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{{Short description|Silesian duchy (1281–1286)}}
{{Infobox Former Country|native_name=''Księstwo Lwóweckie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])</small><br/>''Herzogtum Löwenberg'' <small>([[German language|de]])</small>|conventional_long_name=Duchy of Löwenberg|common_name=Lwowek Slaski|continent=|region=|country=|era=Middle Ages|status=[[Duchies of Silesia|Silesian duchy]]|empire=|government_type=|year_start=1281|year_end=1286|life_span=1281–1286|event_start=Partitioned from [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]]|date_start=|event1=|date_event1=|event2=|date_event2=|event_end=Annexed by [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]]|date_end=|p1=Duchy of Jawor|image_p1=[[File:POL_księstwo_jaworskie_COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Legnica]]|s1=Duchy of Jawor|image_s1=[[File:POL_księstwo_jaworskie_COA.svg|20px|Kingdom of Bohemia]]|image_flag=|image_coat=POL_powiat_lwówecki_COA.svg|image_map=Silesia_1281-1284.jpg|image_map_caption=Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy|capital=Lwowek Slaski|footnotes=}}
{{Infobox Former Country|native_name=''Księstwo Lwóweckie'' <small>([[Polish language|pl]])</small><br />''Herzogtum Löwenberg'' <small>([[German language|de]])</small>|conventional_long_name=Duchy of Lwówek/Löwenberg|common_name=Lwówek Śląski|continent=|region=|country=|era=[[Middle Ages]]|status=[[District duchy]] of Poland|empire=|government_type=|year_start=1281|year_end=1286|life_span=1281–1286|event_start=Partitioned from [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]]|date_start=|event1=|date_event1=|event2=|date_event2=|event_end=Annexed by [[Duchy of Jawor|Jawor]]|date_end=|p1=Duchy of Jawor|image_p1=[[File:POL_księstwo_jaworskie_COA.svg|20px|Duchy of Legnica]]|s1=Duchy of Jawor|image_s1=[[File:POL_księstwo_jaworskie_COA.svg|20px|Kingdom of Bohemia]]|image_flag=|image_coat=POL_Księstwo_Lwóweckie_COA_1.svg|image_map=Silesia_1281-1284.jpg|image_map_caption=Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy|capital=[[Lwówek Śląski]]
⚫
'''Duchy of ''Löwenberg''''' (or Duchy of Lwowek, {{lang-pl|Księstwo Lwóweckie}}) was one of the [[Duchies of Silesia]] established in 1281 as a division of the [[Duchy of Jawor]]. Duchy of Lwowek was ruled by the [[Silesian Piasts|Silesian Piast]], [[Bernard the Lightsome]]''',''' with its capital at [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek Slaski]] ([[Town privileges|city rights]] in [[1217]]) in [[Lower Silesia]].
|leader1=[[Bernard the Lightsome]]
|year_leader1=1281–1286
|title_leader=Duke
|today=Poland
|religion=[[Roman Catholic]]}}
⚫
The '''Duchy of Löwenberg''' ({{langx|de|Herzogtum Löwenberg}}) or '''Duchy of Lwówek''' ({{langx|pl|Księstwo Lwóweckie}}) was one of the [[Duchies of Silesia]] and medieval Poland established in 1281 as a division of the [[Duchy of Jawor]]. The duchy of Lwówek was ruled by the [[Silesian Piasts|Silesian Piast]], [[Bernard the Lightsome]], with its capital at [[Lwówek Śląski]] in [[Lower Silesia]]. It was the southwesternmost duchy of Poland at the time.


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
The original Duchy was located in the south-western part of [[Lower Silesia]] on current lands of [[Lwówek Śląski County|Lwowek Sląski County]] with the southern part of the duchy covering most of the modern [[Jelenia Góra County|Jelenia Gora County]]. [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek Slaski]] was the biggest city (around 11.000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Słownik geografii turystycznej Sudetów, Pogórze Izerskie. [1], A-Ł|last=Staffa|first=Marek|publisher=I-BiS|year=2003|isbn=83-85773-60-6|location=Wrocław|pages=443-471}}</ref>) and also the capital of the duchy. Some other important cities located within the lands of the duchy were: [[Wleń|Wlen]], [[Gryfów Śląski|Gryfow Sląski]], [[Jelenia Góra|Jelenia Gora]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rRx6py9zF8M/UTtQc8beqXI/AAAAAAAAAgI/3X4jDMQZ8p8/s1600/ksi%C4%99stwo+jaworskie+i+lw%C3%B3weckie.JPG|title=Map of the Duchy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. The main factor of the rapid development of the area was [[gold]] surrounding Lwowek Slaski and trade road [[Via Regia]]. Some sources say that few tons of gold were excavated in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] from the mines around Lwowek<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samorodek.com/tag-samorodek/gdzie-wystepuje/|title=samorodek.com|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. After the deplatation of gold mines the citizens started to earn from cloth producing, [[weaving]], [[Craft|crafting]], trade and [[sandstone]] processing.
The original duchy was located in the south-western part of [[Lower Silesia]] on the current lands of [[Lwówek Śląski County]] with the southern part of the duchy covering most of the modern [[Jelenia Góra County]]. [[Lwówek Śląski]] was the biggest town (around 11.000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Słownik geografii turystycznej Sudetów, Pogórze Izerskie. [1], A-Ł|last=Staffa|first=Marek|publisher=I-BiS|year=2003|isbn=83-85773-60-6|location=Wrocław|pages=443–471}}</ref>) and also the capital of the duchy. The town of [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek]] had its own [[Mint (facility)|mint]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wcn.pl/auctions/67/232|title=WCN :: A67/232|website=wcn.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R74cpTX6nww/WR3LoKxXjdI/AAAAAAAAAUA/Ozrhnonug6wrXJpdI69NNyjVNXFd65dAACLcB/s1600/110.JPG {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> and [[coin]].<ref>https://foto.wcn.pl/67/full/67_0239r.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xqS0E5TM_mYC|title=Pieniądz miasta Lwówek Śląski|last=Kalinowski|first=Piotr|publisher=Wydawnictwo Piotr Kalinowski|year=2009|isbn=978-83-61755-19-7|location=Kalety|pages=4}}</ref> The town had double walls and two big churches. Some other important towns located within the lands of the duchy were: [[Wleń]], [[Gryfów Śląski]] ({{langx|de|Greiffenberg}}) and [[Jelenia Góra]] ({{lang|de|Hirschberg}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rRx6py9zF8M/UTtQc8beqXI/AAAAAAAAAgI/3X4jDMQZ8p8/s1600/ksi%C4%99stwo+jaworskie+i+lw%C3%B3weckie.JPG|title=Map of the Duchy|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The main factor of the rapid development of the area was [[gold]] surrounding Lwowek Slaski and the trade road [[Via Regia]]. Some sources say that a few tons of gold were excavated in the [[Middle Ages]] from the mines around Lwowek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samorodek.com/tag-samorodek/gdzie-wystepuje/|title=samorodek.com|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> After the exhaustion of the gold mines the citizens started to earn from cloth producing, [[weaving]], [[crafts]], trade and [[sandstone]] processing.

⚫
[[File:Bernard Zwinny seal.PNG|alt=|left|thumb|Seal of [[Bernard the Lightsome]]]]


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
[[File:Bernard Zwinny seal.PNG|upright|left|thumb|Seal of [[Bernard the Lightsome]]]]
[[Bernard the Lightsome]] was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the silesian prince [[Bolesław II Rogatka|Boleslaw II Rogatka]] and Hedwig, daughter of [[Henry I, Count of Anhalt]]. He became the ruler 3 years after his father deceased, in 1281 when Bernards' brother [[Bolko I the Strict]] partitioned the [[duchy of Jawor]] and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek Slaski]]. Bernard died unmarried and childless in [[1286]] and because of no heirs the duchy of Lwowek was annexed and ruled by the [[duchy of Jawor]] again by [[Bolko I the Strict|Bolko I]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=253664|author=Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM|url=http://www.poczet.com/zwinny.htm|author=Michał Szuster|agency=www.poczet.com|accessdate=2017-09-04|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie|url=http://region-dolny-slask.blogspot.com/2013/02/ksiestwo-swidnicko-jaworskie.html|author=Krystian Krawczyk|agency=DOLNY ŚLĄSK|date=wtorek, 19 lutego 2013|accessdate=2018-11-04}}</ref>
[[Bernard the Lightsome]] was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the Silesian prince [[Bolesław II Rogatka|Boleslaw II Rogatka]] and Hedwig, daughter of [[Henry I, Count of Anhalt]]. He became the ruler 3 years after his father died, in 1281 when Bernards' brother [[Bolko I the Strict]] partitioned the [[Duchy of Jawor]] and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in [[Lwówek Śląski]]. The [[Duchy of Jawor]] and the duchy of Lwówek cooperated as brothers ruled in the two duchies. Bernard died unmarried and childless in 1286 and because of a lack of heirs the duchy of Lwówek was annexed and ruled by the [[Duchy of Jawor]] again by Bernard's brother [[Bolko I the Strict|Bolko I]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=253664|author=Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński|date = 19 March 2013|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM|url=http://www.poczet.com/zwinny.htm|author=Michał Szuster|agency=www.poczet.com|accessdate=2017-09-04|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie|url=http://region-dolny-slask.blogspot.com/2013/02/ksiestwo-swidnicko-jaworskie.html|author=Krystian Krawczyk|agency=DOLNY ŚLĄSK|date= 2013-02-19 |accessdate=2018-11-04}}</ref>

== Castles ==
There were several castles guarding the lands of the duchy. The most important were those located in [[Wleń]], [[Gryfów Śląski|Gryfów]] and [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwówek]].

Lwówek Castle ({{langx|pl|Zamek książęcy w Lwówku Śląskim}}) was a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] castle in Lwówek built to protect the inhabitants of the town. It was built at the beginning of the 13th century as a seat of Silesian princes. It was located in the southern part of the town, along the [[Defensive wall|town walls]]. The founder of the castle was probably [[Henry the Bearded|Henry I the Bearded]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamki.pl/?idzamku=lwowek|title=Lwówek Śląski - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - OPIS - (Polskie zamki)|last=zerojeden|first=dariusz sitko|website=www.zamki.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> The castle was often visited by princes of Jawor and Swidnica-Jawor (for example [[Bolko I the Strict]]). The castle was partly destroyed during a fire in 1381 but the town council decided to rebuild the castle and in 1389 the renovation was complete. Since 1444 the castle was no longer a public property. The castle was destroyed again in 1475 after a huge [[fire]] and has never been rebuilt again. Now in the place of the castle stands the oldest [[brewery]] in [[Poland]] which started producing beer in 1209.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pawelskiersinis.pl/lwowek-najstarszy-browar-w-polsce/|title=Lwówek - najstarszy browar w Polsce - pawelskiersinis.pl|date=2015-07-16|work=pawelskiersinis.pl|access-date=2018-11-18|language=pl-PL}}</ref> The only remains of the castle are the [[sandstone]] foundations in the brewery's basement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamkipolskie.net.pl/zamki/lwowek/lwowek.htm|title=Zamki polskie - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - Lwówek Ślaski|last=Kulesza|first=Małgorzata|website=www.zamkipolskie.net.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl/index.php/ciekawe-historie/26-zabytki/niezwykle-historie/49-turniej-rycerski-w-sredniowiecznym-lwowku|title=Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska|website=tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl|language=pl-pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>

Gryf Castle is located in [[Proszówka|Proszowka]] near [[Gryfów Śląski|Gryfow]]. The first owner of the castle was [[Konrad II the Hunchback]].

Wleń Castle is located in [[Łupki, Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Łupki]] near [[Wleń]].
<gallery>
File:Gryf1 (js).jpg|Remainings of the Gryf Castle
File:SM Łupki Zamek Wleń (2017) (9) ID 596187.jpg|Wlen Castle
File:SM Łupki Zamek Wleń (2017) (6) ID 596187.jpg|The main tower of the castle
</gallery>There were also many medieval [[guard tower]]s along [[Via Regia]] road.


== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Lwówek Ślaski Ratusz9.JPG|Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the city hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the city, with a sentence written in [[latin]] which means "Fair as a lion"
File:Lwówek Ślaski Ratusz9.JPG|Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the town hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the town, with a sentence written in [[latin]] which means "Fair as a lion"
File:POL Lwówek Śląski COA (1967-1996).svg|Medieval coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
File:POL Lwówek Śląski COA (1967-1996).svg|Medieval coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
File:POL Lwówek Śląski COA.svg|Modern coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
File:POL Lwówek Śląski COA.svg|Modern coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
File:Lwówek Śląski, mury obronne z basztami (7).JPG|Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
File:Lwówek Śląski, mury obronne z basztami (7).JPG|Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
File:Baszta Lubańska w Lwówku Śląskim.jpg|Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former city gate in Lwowek Slaski
File:Baszta Lubańska w Lwówku Śląskim.jpg|Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former town gate in Lwowek Slaski
File:Lwówek Śląski, mury obronne z basztami (1).JPG|The high city wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
File:Lwówek Śląski, mury obronne z basztami (1).JPG|The high town wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
File:Lwówek Śląski Obwarowania Baszta Bolesławiecka.JPG|Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
File:Lwówek Śląski Obwarowania Baszta Bolesławiecka.JPG|Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
File:Baszta Bramy Złotoryjskiej.jpg|Tower of Złotoryjan Gate in Lwowek
File:Rakowice Wielkie, wieża mieszkalna, widok od pn-zach..JPG|Guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
File:Lwówek Śląski, kościół Wniebowzięcia NMP, widok od z Bramy Lubańskiej.JPG|Big church in Lwowek
File:Gryfów Śląski, kościół pw św. Jadwigi 1.jpg|Church of st. Hedwig in Gryfow
File:Gryfów Śląski, mury obronne 02.jpg|Town walls of Gryfow
File:Gryfów Śląski, Rynek 15 - fotopolska.eu (252961).jpg|Houses in Gryfow
File:Church in Wlen.jpg|Church in Wlen
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Fiefdoms of Poland}}
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[[Category:States and territories established in the 1280s]]
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{{Duchies of Silesia}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Löwenberg, Duchy of}}
[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
[[Category:Duchies of Silesia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1280s]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1281]]
⚫
[[Category:1281 establishments]]
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[[Category:1281 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1281 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1281 establishments in Europe]]
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[[Category:13th-century establishments in Poland]]
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{{Duchies of Silesia}}
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1286]]
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[[Category:1286 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in Poland]]

Latest revision as of 16:16, 27 October 2024

Duchy of Lwówek/Löwenberg
Księstwo Lwóweckie (pl)
Herzogtum Löwenberg (de)
1281–1286
Coat of arms of Lwówek Śląski
Coat of arms
Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy
Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy
StatusDistrict duchy of Poland
CapitalLwówek Śląski
Religion
Roman Catholic
Duke 
• 1281–1286
Bernard the Lightsome
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Partitioned from Jawor
1281
• Annexed by Jawor
1286
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Legnica Duchy of Jawor
Duchy of Jawor Kingdom of Bohemia
Today part ofPoland

The Duchy of Löwenberg (German: Herzogtum Löwenberg) or Duchy of Lwówek (Polish: Księstwo Lwóweckie) was one of the Duchies of Silesia and medieval Poland established in 1281 as a division of the Duchy of Jawor. The duchy of Lwówek was ruled by the Silesian Piast, Bernard the Lightsome, with its capital at Lwówek Śląski in Lower Silesia. It was the southwesternmost duchy of Poland at the time.

Geography

[edit]

The original duchy was located in the south-western part of Lower Silesia on the current lands of Lwówek Śląski County with the southern part of the duchy covering most of the modern Jelenia Góra County. Lwówek Śląski was the biggest town (around 11.000 inhabitants.[1]) and also the capital of the duchy. The town of Lwowek had its own mint[2][3] and coin.[4][5] The town had double walls and two big churches. Some other important towns located within the lands of the duchy were: Wleń, Gryfów Śląski (German: Greiffenberg) and Jelenia Góra (Hirschberg).[6] The main factor of the rapid development of the area was gold surrounding Lwowek Slaski and the trade road Via Regia. Some sources say that a few tons of gold were excavated in the Middle Ages from the mines around Lwowek.[7] After the exhaustion of the gold mines the citizens started to earn from cloth producing, weaving, crafts, trade and sandstone processing.

History

[edit]
Seal of Bernard the Lightsome

Bernard the Lightsome was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the Silesian prince Boleslaw II Rogatka and Hedwig, daughter of Henry I, Count of Anhalt. He became the ruler 3 years after his father died, in 1281 when Bernards' brother Bolko I the Strict partitioned the Duchy of Jawor and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in Lwówek Śląski. The Duchy of Jawor and the duchy of Lwówek cooperated as brothers ruled in the two duchies. Bernard died unmarried and childless in 1286 and because of a lack of heirs the duchy of Lwówek was annexed and ruled by the Duchy of Jawor again by Bernard's brother Bolko I.[8][9][10]

Castles

[edit]

There were several castles guarding the lands of the duchy. The most important were those located in Wleń, Gryfów and Lwówek.

Lwówek Castle (Polish: Zamek książęcy w Lwówku Śląskim) was a medieval castle in Lwówek built to protect the inhabitants of the town. It was built at the beginning of the 13th century as a seat of Silesian princes. It was located in the southern part of the town, along the town walls. The founder of the castle was probably Henry I the Bearded.[11] The castle was often visited by princes of Jawor and Swidnica-Jawor (for example Bolko I the Strict). The castle was partly destroyed during a fire in 1381 but the town council decided to rebuild the castle and in 1389 the renovation was complete. Since 1444 the castle was no longer a public property. The castle was destroyed again in 1475 after a huge fire and has never been rebuilt again. Now in the place of the castle stands the oldest brewery in Poland which started producing beer in 1209.[12] The only remains of the castle are the sandstone foundations in the brewery's basement.[13][14]

Gryf Castle is located in Proszowka near Gryfow. The first owner of the castle was Konrad II the Hunchback.

Wleń Castle is located in Łupki near Wleń.

  • Remainings of the Gryf Castle
    Remainings of the Gryf Castle
  • Wlen Castle
    Wlen Castle
  • The main tower of the castle
    The main tower of the castle

There were also many medieval guard towers along Via Regia road.

[edit]
  • Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the town hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the town, with a sentence written in latin which means "Fair as a lion"
    Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the town hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the town, with a sentence written in latin which means "Fair as a lion"
  • Medieval coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
    Medieval coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
  • Modern coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
    Modern coat of arms of the town of Lwowek Slaski
  • Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
    Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
  • Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former town gate in Lwowek Slaski
    Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former town gate in Lwowek Slaski
  • The high town wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
    The high town wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
  • Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
    Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
  • Tower of Złotoryjan Gate in Lwowek
    Tower of Złotoryjan Gate in Lwowek
  • Guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
    Guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
  • Big church in Lwowek
    Big church in Lwowek
  • Church of st. Hedwig in Gryfow
    Church of st. Hedwig in Gryfow
  • Town walls of Gryfow
    Town walls of Gryfow
  • Houses in Gryfow
    Houses in Gryfow
  • Church in Wlen
    Church in Wlen

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Staffa, Marek (2003). Słownik geografii turystycznej Sudetów, Pogórze Izerskie. [1], A-Ł. Wrocław: I-BiS. pp. 443–471. ISBN 83-85773-60-6.
  2. ^ "WCN :: A67/232". wcn.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  3. ^ https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R74cpTX6nww/WR3LoKxXjdI/AAAAAAAAAUA/Ozrhnonug6wrXJpdI69NNyjVNXFd65dAACLcB/s1600/110.JPG [bare URL image file]
  4. ^ https://foto.wcn.pl/67/full/67_0239r.jpg [bare URL image file]
  5. ^ Kalinowski, Piotr (2009). Pieniądz miasta Lwówek Śląski. Kalety: Wydawnictwo Piotr Kalinowski. p. 4. ISBN 978-83-61755-19-7.
  6. ^ "Map of the Duchy".
  7. ^ "samorodek.com".
  8. ^ Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński (19 March 2013). "Bernard Zwinny". Retrieved 2017-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Michał Szuster. "Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM" (in Polish). www.poczet.com. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  10. ^ Krystian Krawczyk (2013-02-19). "DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie". DOLNY ŚLĄSK. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  11. ^ zerojeden, dariusz sitko. "Lwówek Śląski - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - OPIS - (Polskie zamki)". www.zamki.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  12. ^ "Lwówek - najstarszy browar w Polsce - pawelskiersinis.pl". pawelskiersinis.pl (in Polish). 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  13. ^ Kulesza, Małgorzata. "Zamki polskie - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - Lwówek Ślaski". www.zamkipolskie.net.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  14. ^ "Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska". tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
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