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Red złoty (Polish: czerwony złoty; also known as Polish ducats or florins) refers to circulating gold coins minted in the Kingdom of Poland (later, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) from 1526 to 1831.^[1]^[2] Whereas złoty "(adj.) gold(en)" could simply refer to the colour, czerwony (red) specified the material as gold.^[2]^[3]

Background

The earliest minting of Polish gold coins dates from the 14th century (1320s and 1330s) and the reign of Władysław I the Elbow-high. Władysław after becoming king initiated a reform of the monetary system based on similar policies that had been carried out in Hungary, where he had previously spent some years in exile. The coins issued by Władysław's mints were patterned after the ducats first produced by Charles I of Hungary. These were the first red złotys. Only one example has survived. No more gold coins were produced in Poland until the late 15th century and the reign of Alexander Jagiellon.^[2]

The red zloty was different from the Polish zloty proper, which was the money of account adopted during Alexander's reign in 1496.^[1] To combat the confusion and inflation resulting from the different coinage used in the Kingdom of Poland, Sigismund I the Old around 1526-1528 introduced further monetary reform, which included increased minting of the red złoty in Kraków.^[2]^[4] From 1528 the new monetary system was used in the Polish province of Royal Prussia, and in 1569 (following the Union of Lublin and the formation of the Commonwealth), in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[4]

The last Polish red złoty were the so-called "insurgent ducats" minted at the Warsaw mint in 1831, on the eve of the November Uprising.^[2]^[5]

Mint and value

The red złoty was minted at 3.5 grams of gold.^[4] There was also a silver złoty, worth 23.1 grams of silver.^[4] In 1526 a monetary scale was introduced in which 1 złoty = 5 szóstaków (sixpences) = 10 trojaków (threepences) = 30 groszy (groschen) = 90 szelągów (shillings) = 180 ternarów/trzeciaków (ternarii) = 540 denarów (denarii).^[4]^[6]^[7]

The value of one red złoty in terms of accounting złotys increased in time, while at the same time the amount of silver found in the grosz decreased.^[8]^[4] for example, in the 16th century the red złoty's value rose from the initial 30 grosze to almost twice that in just a few decades;^[9] in the mid-17th century it was worth six accounting Polish złoty (180 groszy),^[10] while in late 18th century, one red złoty was worth about 18 Polish accounting złoty (or 540 groszy).^[11]^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b Robert I. Frost (11 March 2004). After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-54402-3. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Zygmunt Gloger, Encyklopedia staropolska, Dukat, 1900—1903
^ Słownik języka polskiego: A-F. W. drukarni XX. Piiarów. 1807. p. 365. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Norman Davies (24 February 2005). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Kustosz Muzeum Zbiór Monet. "Dukat powstańczy 1831 – kilka słów o pięknej monecie…". Gazeta Kolekcjonera. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
^ [1] [2] after "Shillings - Polish translation". Linguee. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
^ "1386-1434 Ternary (trzeciaki), półgrosze - Władysława Jagiełły i denary Warneńczyka" (in Polish). Historia Pieniądza. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
^ Andrzej Jezierski (2003). Historia Gospodarcza Polski. Key Text Wydawnictwo. p. 32. ISBN 978-83-87251-71-0. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie (1835). Dzieje narodu polskiego. U Wilhelma Bogumiła Korna. p. 6. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Peter Paul Bajer (2 March 2012). Scots in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th to 18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group. BRILL. p. 28. ISBN 978-90-04-21247-3. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Laurence Senelick (25 January 1991). National Theatre in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1746-1900. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-521-24446-6. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
^ Edward Dąbrowa (ed.). Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, vol. 9. Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 57. ISBN 978-83-233-3272-5. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

External links

Grzegorz Wójtowicz, The Origin and History of the Polish Money. Part I, Bank i Kredyt, listopad-grudzien 2006 (Part II)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:40 ducats of Sigismund III Vasa from 1621.PNG|thumb|right|A Polish ducat, or red złoty, minted in 1621 during the reign of [[Sigismund III Vasa]]]]
-'''Red złoty''' ({{lang-pl|czerwony złoty}}) refers to circulating [[gold]] [[coins]] (also known as Polish [[ducats]] or [[Florin (Italian coin)|florin]]s) minted in the [[Kingdom of Poland]] (later, the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]])<ref name="Frost2004-16">{{cite book|author=Robert I. Frost|title=After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IfIbP8sfC0wC&pg=PR16|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=11 March 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54402-3|page=16}}</ref><ref name=dukatgloger/> from 1526 to 1831.
+'''Red złoty''' ({{langx|pl|czerwony złoty}}; also known as Polish [[ducats]] or [[Florin (Italian coin)|florin]]s) refers to circulating [[gold]] [[coins]] minted in the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] (later, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) from 1526 to 1831.<ref name="Frost2004-16"/><ref name=dukatgloger/> Whereas ''złoty'' "(adj.) gold(en)" could simply refer to the colour, ''czerwony'' (red) specified the material as gold.<ref name="dukatgloger"/><ref name="Słownik języka polskiego: A-F"/>
-Whereas ''złoty'' means simply gold in Polish, ''czerwony'' (red) was used to refer to the gold coins.<ref name=dukatgloger>Zygmunt Gloger, Encyklopedia staropolska, [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_staropolska/Dukat Dukat], 1900—1903</ref><ref name="Słownik języka polskiego: A-F">{{cite book|title=Słownik języka polskiego: A-F|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rs0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA365|accessdate=14 March 2013|year=1807|publisher=W. drukarni XX. Piiarów|page=365}}</ref>
 ==Background==
+[[File:Pierwszy dukat polski kr. Władysława Łokietka.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The first red złoty of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]], issued in the 1320s.]]
-The earliest Polish gold coinage dates from the 14th century (1320s and 1330s) and the reign of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]]; no more gold coins were minted in Poland until the late 15th century and the reign of [[Alexander Jagiellon]].<ref name=dukatgloger/> The red złoty was different from the Polish [[złoty]] proper, which was the [[money of account]] adopted during Alexander's reign in 1496.<ref name="Frost2004-16"/> To combat the confusion and [[inflation]] resulting from the different coinage used in the Kingdom of Poland, [[Sigismund I the Old]] around 1526-1528 introduced further monetary reform, which included the introduction of the red złoty, with the introduction of the Złoty system.<ref name=dukatgloger/><ref name="Davies2005=103">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA103|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=24 February 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|pages=103–104}}</ref> From 1528 the new coinage was used in [[Prussia]], and in 1569 (following the [[Union of Lublin]] and the formation of the Commonwealth), in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref name="Davies2005=103"/> The last Polish red złoty were the so-called "insurgent ducats" minted at the [[Warsaw mint]] in 1831, on the eve of the [[November Uprising]].<ref name=dukatgloger/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazeta-kolekcjonera.myvimu.com/dukat-powstanczy-1831-kilak-slow-o-pieknej-monecie |title=Dukat powstańczy 1831 – kilka słów o pięknej monecie… |work=[[Gazeta Kolekcjonera]] |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref>
+The earliest minting of Polish gold coins dates from the 14th century (1320s and 1330s) and the reign of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]]. Władysław after becoming king initiated a reform of the monetary system based on similar policies that had been carried out in Hungary, where he had previously spent some years in exile. The coins issued by Władysław's mints were patterned after the ducats first produced by [[Charles I of Hungary]]. These were the first red złotys. Only one example has survived. No more gold coins were produced in Poland until the late 15th century and the reign of [[Alexander Jagiellon]].<ref name=dukatgloger/>
+The red zloty was different from the Polish [[zloty]] proper, which was the [[money of account]] adopted during Alexander's reign in 1496.<ref name="Frost2004-16"/> To combat the confusion and [[inflation]] resulting from the different coinage used in the Kingdom of Poland, [[Sigismund I the Old]] around 1526-1528 introduced further monetary reform, which included increased minting of the red złoty in [[Kraków]].<ref name=dukatgloger/><ref name="Davies2005=103">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=PA103|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=24 February 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|pages=103–104}}</ref> From 1528 the new monetary system was used in the Polish province of [[Royal Prussia]], and in 1569 (following the [[Union of Lublin]] and the formation of the Commonwealth), in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref name="Davies2005=103"/>
+The last Polish red złoty were the so-called "insurgent ducats" minted at the [[Warsaw mint]] in 1831, on the eve of the [[November Uprising]].<ref name=dukatgloger/><ref name="myvimu"/>
 ==Mint and value==
+[[File:Dukat powstańczy z kropką (1831) - awers.jpg|thumb|The last red złoty, the "insurgent ducat"  of 1831]]
-The red złoty was minted at 3.5 grams of gold.<ref name="Davies2005=103"/> There was also a silver złoty, worth 23.1 grams of silver.<ref name="Davies2005=103"/> In 1526 a monetary scale was introduced in which 1 złoty = 5 [[szóstak|szostaki]] = 10 [[trojak (coin)|trojaki]] = 30 [[Groschen|grosz]]y = 90 [[szeląg (coin)|szlągi]] = 180 [[ternarii]] = 540 [[denarii]].<ref name="Davies2005=103"/>
+The red złoty was minted at 3.5 grams of gold.<ref name="Davies2005=103"/> There was also a silver złoty, worth 23.1 grams of silver.<ref name="Davies2005=103"/> In 1526 a monetary scale was introduced in which 1 złoty = 5 [[szóstak]]ów (sixpences) = 10 [[trojak (coin)|trojaków]] (threepences) = 30 groszy ([[groschen]]) = 90 [[szeląg (coin)|szelągów]] (shillings) = 180 ternarów/trzeciaków ([[ternarius|ternarii]]) = 540 denarów ([[denarius|denarii]]).<ref name="Davies2005=103"/><ref>[http://www.muzeum.leszno.pl/new/upload/Zbiory1ang.pdf] [http://www.muzeum.leszno.pl/new/upload/Zbiory1.pdf] after {{cite web|url=http://www.linguee.com/english-polish/translation/shillings.html|title=Shillings - Polish translation|location=Linguee|accessdate=2014-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historiapieniadza.pl/wp/?page_id=109|title=1386-1434 Ternary (trzeciaki), półgrosze - Władysława Jagiełły i denary Warneńczyka|location=Historia Pieniądza|accessdate=2014-01-24|language=pl}}</ref>
-The value of one red złoty in terms of accounting złotys varied, usually increasing with inflation: for example, in the 16th century the red złoty's value rose from the initial 30 grosze to almost twice that in just a few decades;<ref name="Bandtkie1835">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie|title=Dzieje narodu polskiego|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4uAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6|accessdate=14 March 2013|year=1835|publisher=U Wilhelma Bogumiła Korna|page=6}}</ref> in the mid-17th century it was worth six accounting Polish złoty (180 groszy),<ref name="Bajer2012">{{cite book|author=Peter Paul Bajer|title=Scots in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th to 18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kzJf9HTGK2kC&pg=PR28|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=2 March 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-21247-3|page=28}}</ref> while in late 18th century, one red złoty was worth about 18 Polish accounting złoty (or 540 groszy).<ref name="Senelick1991">{{cite book|author=Laurence Senelick|title=National Theatre in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1746-1900|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=A9JkIiD-z0IC&pg=PA191|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=25 January 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24446-6|page=191}}</ref><ref name="(ed.)">{{cite book|author=Edward Dąbrowa (ed.)|title=Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, vol. 9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BghzzbRIdP4C&pg=PA57|accessdate=14 March 2013|publisher=Wydawnictwo UJ|isbn=978-83-233-3272-5|page=57}}</ref>
+The value of one red złoty in terms of accounting złotys increased in time, while at the same time the amount of silver found in the grosz decreased.<ref name="Jezierski2003"/><ref name="Davies2005=103"/> for example, in the 16th century the red złoty's value rose from the initial 30 grosze to almost twice that in just a few decades;<ref name="Bandtkie1835"/> in the mid-17th century it was worth six accounting Polish złoty (180 groszy),<ref name="Bajer2012"/> while in late 18th century, one red złoty was worth about 18 Polish accounting złoty (or 540 groszy).<ref name="Senelick1991"/><ref name="(ed.)"/>
 ==See also==
-*[[Bimetallism]]
+* [[Bimetallism]]
-*[[Chervonets]]
+* [[Chervonets]]
-*[[Historical coins and banknotes of Poland]]
+* [[Copernicus Law]]
+* [[Historical coins and banknotes of Poland]]
 ==References==
-{{reflist|30em}}
+{{reflist|30em|refs=
+<ref name="(ed.)">{{cite book|editor=Edward Dąbrowa |title=Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia, vol. 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BghzzbRIdP4C&pg=PA57|accessdate=14 March 2013|publisher=Wydawnictwo UJ|isbn=978-83-233-3272-5|page=57}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bajer2012">{{cite book|author=Peter Paul Bajer|title=Scots in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 16th to 18th Centuries: The Formation and Disappearance of an Ethnic Group|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzJf9HTGK2kC&pg=PR28|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=2 March 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-21247-3|page=28}}</ref>
+<ref name="Bandtkie1835">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie|title=Dzieje narodu polskiego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4uAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6|accessdate=14 March 2013|year=1835|publisher=U Wilhelma Bogumiła Korna|page=6}}</ref>
+<ref name="Frost2004-16">{{cite book|author=Robert I. Frost|title=After the Deluge: Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655-1660|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIbP8sfC0wC&pg=PR16|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=11 March 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54402-3|page=16}}</ref>
+<ref name="Jezierski2003">{{cite book|author=Andrzej Jezierski|title=Historia Gospodarcza Polski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_75stIZO7WAC&pg=PA32|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=2003|publisher=Key Text  Wydawnictwo|isbn=978-83-87251-71-0|page=32}}</ref>
+<ref name="Senelick1991">{{cite book|author=Laurence Senelick|title=National Theatre in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1746-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9JkIiD-z0IC&pg=PA191|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=25 January 1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24446-6|page=191}}</ref>
+<ref name="Słownik języka polskiego: A-F">{{cite book|title=Słownik języka polskiego: A-F|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rs0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA365|accessdate=14 March 2013|year=1807|publisher=W. drukarni XX. Piiarów|page=365}}</ref>
+<ref name="dukatgloger">Zygmunt Gloger, Encyklopedia staropolska, [http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_staropolska/Dukat Dukat], 1900—1903</ref>
+<ref name="myvimu">{{cite web|url=http://gazeta-kolekcjonera.myvimu.com/dukat-powstanczy-1831-kilak-slow-o-pieknej-monecie |author=Kustosz Muzeum Zbiór Monet|title=Dukat powstańczy 1831 – kilka słów o pięknej monecie… |work=[[Gazeta Kolekcjonera]] |date= |accessdate=2013-03-14}}</ref>
+}}
 ==External links==
-*Grzegorz Wójtowicz, [http://www.bankikredyt.nbp.pl/content/2007/2007_01/wojtowicz.pdf ''The Origin and History of the Polish Money. Part I''], Bank i Kredyt, listopad-grudzien 2006
+* Grzegorz Wójtowicz, [http://www.bankikredyt.nbp.pl/content/2006/2006_11_12/wojtowicz.pdf ''The Origin and History of the Polish Money. Part I''], Bank i Kredyt, listopad-grudzien 2006 ([http://www.bankikredyt.nbp.pl/content/2007/2007_01/wojtowicz.pdf Part II])
+==Further reading==
+*{{cite book|author=Marian Gumowski|title=Moneta złota w Polsce średniowiecznej|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XE5IwAACAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=1912|publisher=Nakł. Akademii Umiejetności; ·Skł. Cł. w Ksiegarni Spółki Wydawniczej Polskiej}}
+*{{cite book|author=Ryszard Kiersnowski|title=Wstep̨ do numizmatyki polskiej wieków średnich: opracował Ryszard Kiersnowski|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGZJAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=1964|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe}}
+*{{cite book|author=Ryszard Kiersnowski|title=Pieniądz kruszcowy w Polsce wczesnośredniowiecznej|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTUZAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=1960|publisher=Państ. Wydaw. Nauk.}}
+*{{cite book|author=Józef Andrzej Szwagrzyk|title=Pieniądz na ziemiach polskich X-XX w|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tU1mAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=1990|publisher=Ossolineum|isbn=978-83-04-01123-6}}
+*{{cite book|author=Zbigniew Żabiński|title=Systemy pieniężne na ziemiach polskich|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MA9wAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=1981|publisher=Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich|isbn=978-83-04-00569-3}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Red zloty}}
-[[Category:Circulating coins]]
 [[Category:Coins of Poland]]
 [[Category:Gold coins]]