Luther Monument (Worms): Difference between revisions

Luther Monument
Luther Monument
German: Lutherdenkmal
	The Luther Monument in May 2010
Artist	Ernst Rietschel; Adolf von Donndorf; Johannes Schilling; Gustav Adolph Kietz; Georg Hermann Nicolai;
Year	1868
Type	Bronze
Location	Worms, Germany
	49°37′56″N 8°21′36″E / 49.6323°N 8.3601°E
Owner	Worms

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The Luther Monument (German: Lutherdenkmal) is a group of statues that was erected in Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, to commemorate the Protestant reformer Martin Luther. It was designed and partly made by Ernst Rietschel, and unveiled on 25 June 1868. The monument includes a group of bronze statues on stone plinths centred on a statue of Luther, surrounded by statues of related individuals and allegorical statues representing related towns. The elements are arranged in the shape of a castle, reflecting Luther's hymn "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God" ("Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" in German).

It is the largest of the Luther Monuments,^[1] and shaped views of the reformer. Copies of the central Luther statue are located in Europe and the United States, including the Luther Monument in Washington, D.C. (1884).

History

Plans to build a significant monument to Martin Luther in Worms were already made in the 18th century. In 1856, an association, the Luther-Denkmal-Verein, was formed, which pursued the idea and collected donations from Europe and the Americas.^[1] Among the historical topics remembered by the monument are Luther's Ninety-five Theses of 1517 and his appearance at the Diet of Worms in 1521, where he defended his theses facing Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.^[2] The main 3.5 m (11 ft) high bronze statue of Luther is surrounded by eleven others depicting other reformers, political figures, and personified related towns. The statues are mounted on separate stone plinths on a stepped base, and the overall shape of the monument is intended to resemble a castle, representing Luther's hymn "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" (A firm castle is our God).^[3]

Ernst Rietschel designed the group in 1859. He completed the sculptures of Luther and John Wycliff but died in 1861. The other statues were mostly executed by his pupils.^[1] Adolf von Donndorf contributed standing figures of Reuchlin and Frederick the Wise of Saxony, seated figures of Girolamo Savonarola, Peter Waldo and an allegorical statue (with mural crown) representing the town of Magdeburg grieving after the Sack of Magdeburg in 1631, as well as reliefs. Johannes Schilling created a statue for the town of Speyer, the location of the Protestation at Speyer in 1529. Gustav Adolph Kietz [de] made statues of Jan Hus, Philipp Melanchthon, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, and one for the town of Augsburg, where the Augsburg Confession was first presented in 1530. The architect Georg Hermann Nicolai, a pupil of Gottfried Semper, was also involved. The monument was cast at the Kunst- und Glockengießerei Lauchhammer [de].^[4]

Luther is depicted in the robe of preacher, not the habit and cowl of a monk. He is holding a Bible in his left hand, and rests his right fist upon the book. According to Hans A. Pohlsander, "his posture suggests courage and determination".^[5]

In addition to the main statues, the monument has inscriptions with quotations, scenes from Luther's life, coats of arms of 27 Protestant towns, and bronze relief sculptures depicting two Electors of Saxony, with others including Justus Jonas, Johann Bugenhagen, Johannes Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli.^[6]

The monument was unveiled on 25 June 1868 in a ceremony attended by around 20,000 people, including nobility and leading German Protestants.^[1] Rietschel's statue of Luther became a typical image of the reformer in the late 19th century and became a model for many monuments to him, with copies in Europe and the United States, such as the Luther Monument in Washington, D.C. (1884),^[7] and others at the Concordia Lutheran Seminary in St. Louis (1903), in Decorah, Iowa (1911), Saint Paul, Minnesota (1921), Dubuque, Iowa (1923), and Detroit (1930).^[5] The 150th anniversary of the monument was celebrated as a major event in 2018.^[8]

Gallery

Literature

Ludwig Joseph Hundhausen: Das Luthermonument zu Worms im Lichte der Wahrheit. Gedanken und Thatsachen zur Beantwortung der Frage: Kirche oder Protestantismus? Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1868.
Christiane Theiselmann: Das Wormser Lutherdenkmal Ernst Rietschels (1856–1868) im Rahmen der Lutherrezeption des 19. Jahrhunderts. Europäische Hochschulschriften, Frankfurt am Main 1992. ISBN 3-631-44332-3.
Ferdinand Werner: Das Lutherdenkmal und die Wormser Grünanlagen. In: Die Gartenkunst [de] 24 (2/2012), pp. 223–259.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Worms Luther Monument". Worms, Germany. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "Das Lutherdenkmal in Worms". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "150 Jahre Lutherdenkmal in Worms". evangelisch.de (in German). 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "Kunstgussmuseum Lauchhammer" (in German). Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ ^a ^b Pohlsander, Hans A. (2010). "The German Heritage, Continued". German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-3-03-430138-1.
^ Beschreibung des Lutherdenkmals, Worms.de. Accessed on September 26, 2018
^ "Martin Luther Statue / German Roots in Washington". Goethe-Institut. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "Tausende genießen spektakuläres Programm rund um Lutherdenkmal" (in German). Protestant Church of Hesse and Nassau. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

External links

3D lutherdenkmal.de

[Worms-1] "Worms Luther Monument". Worms, Germany. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[Regional_history-2] "Das Lutherdenkmal in Worms". regionalgeschichte.net (in German). Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[Evangelisch-3] "150 Jahre Lutherdenkmal in Worms". evangelisch.de (in German). 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[Denkmalschutz-4] "Kunstgussmuseum Lauchhammer" (in German). Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[Pohlsander-5] Pohlsander, Hans A. (2010). "The German Heritage, Continued". German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-3-03-430138-1.

[worms-6] Beschreibung des Lutherdenkmals, Worms.de. Accessed on September 26, 2018

[Goethe-7] "Martin Luther Statue / German Roots in Washington". Goethe-Institut. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

[Hessen-Nassau-8] "Tausende genießen spektakuläres Programm rund um Lutherdenkmal" (in German). Protestant Church of Hesse and Nassau. 3 June 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Monument to Martin Luther in Worms, Germany}}
 {{Infobox artwork
+| title         = Luther Monument
-| image_file         = [[File:Lutherdenkmal Worms 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.3|The monument in 2010]]
+| other_language_1 = German
-| title              = Luther Monument
+| other_title_1 = Lutherdenkmal
-| alt                =
+| image         = File:Lutherdenkmal Worms 01.jpg
-| other_language_1   = German
+| caption       = The Luther Monument in May 2010
-| other_title_1      = Lutherdenkmal
-| artist             = {{plainlist|
+| city          = [[Worms, Germany]]
+| artist        = {{plainlist|
 * [[Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel|Ernst Rietschel]]
 * [[Adolf von Donndorf]]
@@ Line 12: / Line 14: @@
 * [[Georg Hermann Nicolai]]
 }}
-| year               = {{Start date|1868}}
+| type          = Bronze
-| type               = Bronze
+| length        =
-| height_metric      =
+| width         =
-| width_metric       =
+| height        =
-| length_metric      =
+| year          = {{Start date|1868}}
-| height_imperial    =
+| complete      =
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+| open          =
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+| dedicated_to  =
-| diameter__metric   =
+| map_image     =
-| diameter_imperial  =
+| map_text      =
-| imperial_unit = in
+| map_width     =
-| metric_unit = cm
+| relief        =
+| coordinates   = {{coord|49.6323|N|8.3601|E|display=inline,title}}
-| city               = [[Worms, Germany]]
+| mapframe      = yes
-| coordinates        = {{coord|49.6323|N|8.3601|E|display=inline,title}}
+| mapframe-zoom = 14
-| owner              = Worms
+| website       =
+| owner         = Worms
+| italic title  = no
 }}
+The '''Luther Monument''' ({{langx|de|Lutherdenkmal}}) is a group of statues that was erected in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany, to commemorate the Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]]. It was designed and partly made by [[Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel|Ernst Rietschel]], and unveiled on 25 June 1868. The monument includes a group of bronze statues on stone plinths centred on a statue of Luther, surrounded by statues of related individuals and allegorical statues representing related towns. The elements are arranged in the shape of a castle, reflecting Luther's hymn "[[A Mighty Fortress Is Our God]]" ("Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" in [[German language|German]]).
+It is the largest of the [[Luther Monument]]s,<ref name="Worms" /> and shaped views of the reformer. Copies of the central Luther statue are located in Europe and the United States, including the [[Martin Luther (Washington)|Luther Monument]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] (1884).
-The '''''Luther Monument''''' ('''''Lutherdenkmal''''') is an art installation that was erected in [[Worms]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], Germany, to honour the Protestant reformer [[Martin Luther]]. Designed and partly made by [[Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel|Ernst Rietschel]], it was unveiled on 25 June 1868. It consists of a group of bronze statues of the reformer, related people and allegorical related towns. The elements are arranged in the shape of a castle, reminiscent of [[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott|Luther's famous hymn]]. One of the largest {{ill|Luther monument|de|Lutherdenkmal|lt=monuments for Luther}} worldwide,<ref name="Worms" /> it shaped the view of the reformer. His statue has been copied to places in Europe and the United States.
 == History ==
 [[File:Lutherdenkmal1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The monument on a 1902 postcard]]
-Plans to build a monument of national importance to the reformer Martin Luther in Worms were already made in the 18th century. In 1856, an association, the Luther-Denkmal-Verein,  was formed, which pursued the idea and collected donations from Europe and the Americas.<ref name="Worms" /> Among the historical topics remembered by the monument are Luther's [[Ninety-five Theses]] of 1517 and his appearance at the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521, where he defended his theses facing [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref name="Regional history" /> The main statue of Luther is surrounded by several others of other reformers, political figures, and personified related towns. The overall shape is supposed to form a castle, representing Luther's hymn "[[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott]]" (A firm castle is our God).<ref name="Evangelisch" />
+Plans to build a significant monument to Martin Luther in Worms were already made in the 18th century. In 1856, an association, the Luther-Denkmal-Verein, was formed, which pursued the idea and collected donations from Europe and the Americas.<ref name="Worms" /> Among the historical topics remembered by the monument are Luther's [[Ninety-five Theses]] of 1517 and his appearance at the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521, where he defended his theses facing [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref name="Regional history" /> The main {{cvt|3.5|m}} high bronze statue of Luther is surrounded by eleven others depicting other reformers, political figures, and personified related towns. The statues are mounted on separate stone plinths on a stepped base, and the overall shape of the monument is intended to resemble a castle, representing Luther's hymn "[[Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott]]" (A firm castle is our God).<ref name="Evangelisch" />
-[[Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel|Ernst Rietschel]] designed the group in 1859. He completed the sculptures of Luther and [[John Wycliff]] but died in 1861. The other statues were mostly executed by his pupils.<ref name="Worms" /> [[Adolf von Donndorf]] contributed standing figures of [[Reuchlin]] and [[Frederick the Wise]] of Saxony, seated figures of [[Girolamo Savonarola]], [[Peter Waldo]] and the allegorical town of [[Magdeburg]], as well as reliefs. [[Johannes Schilling]] created a statue of the allegorical town of [[Speyer]]. {{ill|Gustav Adolph Kietz|de}} made statues of [[Jan Hus]], [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]], and the allegorical town of [[Augsburg]]. The architect [[Georg Hermann Nicolai]], a pupil of [[Gottfried Semper]], was also involved. The monument was cast at the {{ill|Kunst- und Glockengießerei Lauchhammer|de}}.<ref name="Denkmalschutz" />
+[[Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel|Ernst Rietschel]] designed the group in 1859. He completed the sculptures of Luther and [[John Wycliff]] but died in 1861. The other statues were mostly executed by his pupils.<ref name="Worms" /> [[Adolf von Donndorf]] contributed standing figures of [[Reuchlin]] and [[Frederick the Wise]] of Saxony, seated figures of [[Girolamo Savonarola]], [[Peter Waldo]] and an allegorical statue (with [[mural crown]]) representing the town of [[Magdeburg]] grieving after the [[Sack of Magdeburg]] in 1631, as well as reliefs. [[Johannes Schilling]] created a statue for the town of [[Speyer]], the location of the [[Protestation at Speyer]] in 1529. {{ill|Gustav Adolph Kietz|de}} made statues of [[Jan Hus]], [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]], and one for the town of [[Augsburg]], where the [[Augsburg Confession]] was first presented in 1530. The architect [[Georg Hermann Nicolai]], a pupil of [[Gottfried Semper]], was also involved. The monument was cast at the {{ill|Kunst- und Glockengießerei Lauchhammer|de}}.<ref name="Denkmalschutz" />
-Luther is "dressed not in a monk's cowl but in a preacher's robe. His right hand, in a fist, rests upon a Bible which he holds in his left hand; his posture suggests courage and determination", as Hans A, Pohlsander wrote.<ref name="Pohlsander" />
+Luther is depicted in the robe of preacher, not the habit and cowl of a monk.  He is holding a Bible in his left hand, and rests his right fist upon the book.  According to <!--who? Biblical scholar?--> Hans A. Pohlsander, "his posture suggests courage and determination".<ref name="Pohlsander" />
+In addition to the main statues, the monument has inscriptions with quotations, scenes from Luther's life, coats of arms of 27 Protestant towns, and bronze relief sculptures depicting two [[Electors of Saxony]], with others including [[Justus Jonas]], [[Johann Bugenhagen]],  [[Johannes Calvin]] and [[Ulrich Zwingli]].<ref name="worms">[https://www.worms.de/de/tourismus/sehenswertes/Details/lutherdenkmal-beschreibung.php '' ''Beschreibung des Lutherdenkmals''], Worms.de. Accessed on September 26, 2018 </ref>
-The monument was unveiled on 25 June 1868 in a ceremony attended by around 20,000 people, including nobiity and leading German Protestants.<ref name="Worms" /> Rietschel's statue of Luther became a typical image of the reformer in the late 19th century and became a model for many monuments to him, with copies in Europe and the United States, such as the [[Martin Luther (Washington)|Luther Monument]] in Washington, D.C. (1884),<ref name="Goethe" /> the Concordia Lutheran Seminary in [[St. Louis]] (1903), in [[Decorah]], Iowa (1911), [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] (1921), [[Dubuque]], Iowa (1923), and [[Detroit]] (1930).<ref name="Pohlsander" /> The 150th anniversary of the monument was celebrated as a major event in 2018.<ref name="Hessen-Nassau" />
-<!--
-== Beschreibung ==
-Im Zentrum der quadratischen Anlage steht auf einem erhöhten [[Postament]] eine 3½ m hohe Statue Martin Luthers, auf drei Seiten umgeben von einer bezinnten Mauer. Elf weitere Statuen umgeben Luther auf Podesten an den Ecken des Hauptpostaments sowie an den Ecken und Seiten der Mauer. Das gesamte Denkmal hebt sich durch drei Stufen von seiner Umgebung ab, über die es auf der geöffneten Seite betretbar ist.
-Das Hauptpostament ist verziert mit Zitaten und Portraitreliefs der sächsischen Kurfürsten [[Johann der Beständige]] und [[Johann Friedrich I. (Sachsen)|Friedrich der Großmütige]], der Luthermitarbeiter [[Justus Jonas der Ältere|Justus Jonas]] und [[Johann Bugenhagen]], der [[Reichsritter]] [[Franz von Sickingen]] und [[Ulrich von Hutten]] sowie der Schweizer Reformatoren [[Johannes Calvin]] und [[Ulrich Zwingli]]. Darunter sind Szenen aus Luthers Leben abgebildet.<ref>[https://www.worms.de/de/tourismus/sehenswertes/Details/lutherdenkmal-beschreibung.php ''Beschreibung des Lutherdenkmals''], [http://www.worms.de Worms.de]. Abgerufen am 26. September 2018</ref>
-Zu den flankierenden Personen, die unterhalb des Reformators sitzen, gehören [[Petrus Waldus]], [[John Wyclif]], [[Jan Hus]] und [[Girolamo Savonarola]].
-Auf der umgebenden Mauer dargestellt sind der Kurfürst [[Friedrich III. (Sachsen)|Friedrich der Weise]] und [[Philipp I. (Hessen)|Philipp der Großmütige]] als Protektoren Luthers, sowie [[Johannes Reuchlin]] und [[Philipp Melanchthon]]. Weiterhin sind Allegorien zu sehen, die auf historische Ereignisse der [[Reformation]] Bezug nehmen. Dies sind die „Augsburg mit der Friedenspalme“, mit Bezug auf die [[Confessio Augustana]] von 1530 und den [[Augsburger Reichs- und Religionsfrieden]] von 1555, die „protestierende Speyer“, mit Bezug auf den [[Reichstage zu Speyer#1529|Reichstag von Speyer 1529]], und die „trauernde Magdeburg“ mit Bezug auf die [[Magdeburger Hochzeit|Zerstörung und Plünderung Magdeburgs 1631]] im [[Dreißigjähriger Krieg|Dreißigjährigen Krieg]] durch die katholische Liga unter [[Johann T’Serclaes von Tilly]].
+The monument was unveiled on 25 June 1868 in a ceremony attended by around 20,000 people, including nobility and leading German Protestants.<ref name="Worms" /> Rietschel's statue of Luther became a typical image of the reformer in the late 19th century and became a model for many monuments to him, with copies in Europe and the United States, such as the [[Martin Luther (Washington)|Luther Monument]] in Washington, D.C. (1884),<ref name="Goethe" /> and others at the Concordia Lutheran Seminary in [[St. Louis]] (1903), in [[Decorah]], Iowa (1911), [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] (1921), [[Dubuque]], Iowa (1923), and [[Detroit]] (1930).<ref name="Pohlsander" /> The 150th anniversary of the monument was celebrated as a major event in 2018.<ref name="Hessen-Nassau" />
-Die 27 würfelförmigen Zinnen der Mauern zeigen die Wappen bedeutender Reformationsstädte.-->
 == Gallery ==
-<gallery mode=packed heights="170px">
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px">
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 22.jpg|[[Martin Luther]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 17.jpg|[[Jan Hus]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 13.jpg|[[Girolamo Savonarola]]
  Worms Lutherdenkmal Petrus Waldus 2012-02-21-18-24-52.jpg|[[Peter Waldo]]
- Lutherdenkmal Worms 18.jpg|[[John Wycliff]]
+ Lutherdenkmal Worms 18.jpg|[[John Wycliffe]]
- Lutherdenkmal Worms 19.jpg|[[Philipp Melanchthon]]
+ Lutherdenkmal Worms 19.jpg|[[Philip Melanchthon]]
- Lutherdenkmal Worms 07.jpg|[[Johannes Reuchlin]]
+ Lutherdenkmal Worms 07.jpg|[[Johann Reuchlin]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 03.jpg|[[Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 06.jpg|[[Augsburg]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 12 Magdeburg.jpg|[[Magdeburg]]
  Lutherdenkmal Worms 08.jpg|[[Speyer]]
- Kurfürst Friedrich III. von Sachsen.jpg|[[Frederick the Wise]] of Saxony
+ Kurfürst Friedrich III. von Sachsen.jpg|[[Frederick III, Elector of Saxony]]
 </gallery>
@@ Line 71: / Line 68: @@
 * Ludwig Joseph Hundhausen: ''Das Luthermonument zu Worms im Lichte der Wahrheit. Gedanken und Thatsachen zur Beantwortung der Frage: Kirche oder Protestantismus?'' Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1868.
 * Christiane Theiselmann: ''Das Wormser Lutherdenkmal Ernst Rietschels (1856–1868) im Rahmen der Lutherrezeption des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Europäische Hochschulschriften, Frankfurt am Main 1992. {{ISBN|3-631-44332-3}}.
-* [[Ferdinand Werner (Verleger)|Ferdinand Werner]]: ''Das Lutherdenkmal und die Wormser Grünanlagen''. In: [[Die Gartenkunst (Zeitschrift)|Die Gartenkunst]]&nbsp;24 (2/2012), pp. 223–259.
+* Ferdinand Werner: ''Das Lutherdenkmal und die Wormser Grünanlagen''. In: {{ill|Die Gartenkunst|de|Die Gartenkunst}}&nbsp;24 (2/2012), pp. 223–259.
 == References ==
-{{reflist
+{{reflist|
 | refs =
-<ref name="Pohlsander">{{cite web
+<ref name="Pohlsander">{{cite book
 | last = Pohlsander
 | first = Hans A.
-| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&pg=PA95
+| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&pg=PA95
-| title = The German Heritage, Continued
+| chapter = The German Heritage, Continued
-| work = German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic
+| title = German Monuments in the Americas: Bonds Across the Atlantic
 | publisher = Peter Lang
 | year = 2010
@@ Line 149: / Line 146: @@
 {{Martin Luther|state=collapsed}}
 {{authority control}}
+[[Category:1868 establishments in the North German Confederation]]
+[[Category:Bronze sculptures]]
+[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1868]]
+[[Category:Cultural depictions of Martin Luther]]
+[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Germany]]
 [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Germany]]
-[[Category:Martin Luther]]
-[[Category:Bronze sculptures]]
-[[Category:1868 works]]
 [[Category:Worms, Germany]]
-[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Germany]]
+[[Category:Statues in Germany]]
-[[Category:1868 establishments in Germany]]