg-Gargoyles Freiburg Minster-men and mythical creature-12ASD.jpg|Exterior view |
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File:Freiburg-Gargoyles Freiburg Minster-ram-04ASD.jpg|Ram-like creature as gargoyle |
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File:Freiburg-Freiburg Minster-Exterior-Gargoyles-03ASD.jpg|Gargoyles |
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File:High altar of Freiburg Minster Hochaltar (geschlossen) von Hans Baldung Grien.jpg|High altar |
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File:Freiburg Minster-front hall-sculptures-01ESD.jpg|Entrance hall |
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File:Tympanum Freiburger Münster.jpg|'''Tympanum Freiburger Münster''' |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[The Ten Virgins]] |
*[[The Ten Virgins]] |
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*[[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commonscat |
{{commonscat}} |
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*{{in lang|de}} [http://www.fgs.snbh.schule-bw.de/see/muenster/ Cathedral windows] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421173545/http://www.fgs.snbh.schule-bw.de/see/muenster/ |date=2008-04-21 }} |
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''This article is based on a translation of the German Wikipedia article ''[[:de:Freiburger Münster|Freiburger Münster]]''. |
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*{{de icon}} [http://www.fgs.snbh.schule-bw.de/see/muenster/ Cathedral windows] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{coord|47|59|44|N|7|51|08|E|region:DE-BW_type:landmark|display=title}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Baden-Württemberg]] |
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[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Germany]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Freiburg im Breisgau|Minster]] |
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Freiburg im Breisgau|Minster]] |
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[[Category:Gothic architecture in Germany]] |
[[Category:Gothic architecture in Germany]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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[[Category:Visitor attractions in Freiburg im Breisgau]] |
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[[Category:Burial sites of the House of Zähringen]] |
[[Category:Burial sites of the House of Zähringen]] |
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Latest revision as of 01:15, 27 October 2024
| Freiburg Münster | |
|---|---|
| The Cathedral of Our Lady | |
Freiburger Münster | |
 Freiburg Münster | |
 | |
| 47°59′44″N 7°51′11″E / 47.99556°N 7.85306°E | |
| Location | Freiburg im Breisgau |
| Country | Germany |
| Denomination | Roman Catholic |
| Website | Website of the Cathedral |
| History | |
| Status | Active |
| Founded | 1200 |
| Founder(s) | Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen |
| Architecture | |
| Functional status | Cathedral |
| Administration | |
| Archdiocese | Archdiocese of Freiburg |
Freiburg Minster (German: Freiburger Münster or Münster Unserer Lieben Frau) is the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau, southwest Germany. The last duke of Zähringen had started the building around 1200 in romanesque style. The construction continued in 1230 in Gothic style. The minster was partly built on the foundations of an original church that had been there from the beginning of Freiburg, in 1120.
In the Middle Ages, Freiburg lay in the Diocese of Konstanz. In 1827, Freiburg Minster became the seat of the newly established Catholic Archdiocese of Freiburg, and thus a cathedral.
Architecture
[edit]
The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt once said that the church's 116-meter tower will forever remain the most beautiful spire on earth.[1] His remark gave rise to the frequently heard misquote of the most beautiful tower in the whole of Christianity.
The tower is nearly square at the base, and at its centre is the dodecagonal star gallery. Above this gallery, the tower is octagonal and tapered, and above this, is the spire.
It is the only Gothic church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and has lasted until the present, surviving the bombing raids of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.[2]
Freiburg Minster was not the seat of a bishop until 1827, long after it was built.
The tower has 16 bells, the oldest being the "Hosanna" bell from 1258, which weighs 3,290 kilograms. This bell can be heard on Thursday evening after the Angelus, on Friday at 11:00 am (a time consequently known as "Spätzleglocke"), on Saturday evenings, and each year on 27 November in remembrance of the air raid.
Interior
[edit]
There are two important altars inside the cathedral: the high altar of Hans Baldung, and another altar of Hans Holbein the Younger in a side chapel. See also: Freiburg Altarpiece
The inner portal contains sculptures of the Ten Virgins.[3]
The nave windows were donated by the guilds, and the symbols of the guilds are featured on them. The deep red color in some of the windows is not the result of a dye, but instead the result of a suspension of solid gold nanoparticles.[4]
In 2003, the Lenten cloth was restored and backed with a supporting material. It now weighs over a ton, and so must be carried from the workshop with heavy machinery for its use during Lent.[citation needed]
Bells
[edit]The cathedral holds 19 bells, altogether 25 tonnes, making it one of the largest peals in Germany.
| Nr. | name | year cast | caster's name | cast at | diameter | measures | chime |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Christus (Bourdon Bell) | 1959 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling | Heidelberg | 2133 mm | 6856 kg | g0 |
| 2 | Petrus | 1774 mm | 3917 kg | bes0 | |||
| 3 | Paulus | 1566 mm | 2644 kg | c1 | |||
| 4 | Maria | 1490 mm | 2290 kg | d1 | |||
| 5 | Hosanna | 1258 | anonymous | 1610 mm | 3290 kg | es1 | |
| 6 | Josef | 1959 | Friedrich Wilhelm Schilling | Heidelberg | 1242 mm | 1354 kg | f1 |
| 7 | Nikolaus | 1095 mm | 958 kg | g1 | |||
| 8 | Johannes | 1081 mm | 913 kg | a1 | |||
| 9 | Jakobus | 1022 mm | 803 kg | bes1 | |||
| 10 | Konrad | 903 mm | 560 kg | c2 | |||
| 11 | Bernhard | 798 mm | 381 kg | d2 | |||
| 12 | Lambert und Alexander | 670 mm | 212 kg | f2 | |||
| 13 | Michael | 594 mm | 149 kg | g2 | |||
| 14 | Schutzengel | 575 mm | 150 kg | a2 | |||
| 15 | Odilia | 505 mm | 112 kg | c3 | |||
| 16 | Magnificat | 456 mm | 79 kg | d3 | |||
| 17 | Vesperglöckchen | 1606 | Hans Ulrich Bintzlin | Breisach | 510 mm | 70 kg | b2 |
| 18 | Silberglöckchen | 13th century | anonymous | 352 mm | 33 kg | f3 | |
| 19 | Taufglocke | 13th/14th century | anonymous | 550 mm | 95 kg | a2 |
Burials
[edit]- Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen
- The Locherer family (altarpiece by Hans Sixt)
Legal situation
[edit]From the time of its construction, the cathedral was not owned by the Roman Catholic Church but by the people of Freiburg. In the Middle Ages, the situation changed so that the building was self-owned, and administered by a guardian appointed by the people of the city. More recently, the Münsterbauverein association was created, which now legally owns the cathedral.
Conservation
[edit]
For the conservation of the cathedral, the Freiburger Münsterbauverein ("Freiburg Minster-Upkeep Association") was established. The association invests several million euros each year in the care and maintenance of the building and its interior. The present architect in charge is Yvonne Faller and the chair of the association is Sven von Ungern-Sternberg.
Gallery
[edit]-
High altar -
Martyrs' Window -
Hahnen tower -
Exterior view -
Ram-like creature as gargoyle -
Gargoyles -
High altar -
Entrance hall -
Tympanum Freiburger Münster
_von_Hans_Baldung_Grien.jpg)
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freiburg Minster.
- (in German) Cathedral windows Archived 2008-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
References
[edit]- ^ Der schönste Turm auf Erden, Badische Zeitung, Seite 17, 10. März 2005
- ^ "Freiburg Münster (Cathedral) – Our landmark". Freiburg Tourism. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
- ^ Erzbischöfliches Dompfarramt (nd). "Die Vorhallenwände". Münsterfabrikfonds (in German). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
- ^ "BIOPRO Home". archive.is. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
