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{{Short description|Estonian politician (1866–1920)}}
{{More footnotes|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Jaan Poska
|name = Jaan Poska
|image = Virumaa Muuseumid RM F 1358 1, Jaan Poska.jpg
|image = Virumaa Muuseumid RM F 1358 1, Jaan Poska.jpg
|office1 = [[List of mayors of Tallinn|Mayor of Tallinn]]
|office1 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
|term_start1 = 1913
|term_start1 = 24 February 1918
|term_end1 = 1917
|term_end1 = 20 September 1919
|predecessor1 = [[Voldemar Lender]]
|predecessor1 = Position established
|successor1 = [[Gavriil Beljagin]]
|successor1 = [[Ants Piip]]
|office2 = [[List of mayors of Tallinn|Mayor of Tallinn]]
|term_start2 = 1913
|term_end2 = 1917
|predecessor2 = [[Voldemar Lender]]
|successor2 = [[Gavriil Beljagin]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1866|1|24|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{birth date|1866|1|24|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Laiusevälja]], [[Governorate of Livonia]]
|birth_place = [[Laiusevälja]], [[Kreis Dorpat]], [[Governorate of Livonia]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1920|03|07|1866|1|24|df=y}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1920|03|07|1866|1|24|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
|death_place = [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]
Line 16: Line 23:
|alma_mater = [[University of Tartu]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Tartu]]
}}
}}
⚫
'''Jaan Poska''' [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|VR III/1]] ({{IPA|et|ˈjɑːn ˈposkɑ}}; {{OldStyleDate|24 January|1866|12 January}}, [[Laiusevälja]], near [[Jõgeva]], [[Estonia]] – 7 March 1920, [[Tallinn]], Estonia) was a lawyer, politician and the [[Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs|foreign minister of Estonia]] in 1918–1919.
[[Image:Jaan Poska surimask.jpg|thumb|left|Poska's mask in [[Tartu]] museum]]
⚫
'''Jaan Poska''' [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|VR III/1]] ({{OldStyleDate|24 January|1866|12 January}}, [[Laiusevälja]], [[Kreis Dorpat]], [[Governorate of Livonia]] – 7 March 1920, [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]) was an Estonian barrister and politician.


== Early life ==
⚫
In 1890, Poska graduated from the faculty of Law of the [[University of Tartu]], after that he worked as [[barrister]] in Tallinn. Jaan Poska was mayor of [[Tallinn]] during 1913–1917. In that position he supported reforms, like reforming healthcare and founding two schools. In April 1917, he became governor of the [[Autonomous Governorate of Estonia]]. {{OldStyleDateNY|28 November|15 November}} 1917 the ''[[Maapäev]]'' refused to recognize the new [[Bolshevik]] rule and proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia. The [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]] formally declared independence on 24 February 1918, only to be occupied by the [[German Empire]] until the end of [[World War I]]. Estonian war of independence against Baltic German and Russian forces lasted from 1918 to 1920.
Poska was born the fifth of 12 children of a [[Eastern Orthodox]] parish schoolmaster and received his secondary education at the church's school in [[Riga]]. He entered medical school at the [[University of Tartu]], but soon transferred to law where he graduated in 1890.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=383}} Poska was the first native Estonian-speaking person admitted to the [[Bar (law)|bar]] in Tallinn, where he worked as [[barrister]].


== Career ==
⚫
On 24 February 1918, Poska was appointed the [[Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] of Estonia. He worked in Western Europe for gaining diplomatic recognition to Estonia and participated in [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. He led the peace talks with [[Russian SFSR|Soviet Russia]] and achieved [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]] which was signed on 2 February 1920.
[[File:Tallinn, Villa J.Poska 8, 19. saj.jpg|thumb|Jaan Poska's home (now at Poska Street, [[Kadriorg]], Tallinn]]
⚫
[[File:Poska,Jaan haud.IMG 0938.JPG|thumb|Graves of Jaan Poska and family in Tallinn]]


⚫
Jaan Poska was mayor of Tallinn during 1913–1917. In that position he supported reforms, like reforming healthcare and founding two schools. In April 1917, he became governor of the [[Autonomous Governorate of Estonia]]. {{OldStyleDateNY|28 November|15 November}} 1917 the ''[[Maapäev]]'' refused to recognize the new [[Bolshevik]] rule and proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia. The [[Estonia|Republic of Estonia]] declared independence on 24 February 1918, only to be occupied by the [[German Empire]] until the end of [[World War I]] in November 1918. The following [[Estonian War of Independence]] against the Soviet Russian invasion lasted until February 1920.
⚫
[[File:Poska's House.jpg|thumb|right|Poska's house in Tallinn]]

⚫
On 24 February 1918, Poska was appointed the [[Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] of Estonia. He worked in Western Europe for gaining diplomatic recognition to Estonia and participated in [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]. He led the peace talks with [[Russian SFSR|Soviet Russia]] and achieved [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]] which was signed on 2 February 1920. He also helped to write the first Estonian constitution.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=385}}

Poska died unexpectedly on 7 March 1920 at the age of 54. He was the first Estonian ever to be given the state funeral and over 20,000 people attended it.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=385}}

==Personal life==
Poska's daughter [[Vera Poska-Grünthal]] was a leading Estonian feminist and lawyer who was married to politician and lawyer [[Timotheus Grünthal]]. American lawyer [[Sharon L. Gleason]] is Jaan Poska's great granddaughter.<ref name="legacy">{{cite web |title=Vera Grünthal Gleason obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/democratandchronicle/name/vera-gleason-obituary?id=9942991 |publisher=[[Legacy.com]] |access-date=30 July 2023}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Estonian War of Independence]]
*[[Estonian War of Independence]]
*[[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)]]
*[[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)]]
*[[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}
⚫
* [[Ülo Kaevats]] et al. 2000. ''Eesti Entsüklopeedia 14''. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, {{ISBN|9985-70-064-3}}

===Cited sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Miljan
|first=Toivo
|year=2004
|title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia
|language=en
|location=Maryland, USA
|publisher=Scarecrow Press
|isbn=0-8108-4904-6
}}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://kultuur.elu.ee/ke483_poska.htm Tartu rahu sepistaja Jaan Poska väärib monumenti (Estonian)]
*[http://kultuur.elu.ee/ke483_poska.htm Tartu rahu sepistaja Jaan Poska väärib monumenti (Estonian)]
*[http://www.baltische-ritterschaften.de/ Livland. Estland. Kurland. Œsel.]
*[http://www.baltische-ritterschaften.de/ Livland. Estland. Kurland. Œsel.]
Line 37: Line 72:
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1917_11_28.htm On This Day - 28 November 1917]
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/onthisday/1917_11_28.htm On This Day - 28 November 1917]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609214734/http://www.einst.ee/factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/judicial_reform_in_estonia.htm Though the popularly elected Provisional National Council, had proclaimed itself the highest authority in Estonia as early as 28 November 1917...]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609214734/http://www.einst.ee/factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/judicial_reform_in_estonia.htm Though the popularly elected Provisional National Council, had proclaimed itself the highest authority in Estonia as early as 28 November 1917...]

==References==
⚫
* [[Ülo Kaevats]] et al. 2000. ''Eesti Entsüklopeedia 14''. Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus, {{ISBN|9985-70-064-3}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-start}}
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[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jõgeva County]]
[[Category:People from Jõgeva Parish]]
[[Category:People from the Governorate of Livonia]]
[[Category:People from Kreis Dorpat]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Estonia]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Estonia]]
[[Category:Estonian People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Estonian People's Party politicians]]
[[category:Rulers of Estonia]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Estonia]]
[[Category:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Estonia]]
[[Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members]]
[[Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members]]
[[Category:Members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the Estonian Constituent Assembly]]
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[[Category:Estonian diplomats]]
[[Category:Estonian diplomats]]
[[Category:Estonian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Estonian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Estonian lawyers]]
[[Category:19th-century Estonian lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tartu alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Estonian politicians]]

[[Category:20th-century Estonian lawyers]]

[[Category:Politicians from the Russian Empire]]
{{Estonia-mayor-stub}}

Latest revision as of 11:40, 27 October 2024

Jaan Poska
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
24 February 1918 – 20 September 1919
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byAnts Piip
Mayor of Tallinn
In office
1913–1917
Preceded byVoldemar Lender
Succeeded byGavriil Beljagin
Personal details
Born(1866-01-24)24 January 1866
Laiusevälja, Kreis Dorpat, Governorate of Livonia
Died7 March 1920(1920-03-07) (aged 54)
Tallinn, Estonia
Alma materUniversity of Tartu

Jaan Poska VR III/1 (Estonian pronunciation: [ˈjɑːn ˈposkɑ]; 24 January [O.S. 12 January] 1866, Laiusevälja, near Jõgeva, Estonia – 7 March 1920, Tallinn, Estonia) was a lawyer, politician and the foreign minister of Estonia in 1918–1919.

Early life

[edit]

Poska was born the fifth of 12 children of a Eastern Orthodox parish schoolmaster and received his secondary education at the church's school in Riga. He entered medical school at the University of Tartu, but soon transferred to law where he graduated in 1890.[1] Poska was the first native Estonian-speaking person admitted to the bar in Tallinn, where he worked as barrister.

Career

[edit]
Jaan Poska's home (now at Poska Street, Kadriorg, Tallinn
Graves of Jaan Poska and family in Tallinn

Jaan Poska was mayor of Tallinn during 1913–1917. In that position he supported reforms, like reforming healthcare and founding two schools. In April 1917, he became governor of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917 the Maapäev refused to recognize the new Bolshevik rule and proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia. The Republic of Estonia declared independence on 24 February 1918, only to be occupied by the German Empire until the end of World War I in November 1918. The following Estonian War of Independence against the Soviet Russian invasion lasted until February 1920.

On 24 February 1918, Poska was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Estonia. He worked in Western Europe for gaining diplomatic recognition to Estonia and participated in Paris Peace Conference. He led the peace talks with Soviet Russia and achieved Treaty of Tartu which was signed on 2 February 1920. He also helped to write the first Estonian constitution.[2]

Poska died unexpectedly on 7 March 1920 at the age of 54. He was the first Estonian ever to be given the state funeral and over 20,000 people attended it.[2]

Personal life

[edit]

Poska's daughter Vera Poska-Grünthal was a leading Estonian feminist and lawyer who was married to politician and lawyer Timotheus Grünthal. American lawyer Sharon L. Gleason is Jaan Poska's great granddaughter.[3]

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Miljan 2004, p. 383.
  2. ^ a b Miljan 2004, p. 385.
  3. ^ "Vera Grünthal Gleason obituary". Legacy.com. Retrieved 30 July 2023.

Cited sources

[edit]
  • Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4904-6.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Mayor of Tallinn
1913–1917 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
none
 Governor of Estonia
1917–1918 		Succeeded by
Imperial German occupation
Preceded by
(no such position)
 Minister of Foreign Affairs
February 24, 1918–1919 		Succeeded by
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