Tristychius: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct genus of sharks}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{Fossil range| |
| fossil_range = [[Early Carboniferous]], {{Fossil range|Visean}} |
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| image = |
| image = TristychiusCameronSpahn.jpg |
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| image_alt = Restoration of "Tristychius" |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = Restoration |
| image_caption = Restoration of ''Tristychius'' |
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| taxon = Tristychius |
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|regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], [[1837 in paleontology|1837]]<ref>L. Agassiz. 1837. Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. Tome III (livr. 8-9). Imprimérie de Petitpierre, Neuchatel viii-72</ref> |
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|phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| synonyms = |
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|classis = [[Chondrichthyes]] |
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| synonyms_ref = |
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|subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]] |
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| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Tristychius arcuatus''''' |
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|ordo = [[Ctenacanthida]] |
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| type_species_authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1837 |
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|genus = '''''Tristyichius''''' |
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'''''Tristychius''''' (from {{langx|el|τρεις}} {{transliteration|el|treis}}, 'three' and {{langx|el|στῐ́χος}} {{transliteration|el|stíkhos}} 'row')<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=174 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=1 January 2022 |language=English}}</ref> is an extinct genus of [[Euselachii|euselachian]] [[chondrichthyan]] from the [[Carboniferous]] period ([[Visean]]). Fossils of ''T. arcuatus'', the type and only species, including fin spines have been found in [[Scotland]]. |
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'''''Tristychius''''' is an extinct genus of [[shark]] from the [[Carboniferous]] period. Fossils have been found in Scotland. |
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''Tristychius'' was a small animal, up to about {{convert|60|cm|ft|sigfig=1}} long. It had a [[heterocercal]] [[caudal fin]], and large spines on two dorsal fins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dick |first=John R. F. |date=1978 |title=On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/on-the-carboniferous-shark-tristychius-arcuatus-agassiz-from-scotland/98465509DDF9A6F3BEC97C1823329F16 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=63–108 |doi=10.1017/S0080456800012898 |s2cid=130713238 |issn=2053-5945}}</ref> Unlike other chondrichthyans that have three basal plates on pectoral fin (propterygium, mesopterygium and metapterygium), its pectoral fin had only two basal plates and lacked mesopterygium.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Michael I. |last2=Gess |first2=Robert W. |date=2007 |title=A New Reconstruction of Onychoselache traqairi, Comments on Early Chondrichthyan Pectoral Gridles and Hybodontiform Phylogeny |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1421–1446 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00719.x |bibcode=2007Palgy..50.1421C |s2cid=140556654 |issn=0031-0239|doi-access=free }}</ref> Even through it is one of the earliest known stem-elasmobranchs, it is estimated to be a specialized [[Suction feeder|suction feeding]] [[benthic]] predator, either [[Ambush predator|ambushing]] or using stealth to approach its prey.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Michael I. |last2=Tietjen |first2=Kristen |last3=Olsen |first3=Aaron M. |last4=Finarelli |first4=John A. |date=2019-09-06 |title=High-performance suction feeding in an early elasmobranch |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=eaax2742 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aax2742 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=6739094 |pmid=31535026|bibcode=2019SciA....5.2742C }}</ref> While historically considered a [[hybodont]], a 2016 study considered it to be a basal euselachian, with hybodonts more closely related to Neoselachii (the group of modern sharks and rays) than to ''Tristychius.'' The study placed the genus in the family [[Tristychiidae]] along with ''[[Acronemus]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coates |first1=Michael I. |last2=Tietjen |first2=Kristen |date=March 2017 |title=The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus (Agassiz, ) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755691018000130/type/journal_article |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000130 |bibcode=2017EESTR.108...19C |s2cid=135297534 |issn=1755-6910}}</ref> |
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{{clade |
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|1=[[Holocephali]] ([[chimaera]]s and relatives) |
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|label2=[[Euselachii]] |
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|2={{clade |
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|label1= Tristychiidae |
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|1={{clade |
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|1=''[[Acronemus]]'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=[[Hybodontiformes]] (hybodonts) |
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|2=[[Neoselachii]] (modern sharks and rays) |
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}}}}}} |
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''Tristychius'' was a small shark, about {{convert|60|cm|ft|sigfig=1}} long. It had a well-developed upturned [[caudal fin]], similar to that of many modern sharks. Physically it may have resembled a modern [[Squaliformes|dogfish]]. ''Tristychius'' also had spikes attached to the bases of its [[dorsal fin]]s, probably for protection against predators.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 27|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref> |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q7844230}} |
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[[Category:Carboniferous fish]] |
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[[Category:Prehistoric fish of Europe]] |
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[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1837]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]] |
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Latest revision as of 02:02, 27 October 2024
| Tristychius Temporal range: Early Carboniferous,
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| Restoration of Tristychius | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Chondrichthyes |
| Subclass: | Elasmobranchii |
| Family: | †Tristychiidae |
| Genus: | †Tristychius Agassiz, 1837[1] |
| Type species | |
| †Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz, 1837
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Tristychius (from Greek: τρεις treis, 'three' and Greek: στῐ́χος stíkhos 'row')[2] is an extinct genus of euselachian chondrichthyan from the Carboniferous period (Visean). Fossils of T. arcuatus, the type and only species, including fin spines have been found in Scotland.
Tristychius was a small animal, up to about 60 centimetres (2 ft) long. It had a heterocercal caudal fin, and large spines on two dorsal fins.[3] Unlike other chondrichthyans that have three basal plates on pectoral fin (propterygium, mesopterygium and metapterygium), its pectoral fin had only two basal plates and lacked mesopterygium.[4] Even through it is one of the earliest known stem-elasmobranchs, it is estimated to be a specialized suction feeding benthic predator, either ambushing or using stealth to approach its prey.[5] While historically considered a hybodont, a 2016 study considered it to be a basal euselachian, with hybodonts more closely related to Neoselachii (the group of modern sharks and rays) than to Tristychius. The study placed the genus in the family Tristychiidae along with Acronemus.[6]
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Holocephali (chimaeras and relatives) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Euselachii |
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References
[edit]
- ^ L. Agassiz. 1837. Recherches Sur Les Poissons Fossiles. Tome III (livr. 8-9). Imprimérie de Petitpierre, Neuchatel viii-72
- ^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 174. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Dick, John R. F. (1978). "On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 70 (4): 63–108. doi:10.1017/S0080456800012898. ISSN 2053-5945. S2CID 130713238.
- ^ Coates, Michael I.; Gess, Robert W. (2007). "A New Reconstruction of Onychoselache traqairi, Comments on Early Chondrichthyan Pectoral Gridles and Hybodontiform Phylogeny". Palaeontology. 50 (6): 1421–1446. Bibcode:2007Palgy..50.1421C. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00719.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 140556654.
- ^ Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen; Olsen, Aaron M.; Finarelli, John A. (2019-09-06). "High-performance suction feeding in an early elasmobranch". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaax2742. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.2742C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax2742. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6739094. PMID 31535026.
- ^ Coates, Michael I.; Tietjen, Kristen (March 2017). "The neurocranium of the Lower Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus (Agassiz, )". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 108 (1): 19–35. Bibcode:2017EESTR.108...19C. doi:10.1017/S1755691018000130. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 135297534.
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