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| caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil|Khalil]] orchestrated a [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|self-coup in 1958]] with General [[Ibrahim Abboud|Abboud]]
| caption1 = [[Prime Minister of Sudan|PM]] [[Abdallah Khalil|Khalil]] orchestrated a [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|self-coup in 1958]] with General [[Ibrahim Abboud|Abboud]]
| caption2 = After a [[October 1964 Revolution|short period of democracy]], the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub|al-Mahgoub]]
| caption2 = After a [[October 1964 Revolution|short period of democracy]], the [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969 coup]] deposed PM [[Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub|al-Mahgoub]]
| caption3 = [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]]’s [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|third coup attempt succeeded]] but he was toppled due to the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|coup in 1985]]
| caption3 = [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]]’s [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|2nd coup attempt succeeded]] but he was toppled in the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|1985 coup]]
| caption6 = As [[Sudanese transition to democracy|Sudan was transitioning to democracy]], Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]] was deposed after the [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|2021 coup]]
| caption6 = As [[Sudanese transition to democracy|Sudan transition to democracy]], PM [[Abdalla Hamdok|Hamdok]] was deposed after the [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|2021 coup]]
| caption5 = [[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]]’s dictatorship after the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] lasted until the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup]]
| caption5 = [[Omar al-Bashir|al-Bashir]]’s dictatorship after the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] lasted until the [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup]]
| caption4 = After a short period of democracy, the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] deposed Prime Minister [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]
| caption4 = After a short period of democracy, the [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|1989 coup]] deposed PM [[Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi]]
}}
}}
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling around 21 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]].<ref name=":3" />}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In the latest development, the [[2023 Sudan conflict|2023 Sudan Conflict]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.
Since gaining [[Sudan independence|independence]] in 1956, [[Sudan]] has witnessed a protracted series of [[Coup d'état|coups d'état]], totalling 19 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Megan Duzor and Brian |title=By The Numbers: Coups in Africa |url=https://projects.voanews.com/african-coups/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=projects.voanews.com |language=en}}</ref>{{NoteTag|18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to [[Voice of America]],<ref name=":2" /> and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to [[BBC]],<ref name=":3" /> but both do not count the [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|1971 coup d'état]] as successful.}} which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-07 |title=Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46783600 |access-date=2023-09-11}}</ref> and it ranks second globally, just behind [[Coups d'état in Bolivia|Bolivia]], which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=2021-12-01 |title=Analysis {{!}} Map: The world of coups since 1950 |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/07/22/map-the-world-of-coups-since-1950/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> This include the [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|1958]] [[Self-coup|self coup]], the [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|1985]] and [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019]] [[Soft coup|soft coups]], and [[1957 Sudanese coup attempt|1957]] and [[1959 Sudanese coup attempt|1959]] ''[[putsch]].''
In the latest development, the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|ongoing civil war]] began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] and the paramilitary [[Rapid Support Forces]], both factions of the [[Transitional government of Sudan|military government]], with a focus on [[Battle of Khartoum (2023)|Khartoum]] and the [[Darfur campaign|Darfur]] region.


== Coups ==
== Coups ==
* [[1957 Sudanese coup attempt|June 1957]]: One year after [[Sudan independence|Sudan's independence]], a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the democratic government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Taweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref> [[Jaafar Nimeiry]], accused of supporting the coup, was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kabeida%22 |title=Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa |date=1973 |publisher=African Development |isbn=978-0-9502755-0-5 |language=en}}</ref>
# [[1957 Sudanese coup attempt|June 1957]]: One year after [[Sudan independence|Sudan's independence]], a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the [[Civil authority|civil government]].<ref name="Al-Sayegh">{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Taweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref> [[Jaafar Nimeiry]], accused of supporting the coup, and was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DA4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Kabeida%22 |title=Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa |date=1973 |publisher=African Development |isbn=978-0-9502755-0-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref>
# [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|17 November 1958]]: A bloodless self-coup, was led by [[Prime minister of Sudan|Prime Minister]] [[Abdallah Khalil]] against the civilian government formed after the [[1958 Sudanese parliamentary election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailey |first=Foster |date=18 November 1958 |title=SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1958/11/18/archives/sudan-coup-puts-army-in-control-capital-is-quiet-as-general-takes.html |accessdate=27 October 2021 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> It involved Khalil's [[National Umma Party]], the [[People's Democratic Party (Sudan)|People's Democratic Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Embassy in Canada |url=http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111350/http://www.sudanembassy.ca/primeMinisters.htm |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2009-10-12}}</ref> and senior army generals, [[Ibrahim Abboud]] and [[Ahmad Abd al-Wahab]], with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Hammou |first1=Salah |year=2023 |title=The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |pages=0095327X2311556 |doi=10.1177/0095327X231155667|s2cid=257268269 }}</ref> Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* [[1959 Sudanese coup attempt|9 November 1959]]: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=العزاوي |first=قيس جواد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2SxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF&pg=PT39 |title=الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني |date=2023-03-02 |publisher=ktab INC. |language=ar}}</ref> The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي |url=https://sudanile.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kilner |first=Peter |date=1962 |title=Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393412 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=259–268 |issn=0043-9134 |jstor=40393412}}</ref> Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the [[October 1964 Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Sayegh |first=Bakri |date=2023-05-09 |title=انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ- |trans-title=Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example |url=https://www.alrakoba.net/31829475/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%B9/ |website=Alrakoba}}</ref>
# [[1959 Sudanese coup attempt|9 November 1959]]: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=العزاوي |first=قيس جواد |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2SxEAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF&pg=PT39 |title=الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني |date=2023-03-02 |publisher=ktab INC. |language=ar}}</ref> The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي |url=https://sudanile.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b9%d9%88%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kilner |first=Peter |date=1962 |title=Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393412 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=259–268 |issn=0043-9134 |jstor=40393412}}</ref> Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the [[October 1964 Revolution]].<ref name="Al-Sayegh"/>
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# [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|25 May 1969]]: Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiry]] successfully overthrow the government of President [[Ismail al-Azhari]]. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's [[Democratic Republic of the Sudan|16 year rule]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/70-republic-of-sudan-1956-present/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |page=41}}</ref>
* 28 December 1966: Lieutenant Hussein Osman with other young [[Sudanese Communist Party|Communist]] officers tried to seize the [[Republican Palace, Khartoum|presidential palace]] and the central post office, but failed. Among the 400 people arrested after the coup attempt failed was Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry]], then commanding the Eastern Command. He was released on 9 January 1967 and transferred to command the infantry school.<ref>O'Ballance, Secret War in the Sudan, F&F, 1973, 93.</ref>
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# [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|19 July 1971]]: Major [[Hashem al Atta]], briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former [[National Revolutionary Command Council (Sudan)|Revolutionary Command Council]] members by 1975.<ref name="Korn 87">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |page=87}}</ref><ref name="Korn 88">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0253332028 |page=88}}</ref>
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* [[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|25 May 1969]]: Colonel [[Gaafar Nimeiry|Jaafar Nimeiry]] successfully overthrow the government of President [[Ismail al-Azhari]]. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's [[Democratic Republic of the Sudan|16 year rule]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/70-republic-of-sudan-1956-present/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |page=41}}</ref>
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# [[1975 Sudanese coup attempt|5 September 1975]]: [[Sudanese Communist Party]]-backed rebel army officers attempted a coup against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry, but loyalist forces quickly crushed the coup. Brigadier [[Hassan Hussein Osman]], the coup leader, was wounded, court-martialled, and executed.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=1975-09-06 |title=Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/06/archives/sudan-rebels-stage-coup-but-loyal-troops-crush-it.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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* [[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|19 July 1971]]: Major [[Hashem al Atta]], briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former [[National Revolutionary Command Council (Sudan)|Revolutionary Command Council]] members by 1975.<ref name="Korn 87">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |page=87}}</ref><ref name="Korn 88">{{cite book |last=Korn |first=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcwB0LusBEC&q=Hashem+al-Atta&pg=PA87 |title=Assassination in Khartoum |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0253332028 |page=88}}</ref>
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# [[1976 Sudanese coup attempt|2 July 1976]]: In early 1972, Nimeiry's dialogue with opposition leader [[Sharif Hussein al-Hindi]] failed. In 1976, a coup attempt by [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] that was led by [[Muhammad Nour Saad]] was met with resistance, leading to a week of intense fighting and civilian casualties. A brief [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|National Reconciliation]] followed but ended due to ongoing tensions and disagreements.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Al-Shaqlini |first=Abdullah |date=2018-07-27 |title=نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني |trans-title=The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-2-%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88-1976-%d8%a8%d9%82%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref>
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* [[1975 Sudanese coup attempt|5 September 1975]]: [[Sudanese Communist Party]]-backed rebel army officers attempted a coup against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry, but loyalist forces quickly crushed the coup. Brigadier [[Hassan Hussein Osman]], the coup leader, was wounded, court-martialed, and executed.<ref name=":03">{{Cite news |date=1975-09-06 |title=Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/06/archives/sudan-rebels-stage-coup-but-loyal-troops-crush-it.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
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# [[1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt|2 February 1977]]: The [[Juba]] coup, led by 12 ex-[[Anyanya]] Air Force members, aimed to seize [[Juba International Airport|Juba airport]] but failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKW87vlxp3IC&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PA195 |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=9781847010292}}</ref> High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PT382 |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2015 |isbn=9781504943468}}</ref>
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* [[1976 Sudanese coup attempt|2 July 1976]]: In early 1972, Nimeiry's dialogue with opposition leader [[Sharif Hussein al-Hindi]] failed. In 1976, a coup attempt by [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] that was led by [[Muhammad Nour Saad]] was met with resistance, leading to a week of intense fighting and civilian casualties. A brief [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|National Reconciliation]] followed but ended due to ongoing tensions and disagreements.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Al-Shaqlini |first=Abdullah |date=2018-07-27 |title=نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني |trans-title=The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-2-%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88-1976-%d8%a8%d9%82%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=سودانايل |language=ar}}</ref>
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# [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|6 April 1985]]: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]], against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/world/sudan-s-president-is-ousted-in-coup-by-military-chief.html |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-04-07-mn-27513-story.html |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="WP">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/04/07/sudanese-leader-deposed-in-coup/5fdf0ca1-1330-4e6c-9202-8dba04b2865a/ |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
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* [[1977 Sudan Juba coup attempt|2 February 1977]]: The [[Juba]] coup, led by 12 ex-[[Anyanya]] Air Force members, aimed to seize [[Juba International Airport|Juba airport]] but failed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKW87vlxp3IC&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PA195 |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce |publisher=Boydell & Brewer Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=9781847010292}}</ref> High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&q=1977+Sudan+Juba+coup&pg=PT382 |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2015 |isbn=9781504943468}}</ref>
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# [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|30 June 1989]]: The [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]]. The coup was led by military officer [[Omar al-Bashir]] who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|overthrown]] in 2019.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite web |date=1 July 1989 |title=Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
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* [[1985 Sudanese coup d'état|6 April 1985]]: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal [[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]], against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/07/world/sudan-s-president-is-ousted-in-coup-by-military-chief.html |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="LAT">{{cite web |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-04-07/news/mn-27513_1_sudanese-capital |access-date=March 19, 2019 |work=The Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="WP">{{cite news |date=April 7, 1985 |title=Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/04/07/sudanese-leader-deposed-in-coup/5fdf0ca1-1330-4e6c-9202-8dba04b2865a/ |access-date=March 18, 2019}}</ref>
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# [[1990 Sudanese coup attempt|23 April 1990]]: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/sudan-reports-blocking-a-coup-and-arresting-over-30-officers.html |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1990 |title=Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/04/23/Sudanese-military-government-crushes-coup-attempt/6126640843200/ |accessdate=30 September 2019 |publisher=UPI}}</ref>
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# [[1992 Sudanese coup attempt|March 1992]]: The attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the [[Sudanese Ba'ath Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود |url=https://apa-inter.com/post.php?id=2906 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalil |first=Rima |date=2021-12-21 |title=سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-12-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%81%D9%8A-64-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Alaraby |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2021/9/24/%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%ad-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b4%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%ba%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%87%d8%b0%d9%87-%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a9 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Aljazeera |language=ar}}</ref> The coup was quickly crushed and the leaders of the attempt were imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية |url=https://sputnikarabic.ae/20230415/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-1075962831.html |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=سبوتنيك عربي |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Altaweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59057559 |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref>
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# [[2004 Sudanese coup attempt|March and September 2004]]: The attempt was against the president Omar al-Bashir and his cabinet, inspired by opposition leaders and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]]. It ended with the arrests of army officers over the next few days. A second attempted coup was staged in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2004 |title=Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/51498/sudan-tight-security-khartoum-govt-claims-coup-attempt |agency=The New Humanitarian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2004 |title=SUDAN: Coup Plot Threatens Peace Talks |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2004/04/sudan-coup-plot-threatens-peace-talks/ |agency=IPSNews}}</ref>
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# [[2008 Omdurman attack|10 May 2008]]: Darfur rebel group [[Justice and Equality Movement]] raided [[Khartoum]] and [[Omdurman]], killing over 220 people.<ref name="sudan">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-26 |title=Sudan Sentences 8 Rebels to Death for Khartoum Raid - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18sudan.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126021307/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18sudan.html |archive-date=2022-11-26 |agency=Agence France-Presse }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum {{!}} The Independent {{!}} The Independent |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152821/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html |archive-date=2022-07-07 }}</ref> It was the first time the [[War in Darfur|Darfur conflict]] reached the capital, marking a significant escalation in a conflict that had already claimed up to 300,000 lives and displaced 2.5 million since 2003.<ref name="violence">{{Cite news |date=2020-11-22 |title=U.S. urges restraint after Sudan violence {{!}} Reuters |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10538135 |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122083516/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10538135 |archive-date=2020-11-22 }}</ref>
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# [[2012 Sudanese coup attempt|22 November 2012]]: The coup against president Omar al-Bashir started as an attempt to overthrow the government over serious conflicts, upheavals (mainly the [[2011–2013 Sudanese protests]]) and worsening conditions. 13 were arrested during the coup attempt, according to the media.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=The attempted coup d'etat in Sudan |url=https://issafrica.org/research/publication-archives/cpra-daily-briefing/the-attempted-coup-detat-in-sudan |agency=ISS Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2012 |title=Coup attempt disrupted, Sudanese government says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/africa/sudan-aborted-coup/index.html |agency=CNN}}</ref>
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# [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|11 April 2019]]: President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] after [[Sudanese Revolution|popular protests]] demanded his departure.<ref name=":04">{{cite web |last1=El Sirgany |first1=Sarah |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Abdullah |first3=Yasir |date=11 April 2019 |title=Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/11/africa/sudan-unrest-intl/ |access-date=12 April 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> At that time, the army, led by [[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf]], toppled the government and [[National Legislature (Sudan)|National Legislature]] and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Lewis |first2=Aidan |date=2019-04-11 |title=Soldiers raid headquarters of Bashir's Islamic movement in Khartoum |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Lawrence |editor-first=Janet |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-raid-idUSKCN1RN0RC |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>
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# [[September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt|21 September 2021]]: The attempt was against the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]].<ref name=":05">{{cite news |date=2021-09-21 |title=Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58629978 |access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Sudanese officials say coup attempt has failed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/21/sudan-state-media-reports-failed-coup-attempt |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to media reports, at least 40 officers were arrested. A government spokesman said they included "remnants of the defunct regime",<ref>{{cite web |title=تصفية اخر جيوب الانقلاب واعتقال عسكريين ومدنيين |url=https://suna-news.net/read?id=723188 |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=Suna-News |language=ar}}</ref> referring to former officials of President Omar al-Bashir's government, and members of the country's armoured corps.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=2021-09-21 |title=Sudanese officials say coup attempt failed, army in control |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-72171c35316099cd423e243b5b08924d |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
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# [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|25 October 2021]]: General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] staged a military coup in Sudan,<ref name="guard1">{{Cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |last2=Beaumont |first2=Peter |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sudan's army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025061119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |archive-date=25 October 2021 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> detaining government officials and dissolving the [[Transitional Sovereignty Council|Sovereignty Council]]. [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|Protests and strikes]] ensued, leading to negotiations.<ref name="arrests">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Awadalla |first2=Nadine |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan cabinet members, others arrested in apparent coup – Reuters witness |work=Reuters |publisher= |editor-last=Pullin |editor-first=Richard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025081251/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> A 14-point deal in November reinstated Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]], but civilian groups rejected it, and Hamdok resigned in January 2022 amid continued protests.<ref name="casualties">{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan coup: Protests continue after military takeover |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025224029/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
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# [[2023 Sudan conflict|15 April 2023]]: Sudan witnessed an armed conflict between rival factions of the military, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), with clashes in Khartoum and [[Darfur]]. The [[SPLM-N]] led by [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]] and other rebel groups joined the war.<ref name="SPLMN">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates |language=en |work=[[al-Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183037/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="reserve">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2023 |title=Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians |language=en |work=[[Barron's]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627044335/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb |archive-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>


== See also ==
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* [[1989 Sudanese coup d'état|30 June 1989]]: The [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President [[Ahmed al-Mirghani]]. The coup was led by military officer [[Omar al-Bashir]] who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|overthrown]] in 2019.<ref name="NYT2">{{cite web |date=1 July 1989 |title=Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/01/world/military-coup-in-sudan-ousts-civilian-regime.html |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
* [[History of Sudan]]
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* [[1990 Sudanese coup attempt|23 April 1990]]: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 1990 |title=Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/24/world/sudan-reports-blocking-a-coup-and-arresting-over-30-officers.html |accessdate=30 September 2019 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 April 1990 |title=Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/04/23/Sudanese-military-government-crushes-coup-attempt/6126640843200/ |accessdate=30 September 2019 |publisher=UPI}}</ref>
* [[List of coups and coup attempts by country]]
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* [[1992 Sudanese coup attempt|March 1992]]: The attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the [[Sudanese Ba'ath Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود |url=https://apa-inter.com/post.php?id=2906 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalil |first=Rima |date=2021-12-21 |title=سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-12-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%81%D9%8A-64-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Alaraby |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-24 |title=هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2021/9/24/%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%ad-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%b6%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%88%d9%81%d8%b4%d9%84-%d8%a3%d8%ba%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7-%d9%87%d8%b0%d9%87-%d9%82%d8%b5%d8%a9 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Aljazeera |language=ar}}</ref> The coup was quickly crushed and the leaders of the attempt were imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية |url=https://sputnikarabic.ae/20230415/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-1075962831.html |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=سبوتنيك عربي |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Altaweel |first=Amani |date=2021-09-24 |title=الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب |url=https://www.independentarabia.com/node/261911/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=اندبندنت عربية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59057559 |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref>
⚫
* [[2004 Sudanese coup attempt|March and September 2004]]: The attempt was against the president Omar al-Bashir and his cabinet, inspired by opposition leaders and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]]. It ended with the arrests of army officers over the next few days. A second attempted coup was staged in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 September 2004 |title=Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/51498/sudan-tight-security-khartoum-govt-claims-coup-attempt |agency=The New Humanitarian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2004 |title=SUDAN: Coup Plot Threatens Peace Talks |url=https://www.ipsnews.net/2004/04/sudan-coup-plot-threatens-peace-talks/ |agency=IPSNews}}</ref>
⚫
* [[2008 Omdurman attack|10 May 2008]]: Darfur rebel group [[Justice and Equality Movement]] raided [[Khartoum]] and [[Omdurman]], killing over 220 people.<ref name="sudan">{{Cite news |date=2022-11-26 |title=Sudan Sentences 8 Rebels to Death for Khartoum Raid - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18sudan.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126021307/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18sudan.html |archive-date=2022-11-26 |last1=France-Presse |first1=Agence }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum {{!}} The Independent {{!}} The Independent |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152821/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html |archive-date=2022-07-07 }}</ref> It was the first time the [[War in Darfur|Darfur conflict]] reached the capital, marking a significant escalation in a conflict that had already claimed up to 300,000 lives and displaced 2.5 million since 2003.<ref name="violence">{{Cite news |date=2020-11-22 |title=U.S. urges restraint after Sudan violence {{!}} Reuters |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10538135 |access-date=2023-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122083516/https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN10538135 |archive-date=2020-11-22 }}</ref>
⚫
* [[2012 Sudanese coup attempt|22 November 2012]]: The coup against president Omar al-Bashir started as an attempt to overthrow the government over serious conflicts, upheavals (mainly the [[2011–2013 Sudanese protests]]) and worsening conditions. 13 were arrested during the coup attempt, according to the media.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=The attempted coup d'etat in Sudan |url=https://issafrica.org/research/publication-archives/cpra-daily-briefing/the-attempted-coup-detat-in-sudan |agency=ISS Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 23, 2012 |title=Coup attempt disrupted, Sudanese government says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/22/world/africa/sudan-aborted-coup/index.html |agency=CNN}}</ref>
⚫
* [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|11 April 2019]]: President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] after [[Sudanese Revolution|popular protests]] demanded his departure.<ref name=":04">{{cite web |last1=El Sirgany |first1=Sarah |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Abdullah |first3=Yasir |date=11 April 2019 |title=Sudan's President Bashir forced out in military coup |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/11/africa/sudan-unrest-intl/ |access-date=12 April 2019 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> At that time, the army, led by [[Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf]], toppled the government and [[National Legislature (Sudan)|National Legislature]] and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Lewis |first2=Aidan |date=2019-04-11 |title=Soldiers raid headquarters of Bashir's Islamic movement in Khartoum |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Lawrence |editor-first=Janet |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-raid-idUSKCN1RN0RC |access-date=2023-07-21}}</ref>
⚫
* [[September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt|21 September 2021]]: The attempt was against the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]].<ref name=":05">{{cite news |date=2021-09-21 |title=Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58629978 |access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=Sudanese officials say coup attempt has failed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/21/sudan-state-media-reports-failed-coup-attempt |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> According to media reports, at least 40 officers were arrested. A government spokesman said they included "remnants of the defunct regime",<ref>{{cite web |title=تصفية اخر جيوب الانقلاب واعتقال عسكريين ومدنيين |url=https://suna-news.net/read?id=723188 |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=Suna-News |language=ar}}</ref> referring to former officials of President Omar al-Bashir's government, and members of the country's armoured corps.<ref>{{cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=2021-09-21 |title=Sudanese officials say coup attempt failed, army in control |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-72171c35316099cd423e243b5b08924d |access-date=2021-09-21 |work=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
⚫
* [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|25 October 2021]]: General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] staged a military coup in Sudan,<ref name="guard1">{{Cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |last2=Beaumont |first2=Peter |date=2021-10-25 |title=Sudan's army seizes power in coup and detains prime minister |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025061119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/25/sudan-coup-fears-amid-claims-military-have-arrested-senior-government-officials |archive-date=25 October 2021 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> detaining government officials and dissolving the [[Transitional Sovereignty Council|Sovereignty Council]]. [[2021 Sudanese coup d'état|Protests and strikes]] ensued, leading to negotiations.<ref name="arrests">{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Awadalla |first2=Nadine |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan cabinet members, others arrested in apparent coup – Reuters witness |work=Reuters |publisher= |editor-last=Pullin |editor-first=Richard |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |url-status=live |url-access=registration |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025081251/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-cabinet-members-others-arrested-apparent-coup-reuters-witness-2021-10-25/ |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> A 14-point deal in November reinstated Prime Minister [[Abdalla Hamdok]], but civilian groups rejected it, and Hamdok resigned in January 2022 amid continued protests.<ref name="casualties">{{cite news |date=25 October 2021 |title=Sudan coup: Protests continue after military takeover |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025224029/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59045020 |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
⚫
* [[2023 Sudan conflict|15 April 2023]]: Sudan witnessed an armed conflict between rival factions of the military, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), with clashes in Khartoum and [[Darfur]]. The [[SPLM-N]] led by [[Abdelaziz al-Hilu]] and other rebel groups joined the fray.<ref name="SPLMN">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-23 |title=South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates |language=en |work=[[al-Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183037/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="reserve">{{Cite news |date=26 June 2023 |title=Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians |language=en |work=[[Barron's]] |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627044335/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb |archive-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 45: Line 51:


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
<references />{{Sudanese coups}}{{Sudan topics}}

{{Sudanese coups}}
{{Sudan topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Military coups in Sudan| ]]
[[Category:Military coups in Sudan| ]]
[[Category:Coups d'état in Africa|Sudan]]
[[Category:Coups d'état in Africa|Sudan]]

Latest revision as of 12:27, 27 October 2024

PM Khalil orchestrated a self-coup in 1958 with General Abboud
After a short period of democracy, the 1969 coup deposed PM al-Mahgoub
Nimeiry’s 2nd coup attempt succeeded but he was toppled in the 1985 coup
After a short period of democracy, the 1989 coup deposed PM al-Mahdi
al-Bashir’s dictatorship after the 1989 coup lasted until the 2019 coup
As Sudan transition to democracy, PM Hamdok was deposed after the 2021 coup

Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has witnessed a protracted series of coups d'état, totalling 19 coup attempts, of which 7 were successful,[1][note 1] which places Sudan as the African nation with the most coup attempts[2] and it ranks second globally, just behind Bolivia, which has recorded 23 coup attempts since 1950.[3] This include the 1958 self coup, the 1985 and 2019 soft coups, and 1957 and 1959 putsch.

In the latest development, the ongoing civil war began on 15 April 2023, involving clashes between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, both factions of the military government, with a focus on Khartoum and the Darfur region.

Coups

[edit]
  1. June 1957: One year after Sudan's independence, a failed coup led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida sought to seize power from the civil government.[4][5] Jaafar Nimeiry, accused of supporting the coup, and was arrested and later reassigned in 1959.[6]
  2. 17 November 1958: A bloodless self-coup, was led by Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil against the civilian government formed after the 1958 election.[7] It involved Khalil's National Umma Party, the People's Democratic Party,[8] and senior army generals, Ibrahim Abboud and Ahmad Abd al-Wahab, with the knowledge of the United States and Great Britain.[9] Khalil was subsequently retired on a pension.[9]
  3. 9 November 1959: Sudan witnessed a failed coup against General Ibrahim Abboud's regime.[10] The conspirators, including Al-Rashid Al-Taher Bakr, faced trials, with some receiving death sentences, marking Sudan's first post-independence military executions.[11][12] Abd al-Rahman Kabeida, involved in the 1957 coup attempt, was imprisoned until his release after the October 1964 Revolution.[4]
  4. 25 May 1969: Colonel Jaafar Nimeiry successfully overthrow the government of President Ismail al-Azhari. The coup signalled the end of Sudan's second democratic era, and saw the beginning of Nimeiry's 16 year rule.[13][14]
  5. 19 July 1971: Major Hashem al Atta, briefly ousted President Jaafar Nimeiry but lacked support. Nimeiry's loyalists counter-couped, reinstating him. Nimeiry then strengthened his rule, diminishing the influence of former Revolutionary Command Council members by 1975.[15][16]
  6. 5 September 1975: Sudanese Communist Party-backed rebel army officers attempted a coup against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry, but loyalist forces quickly crushed the coup. Brigadier Hassan Hussein Osman, the coup leader, was wounded, court-martialled, and executed.[17]
  7. 2 July 1976: In early 1972, Nimeiry's dialogue with opposition leader Sharif Hussein al-Hindi failed. In 1976, a coup attempt by Sadiq al-Mahdi that was led by Muhammad Nour Saad was met with resistance, leading to a week of intense fighting and civilian casualties. A brief National Reconciliation followed but ended due to ongoing tensions and disagreements.[18]
  8. 2 February 1977: The Juba coup, led by 12 ex-Anyanya Air Force members, aimed to seize Juba airport but failed.[19] High Executive Council members were arrested, and some sources suggest the group tried to free them from Juba prison.[20]
  9. 6 April 1985: The coup was staged by a group of military officers and led by the Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry.[21][22][23]
  10. 30 June 1989: The Sudanese Armed Forces overthrown the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani. The coup was led by military officer Omar al-Bashir who took power in its aftermath; he ruled the country for the next 30 years until he was overthrown in 2019.[24]
  11. 23 April 1990: Allegedly orchestrated by retired officers and junior loyalists, aimed to overthrow the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir. Loyalist forces quashed the coup, with reported gunfire at key locations. Approximately 30 officers and retired officers were arrested.[25][26]
  12. March 1992: The attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the Sudanese Ba'ath Party.[27][28][29] The coup was quickly crushed and the leaders of the attempt were imprisoned.[30][31][32]
  13. March and September 2004: The attempt was against the president Omar al-Bashir and his cabinet, inspired by opposition leaders and Hassan Al-Turabi. It ended with the arrests of army officers over the next few days. A second attempted coup was staged in September 2004.[33][34]
  14. 10 May 2008: Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality Movement raided Khartoum and Omdurman, killing over 220 people.[35][36] It was the first time the Darfur conflict reached the capital, marking a significant escalation in a conflict that had already claimed up to 300,000 lives and displaced 2.5 million since 2003.[37]
  15. 22 November 2012: The coup against president Omar al-Bashir started as an attempt to overthrow the government over serious conflicts, upheavals (mainly the 2011–2013 Sudanese protests) and worsening conditions. 13 were arrested during the coup attempt, according to the media.[38][39]
  16. 11 April 2019: President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown by the Sudanese Armed Forces after popular protests demanded his departure.[40] At that time, the army, led by Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf, toppled the government and National Legislature and declared a state of emergency in the country for a period of 3 months, followed by a transitional period of two years before an agreement was reached later.[41]
  17. 21 September 2021: The attempt was against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan.[42][43] According to media reports, at least 40 officers were arrested. A government spokesman said they included "remnants of the defunct regime",[44] referring to former officials of President Omar al-Bashir's government, and members of the country's armoured corps.[45]
  18. 25 October 2021: General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan staged a military coup in Sudan,[46] detaining government officials and dissolving the Sovereignty Council. Protests and strikes ensued, leading to negotiations.[47] A 14-point deal in November reinstated Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, but civilian groups rejected it, and Hamdok resigned in January 2022 amid continued protests.[48]
  19. 15 April 2023: Sudan witnessed an armed conflict between rival factions of the military, the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), with clashes in Khartoum and Darfur. The SPLM-N led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and other rebel groups joined the war.[49][50]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ 18 coup attempts with 6 successful according to Voice of America,[1] and 17 attempts with 6 successful according to BBC,[2] but both do not count the 1971 coup d'état as successful.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Williamson, Megan Duzor and Brian. "By The Numbers: Coups in Africa". projects.voanews.com. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Gabon coup: The latest in a series of military takeovers on the continent". BBC News. 7 January 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  3. ^ Taylor, Adam (1 December 2021). "Analysis | Map: The world of coups since 1950". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b Al-Sayegh, Bakri (9 May 2023). "انقلابات وخيانات وخبيثات الضباط في بعضهم البعض داخل القوات المسلحة – البرهان "حميدتي" مثالآ-" [Coups, betrayals and maliciousness of officers against each other within the armed forces - Al-Burhan “Hemedti” for example]. Alrakoba.
  5. ^ Al-Taweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  6. ^ Who's who in Africa: The Political, Military and Business Leaders of Africa. African Development. 1973. ISBN 978-0-9502755-0-5.
  7. ^ Hailey, Foster (18 November 1958). "SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  8. ^ "Sudan Embassy in Canada". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  9. ^ a b Ben Hammou, Salah (2023). "The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics". Armed Forces & Society: 0095327X2311556. doi:10.1177/0095327X231155667. S2CID 257268269.
  10. ^ العزاوي, قيس جواد (2 March 2023). الجيش والسلطة في التاريخ العثماني (in Arabic). ktab INC.
  11. ^ "الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي". سودانايل (in Arabic). 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  12. ^ Kilner, Peter (1962). "Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years". The World Today. 18 (6): 259–268. ISSN 0043-9134. JSTOR 40393412.
  13. ^ "69. Republic of the Sudan (1956-present)". uca.edu. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  14. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. p. 41.
  15. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 87.
  16. ^ Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0253332028.
  17. ^ "Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It". The New York Times. 6 September 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  18. ^ Al-Shaqlini, Abdullah (27 July 2018). "نظرة جهاز الأمن لحركة 2 يوليو 1976 .. بقلم: عبدالله الشقليني" [The Security Apparatus' View of the July 2, 1976 Movement]. سودانايل (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  19. ^ Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010292.
  20. ^ Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781504943468.
  21. ^ "SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF". The New York Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  22. ^ "Sudan's Military Ousts Numeiri: Coup Climaxes Protests; African Ally Was on Way Back From U.S." The Los Angeles Times. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  23. ^ "Sudanese Leader Deposed in Coup". The Washington Post. 7 April 1985. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  24. ^ "Military Coup in Sudan Ousts Civilian Regime". The New York Times. 1 July 1989. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  25. ^ "Sudan Reports Blocking a Coup And Arresting Over 30 Officers". The New York Times. 24 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  26. ^ "Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt". UPI. 23 April 1990. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  27. ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال ستة عقود". الرابطة الدولية للخبراء والمحللين السياسيين. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  28. ^ Khalil, Rima (21 December 2021). "سجل حافل بالانقلابات في السودان: 12 انقلاباً في 64 عاماً". Alaraby (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  29. ^ "هذه قصة الانقلابات في السودان خلال 6 عقود". Aljazeera (in Arabic). 24 September 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  30. ^ "توتر جديد في السودان... تاريخ طويل من الانقلابات العسكرية". سبوتنيك عربي (in Arabic). 15 April 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  31. ^ Altaweel, Amani (24 September 2021). "الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
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