Cynewulf of Wessex: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|King of Wessex from 757 to 786}} |
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{{Use British English|date=October 2018}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Cynewulf |
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| image = |
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| caption = |
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| succession = [[King of Wessex]] |
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| reign = 757–786 |
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| predecessor = [[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]] |
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| successor = [[Beorhtric of Wessex|Beorhtric]] |
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| spouse = |
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| issue = |
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| birth_date = |
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| death_date = 786 |
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| death_place = |
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| place of burial = [[Winchester]] |
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| house = [[House of Wessex|Wessex]] |
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| father = |
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}} |
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'''Cynewulf''' was the [[List of monarchs of Wessex|King]] of [[Wessex]] from 757 until his death in 786. He ruled for about 29 years. |
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| ⚫ | Cynewulf became king after his predecessor, [[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]], was deposed. He may have come to power under the influence of [[Æthelbald of Mercia]] |
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| ⚫ | He was a direct male descendant of [[Cerdic of Wessex|Cerdic]]. Cynewulf became king after his predecessor, [[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]], was deposed. He may have come to power under the influence of [[Æthelbald of Mercia]] since he was recorded as a witness to a charter of Æthelbald shortly thereafter. However, it was not long before Æthelbald was assassinated and as a consequence, [[Mercia]] fell into a brief period of disorder as rival claimants to its throne fought. Cynewulf took the opportunity to assert the independence of Wessex: in about 758 he took [[Berkshire]] from the Mercians. Cynewulf was also often at war with the [[Wales|Welsh]]. |
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| ⚫ | In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by [[Offa of Mercia]] at the [[Battle of Bensington]], and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also [[London]]. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf subsequently became subject to Offa |
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| ⚫ | In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by the new [[List of monarchs of Mercia|King of Mercia]], [[Offa of Mercia|Offa]], at the [[Battle of Bensington]], and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also [[London]]. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf subsequently became subject to Offa. |
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In 786 Cynewulf was surprised and killed, with all his [[Thegn]]s present, at Merantune (now called [[Marten, Wiltshire|Marten]], a hamlet in the county of [[Wiltshire]]), by [[Cyneheard the Atheling]], brother of the deposed Sigeberht. Some historians have speculated that the relation of this in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' may be an application of a traditional story and not accurate in its details. |
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== Murder == |
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The murder of Cynewulf was also considered to have taken place at [[Merton (historic parish)|Merton]] in Surrey, but modern historians, including the Rev G. H. Godwin now ascribe it to some place of the same name near Winchester. Trevelyan believes it to have been Merton, Surrey, however. See his History of England, Longmans, 1947 p. 68 |
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[[File:Murder of Cenulph - King of Wessex 031.png|thumb|right|The murder of King Cynewulf of Wessex as depicted in Cassell's illustrated history of England.]] |
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In 786, Cynewulf was the victim of a surprise attack at his mistress's house in Merton{{efn|It is not known which of the many Mertons this refers to.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Michael |editor-last=Swanton |author-link=Michael Swanton |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles |publisher=Phoenix |location=London, UK |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-84212-003-3 |page=47 n. 12}}</ref>}} by [[Cyneheard the Atheling |Cyneheard]], brother of the deposed Sigeberht. Both Cynewulf and Cyneheard were killed. Cynewulf was buried at [[Winchester]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Heather |last=Edwards |publisher=Oxford University Press |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |title=Cynewulf (d. 786) |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-6990 |access-date=13 March 2019 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/6990 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> |
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{{wikisource|Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader/Cynewulf and Cyneheard}} |
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== Anglo-Saxon Chronicle == |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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A.D. 755. |
A.D. 755. This year Cynewulf, with the consent of the West-Saxon council, deprived Sebright, his relative, for unrighteous deeds, of his kingdom, except Hampshire; which he retained, until he slew the alderman who remained the longest with him. Then Cynewulf drove him to the forest of Andred, where he remained, until a swain stabbed him at Privett river, and revenged the alderman, Cumbra. The same Cynewulf fought many hard battles with the Britons; and, about one and thirty winters after he had the kingdom, he was desirous of expelling a prince called Cyneard, who was the brother of Sebright. But he having understood that the king was gone, thinly attended, on a visit to a lady at Merton, rode after him, and beset him therein; surrounding the stronghold without, ere the attendants of the king were aware of him. When the king found this, he went out of doors, and defended himself with courage; till, having looked at the etheling (prince), he rushed out upon him and wounded him severely. Then were they all fighting against the king, until they had slain him. The king's warriors were alerted by the woman's cries to the tumult and, whosoever became ready fastest, ran to where the king lay slain. The etheling (prince) immediately offered them life and riches; which none of them would accept, but continued fighting together against him, till they all lay dead, except one British hostage, and he was severely wounded. When the king's thanes that were behind heard in the morning that the king was slain, they rode to the spot, Osric his alderman, and Wiverth his thane, and the men that he had left behind previously; and they met the etheling at the town, where the king lay slain. The gates, however, were locked against them, which they attempted to force; but he promised them their own choice of money and land if they would grant him the kingdom; reminding them, that their relatives were already with him, who would never desert him. To which they answered, that no relative could be dearer to them than their lord, and that they would never follow his murderer. Then they offered that their relatives may have safe passage. They replied, that the same request was made to their comrades who were formerly with the king; "And we are as regardless of the result," they rejoined, "as our comrades who with the king were slain." Then they continued fighting at the gates, till they penetrated it, and slew the etheling and all the men that were with him; except one, who was the godson of the alderman, and whose life was spared, though he was often wounded. This same Cynewulf reigned one and thirty winters. His body lies at Winchester, and that of the etheling at Axminster. Their proper paternal ancestry goes in a direct line to Cerdic.<ref>[http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html Modern English Translation of the A-S Chronicle]; The Medieval and Classical Literature Library</ref> |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cynewulf (king)}} |
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cynewulf (king)}} |
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*[[House of Wessex family tree]] |
* [[House of Wessex family tree]] |
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== |
== Notes == |
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{{notelist}} |
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== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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* {{PASE|5089|Cynewulf 4}} |
* {{PASE|5089|Cynewulf 4}} |
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before=[[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]]| |
before=[[Sigeberht of Wessex|Sigeberht]]| |
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title=[[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of Wessex]]| |
title=[[List of monarchs of Wessex|King of Wessex]]| |
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years= |
years=757–786| |
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after=[[Beorhtric of Wessex|Beorhtric]]}} |
after=[[Beorhtric of Wessex|Beorhtric]]}} |
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{{S-end}} |
{{S-end}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cynewulf Of Wessex}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cynewulf Of Wessex}} |
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[[Category:Anglo-Saxon warriors]] |
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[[Category:West Saxon monarchs]] |
[[Category:West Saxon monarchs]] |
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[[Category:786 deaths]] |
[[Category:786 deaths]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:19, 27 October 2024
| Cynewulf | |
|---|---|
| King of Wessex | |
| Reign | 757–786 |
| Predecessor | Sigeberht |
| Successor | Beorhtric |
| Died | 786 |
| Burial | |
| House | Wessex |
Cynewulf was the King of Wessex from 757 until his death in 786. He ruled for about 29 years.
He was a direct male descendant of Cerdic. Cynewulf became king after his predecessor, Sigeberht, was deposed. He may have come to power under the influence of Æthelbald of Mercia since he was recorded as a witness to a charter of Æthelbald shortly thereafter. However, it was not long before Æthelbald was assassinated and as a consequence, Mercia fell into a brief period of disorder as rival claimants to its throne fought. Cynewulf took the opportunity to assert the independence of Wessex: in about 758 he took Berkshire from the Mercians. Cynewulf was also often at war with the Welsh.
In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by the new King of Mercia, Offa, at the Battle of Bensington, and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also London. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf subsequently became subject to Offa.
Murder
[edit]
In 786, Cynewulf was the victim of a surprise attack at his mistress's house in Merton[a] by Cyneheard, brother of the deposed Sigeberht. Both Cynewulf and Cyneheard were killed. Cynewulf was buried at Winchester.[2]
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
[edit]
Entry for the year 755 AD in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A.D. 755. This year Cynewulf, with the consent of the West-Saxon council, deprived Sebright, his relative, for unrighteous deeds, of his kingdom, except Hampshire; which he retained, until he slew the alderman who remained the longest with him. Then Cynewulf drove him to the forest of Andred, where he remained, until a swain stabbed him at Privett river, and revenged the alderman, Cumbra. The same Cynewulf fought many hard battles with the Britons; and, about one and thirty winters after he had the kingdom, he was desirous of expelling a prince called Cyneard, who was the brother of Sebright. But he having understood that the king was gone, thinly attended, on a visit to a lady at Merton, rode after him, and beset him therein; surrounding the stronghold without, ere the attendants of the king were aware of him. When the king found this, he went out of doors, and defended himself with courage; till, having looked at the etheling (prince), he rushed out upon him and wounded him severely. Then were they all fighting against the king, until they had slain him. The king's warriors were alerted by the woman's cries to the tumult and, whosoever became ready fastest, ran to where the king lay slain. The etheling (prince) immediately offered them life and riches; which none of them would accept, but continued fighting together against him, till they all lay dead, except one British hostage, and he was severely wounded. When the king's thanes that were behind heard in the morning that the king was slain, they rode to the spot, Osric his alderman, and Wiverth his thane, and the men that he had left behind previously; and they met the etheling at the town, where the king lay slain. The gates, however, were locked against them, which they attempted to force; but he promised them their own choice of money and land if they would grant him the kingdom; reminding them, that their relatives were already with him, who would never desert him. To which they answered, that no relative could be dearer to them than their lord, and that they would never follow his murderer. Then they offered that their relatives may have safe passage. They replied, that the same request was made to their comrades who were formerly with the king; "And we are as regardless of the result," they rejoined, "as our comrades who with the king were slain." Then they continued fighting at the gates, till they penetrated it, and slew the etheling and all the men that were with him; except one, who was the godson of the alderman, and whose life was spared, though he was often wounded. This same Cynewulf reigned one and thirty winters. His body lies at Winchester, and that of the etheling at Axminster. Their proper paternal ancestry goes in a direct line to Cerdic.[3]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Swanton, Michael, ed. (2000). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London, UK: Phoenix. p. 47 n. 12. ISBN 978-1-84212-003-3.
- ^ Edwards, Heather (2004). "Cynewulf (d. 786)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6990. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 13 March 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- ^ Modern English Translation of the A-S Chronicle; The Medieval and Classical Literature Library