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{{Short description|Russian gauge freight railway in Poland}}
{{Infobox rail line
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 5
| box_width = 5
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| status =
| status =
| locale = Southern Poland
| locale = Southern Poland
| start = [[Bug River]] Bridge (Polish-Ukrainian border)
| start = [[Bug River]] Bridge (Polish-Ukrainian border) east of [[Hrubieszów]]
| end = [[Sławków]]
| end = [[Sławków]]
| stations = 6
| stations = 6
Line 22: Line 23:
| open = {{Start date|1979|11|30|df=y}}
| open = {{Start date|1979|11|30|df=y}}
| close =
| close =
| owner = [[PKP LHS|PKP LHS Sp. z o.o.]]
| owner = [[PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa|PKP LHS Sp. z o.o.]]
| operator = PKP LHS Sp. z o.o.
| operator = PKP LHS Sp. z o.o.
| character =
| character =
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}}
}}
{{Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}}
{{Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}}
'''Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line''' ({{lang-pl|links=no|Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}}, '''LHS''') is the longest [[Russian gauge|broad gauge]] [[railway line]] in [[Poland]].
'''Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line''' ({{langx|pl|links=no|Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}}, '''LHS''') is the longest [[Russian gauge|broad gauge]] [[railway line]] in [[Poland]].


Except for this line and a few very short stretches near border crossings, Poland uses [[standard gauge]]. The single-track line runs for almost 400 km from the Polish-[[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] border crossing, just east of [[Hrubieszów]], to [[Sławków]] Południowy (near [[Katowice]]). It is used only for freight, mainly iron ore (more than 50% of the volume of all goods transported), coal, petrochemical products, minerals and timber.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=90}} It is the westernmost direct connection to the broad-gauge network of the former [[Soviet Union]].
Except for this line and a few very short stretches near border crossings, Poland uses [[standard gauge]]. The single-track line runs for almost 400 km from the Polish-[[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] border crossing, just east of [[Hrubieszów]], to [[Sławków]] Południowy (near [[Katowice]]). It is used only for freight, mainly iron ore (more than 50% of the volume of all goods transported), coal, petrochemical products, minerals and timber.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=90}} It is the westernmost direct connection to the broad-gauge network of the former [[Soviet Union]].


The line is designated by the national railway infrastructure manager [[PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe]] as '''line number 65''' and operated by a dedicated company [[PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]] which serves both as the infrastructure manager and traffic operator.<ref>https://www.utk.gov.pl/en/market-regulation-and-l/access-to-railway-infra/infrastructure-manage/5123,Infrastructure-managers.html</ref>
The line is designated by the national [[railway infrastructure manager]] [[PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe]] as '''line number 65''' and operated by a dedicated company [[PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa]] which serves both as the infrastructure manager and traffic operator.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.utk.gov.pl/en/market-regulation-and-l/access-to-railway-infra/infrastructure-manage/5123,Infrastructure-managers.html | title=Infrastructure managers }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
In the 1970s the new giant [[Katowice Steelworks]], then in its most prosperous period, required great quantities of iron ore. The main source was mines near [[Kryvyi Rih]] (then in the USSR, now in Ukraine), from where it was transported by rail via [[Medyka]], [[Przemyśl]], and [[Tarnów]] to [[Jaworzno]] [[Szczakowa]]. This line had inadequate capacity to carry the traffic.
In the 1970s the new giant [[Katowice Steelworks]], then in its most prosperous period, required great quantities of iron ore. The main source was mines near [[Kryvyi Rih]] (then in the USSR, now in Ukraine), from where it was transported by rail via [[Medyka]], [[Przemyśl]], and [[Tarnów]] to [[Jaworzno]] [[Szczakowa]]. This line had inadequate capacity to carry the traffic.


The [[Polish State Railways]] PKP considered two options: to expand existing transshipment facilities at the border (the break of gauge point) and to upgrade existing railway line to three or even four tracks to allow more freight to be carried, or to build a new broad-gauge line to ease transit across the border. The latter was chosen, the advantages cited were that the newly-designed line could be built to accommodate the heaviest trains allowed to run on broad gauge network, there would be no need for an unfreezing facility at the border (in winters ore arrived frozen solid, presenting a challenge at the transshipment facility) and PKP needed not to use own wagons to transport the goods on the Polish network as the Soviet wagons would be used for the entire transport.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=36}} A broad gauge line with direct connection to the Soviet railway network also was of strategic importance, allowing Soviet troops to be quickly deployed closer to the iron curtain.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=87}} The new line was designed by CBSiPBK (''Central Bureau for Railway Construction Designs and Studies'') in Warsaw, Józef Skorupski was the general designer, Twenty-one other design bureaus, eight geological companies and three technical universities took part in the project.
The [[Polish State Railways]] PKP considered two options: to expand existing transshipment facilities at the border (the [[break of gauge]] point) and to upgrade existing railway line to three or even four tracks to allow more freight to be carried, or to build a new broad-gauge line to ease transit across the border. The latter was chosen, the advantages cited were that the newly-designed line could be built to accommodate the heaviest trains allowed to run on broad gauge network, there would be no need for an unfreezing facility at the border (in winters ore arrived frozen solid, presenting a challenge at the transshipment facility) and PKP needed not to use its own wagons to transport the goods on the Polish network as the Soviet wagons would be used for the entire transport.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=36}} A broad gauge line with direct connection to the Soviet railway network also was of [[Strategic railway|strategic importance]], allowing Soviet troops to be quickly deployed closer to the [[Iron Curtain]].{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=87}} The new line was designed by CBSiPBK (''Central Bureau for Railway Construction Designs and Studies'') in Warsaw, Józef Skorupski was the general designer, Twenty-one other design bureaus, eight geological companies and three technical universities took part in the project.


The line was built partly alongside existing standard-gauge lines which facilitated the construction works.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=36}} To save costs, the line was routed through [[Roztocze National Park]] despite intensive lobbying by the park management.<ref>{{cite news |first=Krzysztof |last=Wojciechowski |title=Szerokie tory w parku |trans-title=Broad gauge track in park |url=https://dzikiezycie.pl/archiwum/2005/marzec-2005/szerokie-tory-w-parku |work=Dzikie Życie |date=March 2005 |volume=11 |issue=3/129 |lang=pl }}</ref>
The line was built partly alongside existing standard-gauge lines which facilitated the construction works.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=36}} To save costs, the line was routed through [[Roztocze National Park]] despite intensive lobbying by the park management.<ref>{{cite news |first=Krzysztof |last=Wojciechowski |title=Szerokie tory w parku |trans-title=Broad gauge track in park |url=https://dzikiezycie.pl/archiwum/2005/marzec-2005/szerokie-tory-w-parku |work=Dzikie Życie |date=March 2005 |volume=11 |issue=3/129 |lang=pl }}</ref>


The line opened in 1979 and was used to import iron ore from the USSR and export coal and sulfur. After the fall of communism and the economic changes of 1989, traffic greatly diminished. In 1994 export of sulfur stopped.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=87}} Various schemes are being tried to increase its profitability, such as offering transport and forwarding services to all interested customers, leasing of commercial space and some rolling stock maintenance.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=40}}
The line opened in 1979 and was used to import iron ore from the USSR and export coal and sulphur. After the fall of communism and the economic changes of 1989, traffic greatly diminished. In 1994 export of sulphur stopped.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=87}} Various schemes are being tried to increase its profitability, such as offering transport and forwarding services to all interested customers, leasing of commercial space and some rolling stock maintenance.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=40}}


In the 1990s the LHS line was used by long-distance passenger trains to Russia and Ukraine. Initially, it was one pair of fast trains from [[Moscow Kiyevsky railway station|Moscow]] to {{ill|Olkusz|pl|Olkusz LHS}}, running every other day. In 1993, two pairs of trains [[Lviv railway station|Lviv]] – {{ill|Zamość North|pl|Zamość Północny}} and Moscow – Zamość North were added. In 1994, passenger trains on the LHS line ran only once a week on the route [[Kharkiv railway station|Kharkiv]] – Olkusz. Since the mid-90s, passenger trains have run sporadically as special trains.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=38}}
In the 1990s the LHS line was used by long-distance passenger trains to Russia and Ukraine. Initially, it was one pair of fast trains from [[Moscow Kiyevsky railway station|Moscow]] to {{ill|Olkusz|pl|Olkusz LHS}}, running every other day. In 1993, two pairs of trains [[Lviv railway station|Lviv]] – {{ill|Zamość North|pl|Zamość Północny}} and Moscow – Zamość North were added. In 1994, passenger trains on the LHS line ran only once a week on the route [[Kharkiv railway station|Kharkiv]] – Olkusz. Since the mid-90s, passenger trains have run sporadically as special trains.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=38}}


In 2000 a new company within the PKP group, PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, was established to manage the line.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=88}}
In 2001 a new company within the PKP group, PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, was established to manage the line.{{sfn|Sala|2021|p=88}}


On 5 January 2020 the first intermodal container train from [[China]] used the line to reach the Sławków terminal, after traveling the {{cvt|9477|km|mi}} route from [[Xi'an]] via Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine over 12 days.<ref>[https://dziennikzachodni.pl/pierwszy-pociag-z-chin-wjechal-do-polski-szerokim-torem-lhs-bez-przeladunku-na-granicy-wczoraj-dotarl-do-stacji-koncowej/ar/c1-14697599 Dziennik Zachodni, 6 January 2020. Pierwszy pociąg z Chin wjechał do Polski szerokim torem LHS bez przeładunku na granicy. Wczoraj dotarł do stacji końcowej Sławków LHS]</ref> The company operating the line hopes that regular connections with China are established, taking advantage of the fact that its wide-gauge permits quick crossing of the border between Poland and Ukraine.
On 5 January 2020 the first intermodal container train from [[China]] used the line to reach the Sławków terminal, after traveling the {{cvt|9477|km|mi}} route from [[Xi'an]] via Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine over 12 days.<ref>[https://dziennikzachodni.pl/pierwszy-pociag-z-chin-wjechal-do-polski-szerokim-torem-lhs-bez-przeladunku-na-granicy-wczoraj-dotarl-do-stacji-koncowej/ar/c1-14697599 Dziennik Zachodni, 6 January 2020. Pierwszy pociąg z Chin wjechał do Polski szerokim torem LHS bez przeładunku na granicy. Wczoraj dotarł do stacji końcowej Sławków LHS]</ref> The company operating the line hopes that regular connections with China are established, taking advantage of the fact that its wide-gauge permits quick crossing of the border between Poland and Ukraine.


The company is in the process of installing warning lights (and, in some cases, barriers) at level crossings, extending the Hrubieszów LHS station and upgrading the train control systems. The works are due to be completed by the end of 2025.{{r|Majdan}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not given--> |title=Nowa sygnalizacja na przejazdach kolejowo-drogowych PKP LHS |trans-title=New warning lights at PKP LHS level crossings |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/nowa-sygnalizacja-na-przejazdach-kolejowodrogowych-pkp-lhs-93751.html |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>
The company is in the process of installing [[Level crossing signals|warning lights]] (and, in some cases, barriers) at level crossings, extending the Hrubieszów LHS station and upgrading the train control systems. The works are due to be completed by the end of 2025.{{r|Majdan}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not given--> |title=Nowa sygnalizacja na przejazdach kolejowo-drogowych PKP LHS |trans-title=New warning lights at PKP LHS level crossings |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/nowa-sygnalizacja-na-przejazdach-kolejowodrogowych-pkp-lhs-93751.html |date=27 September 2019 |access-date=20 September 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>


Since the 28th of February, 2022 special passenger trains carrying refugees from Ukraine, during their highest influx following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion on their country]], were ran on the line to Olkusz, where a tent town has been established to accommodate them before they continue travel by standard gauge rail or by road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolejowy |first=Kurier |title=Specjalny pociąg z uchodźcami z Ukrainy dotarł dzisiaj po szerokim torze do Olkusza (video) |url=https://kurier-kolejowy.pl/aktualnosci/39729/specjalny-pociag-z-uchodzcami-z-ukrainy-dotarl-dzisiaj-po-szerokim-torze-do-olkusza--video.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=kurier-kolejowy.pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mocny |first1=Paweł |title=Aż 1800 uchodźców przyjechało do Olkusza. |url=https://olkusz.naszemiasto.pl/az-1800-uchodzcow-przyjechalo-do-olkusza-jako-pierwsi/ar/c1-8711093 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
Since 28 February 2022, special passenger trains carrying refugees from Ukraine, during their highest influx following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion on their country]], were run on the line to Olkusz, where a [[Tent city|tent town]] has been established to accommodate them before they continue travel by standard gauge rail or by road.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolejowy |first=Kurier |title=Specjalny pociąg z uchodźcami z Ukrainy dotarł dzisiaj po szerokim torze do Olkusza (video) |url=https://kurier-kolejowy.pl/aktualnosci/39729/specjalny-pociag-z-uchodzcami-z-ukrainy-dotarl-dzisiaj-po-szerokim-torze-do-olkusza--video.html |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=kurier-kolejowy.pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mocny |first1=Paweł |title=Aż 1800 uchodźców przyjechało do Olkusza. |url=https://olkusz.naszemiasto.pl/az-1800-uchodzcow-przyjechalo-do-olkusza-jako-pierwsi/ar/c1-8711093 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>


==Names==
==Names==
The original, 1970s name was {{lang|pl|Linia Hutniczo-Siarkowa}} (''Metallurgy-Sulfur Line''), shortened to ''LHS''.
The original, 1970s name was {{lang|pl|Linia Hutniczo-Siarkowa}} (''Metallurgy-Sulphur Line''), shortened to ''LHS''.


Sometime in the 1990s, the name was changed to {{lang|pl|Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}} (''Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line''). The new name retained the well-established acronym ''LHS'' but dropped the ''Sulfur'' part, as sulfur is no longer traded between Poland and the East.
Sometime in the 1990s, the name was changed to {{lang|pl|Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa}} (''Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line''). The new name retained the well-established acronym ''LHS'' but dropped the ''Sulphur'' part, as sulphur is no longer traded between Poland and the East.


==Facilities and rolling stock==
==Facilities and rolling stock==
There are 10 goods stations on the line: Hrubieszów LHS, Zamość Bortatycze LHS, Szczebrzeszyn LHS, Zwierzyniec Towarowy, Biłgoraj LHS, Wola Baranowska LHS, Staszów LHS, Gołuchów LHS, Sędziszów LHS, Sławków LHS. There is a [[bogie exchange]] facility at Sędziszów LHS and a [[SUW 2000]] [[variable gauge|gauge changing facility]] at Zamość Bortatycze LHS. Zamość Bortatycze LHS is also home to a locomotive depot and at Sędziszów LHS there is a wagon depot. There are two sidings: one at Sławków LHS to the iron ore unloading facility, owned and operated by Katowice Steelworks, and another, unused since 1994, at Grzybów to the Siarkopol sulfur mine. In 1990s there existed also two passenger stations at Zamość Północny and Olkusz.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=38}} Near the Sławków LHS station there exists Euroterminal Sławków, a major intermodal terminal, owned and operated by [[PKP Cargo]].{{sfn|Graff|2019|pp=41–43}} It is the westernmost point of the Russian gauge railway network.
There are 10 goods stations on the line: Hrubieszów LHS, Zamość Bortatycze LHS, Szczebrzeszyn LHS, Zwierzyniec Towarowy, Biłgoraj LHS, Wola Baranowska LHS, Staszów LHS, Gołuchów LHS, Sędziszów LHS, Sławków LHS. There is a [[bogie exchange]] facility at Sędziszów LHS and a [[SUW 2000]] [[variable gauge|gauge changing facility]] at Zamość Bortatycze LHS. Zamość Bortatycze LHS is also home to a locomotive depot and at Sędziszów LHS there is a wagon depot. There are two sidings: one at Sławków LHS to the iron ore unloading facility, owned and operated by Katowice Steelworks, and another, unused since 1994, at Grzybów to the Siarkopol sulfur mine. In the 1990s there existed also two passenger stations at Zamość Północny and Olkusz.{{sfn|Graff|2019|p=38}} Near the Sławków LHS station there exists Euroterminal Sławków, a major intermodal terminal, owned and operated by [[PKP Cargo]].{{sfn|Graff|2019|pp=41–43}} It is the westernmost point of the Russian gauge railway network.


A new goods station is being built on the site of former passenger stop Zamość Północ, to be named Zamość Majdan.<ref name="Majdan">{{cite news |first=Łukasz |last=Malinowski |title=PKP LHS: Rosną przewozy intermodalne z Chin |trans-title=PKP LHS: Growth in intermodal transport from China |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/pkp-lhs-rosna-przewozy-intermodalne-z-chin-104503.html |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>
A new goods station is being built on the site of former passenger stop Zamość Północ, to be named Zamość Majdan.<ref name="Majdan">{{cite news |first=Łukasz |last=Malinowski |title=PKP LHS: Rosną przewozy intermodalne z Chin |trans-title=PKP LHS: Growth in intermodal transport from China |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/pkp-lhs-rosna-przewozy-intermodalne-z-chin-104503.html |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=20 September 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>
Line 116: Line 117:
| Sędziszów LHS || {{yes C}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no|Bogie exchange facility, wagon depot, no other facilities}} || {{coord|50.578|N|20.091|E|name=Sędziszów LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
| Sędziszów LHS || {{yes C}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no|Bogie exchange facility, wagon depot, no other facilities}} || {{coord|50.578|N|20.091|E|name=Sędziszów LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
|-
|-
| Olkusz LHS (under construction){{fact|date=July 2022}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{coord|50.289|N|19.604|E|Name=Olkusz LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
| Olkusz LHS (under construction){{fact|date=July 2022}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{no X}} || {{coord|50.289|N|19.604|E|name=Olkusz LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
|-
|-
| Sławków LHS || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || Bonded warehouses, facilities for handling liquefied gases, liquid fuels, semitrailers and lorries [[Piggyback (transportation)#Rail|piggybacked]] on flat wagons || {{coord|50.275|N|19.365|E|name=Sławków LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
| Sławków LHS || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || {{yes C}} || Bonded warehouses, facilities for handling liquefied gases, liquid fuels, semitrailers and lorries [[Piggyback (transportation)#Rail|piggybacked]] on flat wagons || {{coord|50.275|N|19.365|E|name=Sławków LHS station|dim:5000_type:railwaystation}}
Line 128: Line 129:


==Future proposals==
==Future proposals==
*Electrification at 25&nbsp;kV AC (system to be used on the connecting Ukrainian railway line) or 3&nbsp;kV DC (nationwide system in Poland).<ref name="RK2019">{{cite news |first=Michał |last=Szymajda |title=Do końca roku analizy wskażą, czy elektryfikować LHS |trans-title=By end of year analysis will show if LHS should be electrified |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/do-konca-roku-analizy-wskaza-czy-elektryfikowac-lhs-93407.html |work=Rynek Kolejowy |date=6 September 2019 |lang=pl }}</ref> The section from the border to {{ill|Hrubieszów LHS|lt=Hrubieszów|pl}} is to be electrified first in conjunction with the electrification of the connecting border – Izov – Kovel line in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=8 May 2021 |title=Electrification to increase Ukraine – Poland iron ore export capacity |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/electrification-to-increase-ukraine-poland-iron-ore-export-capacity/59068.article |work=Railway Gazette International |url-access=registration |via=<!--http://www.railpage.com.au/news/s/electrification-to-increase-ukraine-poland-iron-ore-export-capacity--> |quote=In conjunction with the UZ scheme, Poland has agreed to electrify its 3 km section of the route from the border to Hrubieszów. }}</ref> Despite the Polish standard voltage being 3kV DC, the broad-gauge lines in Poland should choose 25kV 50Hz AC to avoid inconvenient voltage change requirement. This situation cannot cope for Kosice-Vienna broad-gauge line which requiring voltage change twice (from Kyiv to Vienna, 25kV AC-3kV DC-25kV AC).
*Electrification - The section from the border to {{ill|Hrubieszów LHS|lt=Hrubieszów|pl}} is to be electrified first in conjunction with the electrification of the connecting border – Izov – Kovel line in Ukraine.<ref name="RK2019">{{cite news |last=Szymajda |first=Michał |date=6 September 2019 |title=Do końca roku analizy wskażą, czy elektryfikować LHS |trans-title=By end of year analysis will show if LHS should be electrified |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/do-konca-roku-analizy-wskaza-czy-elektryfikowac-lhs-93407.html |work=Rynek Kolejowy |lang=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=8 May 2021 |title=Electrification to increase Ukraine – Poland iron ore export capacity |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/electrification-to-increase-ukraine-poland-iron-ore-export-capacity/59068.article |url-access=registration |work=Railway Gazette International |via=<!--http://www.railpage.com.au/news/s/electrification-to-increase-ukraine-poland-iron-ore-export-capacity--> |quote=In conjunction with the UZ scheme, Poland has agreed to electrify its 3 km section of the route from the border to Hrubieszów.}}</ref> Will be electrified at either 25kV AC (as on connecting lines in Ukraine), or at 3kV DC (the Polish national standard)
*Track doubling on the entire route.
*Track doubling on the entire route.
*Siding lengthening on the every stations and yards.
*Siding lengthening on the every stations and yards.
*Rebuild overhead bridges (to make wider and higher clearances) and realignment of the adjacent standard gauge tracks.
*Rebuild overhead bridges (to make wider and higher clearances) and realignment of the adjacent standard gauge tracks.
*A roughly 80 kilometer long extension through the [[Upper Silesian Industrial Region]] from {{ill|Sławków Południowy LHS|lt=Sławków|pl}} to [[Gliwice]] or [[Kędzierzyn-Koźle]], together with a proposed {{ill|Danube–Odra–Elbe Canal|pl|Kanał Odra-Dunaj-Łaba}} which would allow transshipment through inland waterways. {{r|RK2019}} Eventually as far to Hamburg, Rotterdam and Amsterdam. {{fact|date=July 2022}}
*A roughly 80 kilometer long extension through the [[Upper Silesian Industrial Region]] from {{ill|Sławków Południowy LHS|lt=Sławków|pl}} to [[Gliwice]] or [[Kędzierzyn-Koźle]], together with a proposed {{ill|Danube–Odra–Elbe Canal|pl|Kanał Odra-Dunaj-Łaba}} which would allow transshipment through inland waterways.{{r|RK2019}}
*New intermodal terminals.{{r|RK2019}} One will be built at {{ill|Wola Baranowska LHS|lt=Wola Baranowska|pl}}.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=State aid approved for a transshipment terminal in Poland |url=https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/state-aid-approved-for-a-transshipment-terminal-in-poland/ |work=Railway PRO |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
*New intermodal terminals.{{r|RK2019}} One will be built at {{ill|Wola Baranowska LHS|lt=Wola Baranowska|pl}}.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=State aid approved for a transshipment terminal in Poland |url=https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/state-aid-approved-for-a-transshipment-terminal-in-poland/ |work=Railway PRO |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref>
*Acquisition of 200 80-ft container flat wagons.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jakub |last=Madrjas |title=PKP LHS chce kupić 200 wagonów do przewozu kontenerów |trans-title=PKP LHS wants to buy 200 container wagons |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/pkp-lhs-chce-kupic-200-wagonow-do-przewozu-kontenerow-102059.html |work=Rynek Kolejowy |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>
*Acquisition of 200 80ft container flat wagons.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jakub |last=Madrjas |title=PKP LHS chce kupić 200 wagonów do przewozu kontenerów |trans-title=PKP LHS wants to buy 200 container wagons |url=https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/pkp-lhs-chce-kupic-200-wagonow-do-przewozu-kontenerow-102059.html |work=Rynek Kolejowy |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=25 April 2021 |lang=pl }}</ref>
<!--all new entries into this section *must* be sourced, unsourced claims of plans to build new trans-European broad-gauge lines, a tunnel under Atlantic Ocean, an intermodal rocket spaceport, etc, will be removed-->
<!--all new entries into this section *must* be sourced, unsourced claims of plans to build new trans-European broad-gauge lines, a tunnel under Atlantic Ocean, an intermodal rocket spaceport, etc, will be removed-->


⚫
===Proposed route extension===
{{fact|date=July 2022}}
*Slawkow - Gliwice - Gorlitz - Jena - Paderborn - Oberhausen - Emmerich - Amsterdam
**Reconstruction of [[Betuweroute]] (to Rotterdam)
**branch to Hamburg
*Ukrainian border - Chelm - Lublin - Bialystok - Suwalki - Mockai (Lithuania)
**branch to Gdansk Port
**Lublin - Kalisz - Berlin



===Proposed upgrade technical specifications===
===Proposed upgrade technical specifications===
Line 154: Line 144:
*Minimum track center spacing: 4.7m (for the straight lines)
*Minimum track center spacing: 4.7m (for the straight lines)
*Minimum length of the sidings/passing loops: 1500m
*Minimum length of the sidings/passing loops: 1500m

⚫
===Proposed new lines===

No concrete plans whatsoever have been made to build these lines, however they have been suggested in various publications.

*Line 65 extension: Sławków - Gliwice - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Görlitz - Oberhausen
*Line 63: Dorohusk - Chelm - Zawadowka - Lublin - Warsaw - Gdansk - Karlskrona - Kalmar - Oskarshamn - Stockholm <ref>{{cite web |title=Poland to revive another broad gauge railway |url=https://www.railfreight.com/railfreight/2020/06/18/poland-to-revive-another-broad-gauge-railway/#:~:text=Line%2063,its%20troops%20deployed%20in%20Poland. |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 17:37, 27 October 2024

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line
ST40s on LHS
ST40s on the Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line.
Overview
OwnerPKP LHS Sp. z o.o.
LocaleSouthern Poland
Termini
Stations6
WebsiteOfficial website
Service
TypeFreight
SystemS64/R65 (main)
UIC60
Services1
Route number65
Operator(s)PKP LHS Sp. z o.o.
History
Commenced15 November 1976 (1976-11-15)
Opened30 November 1979 (1979-11-30)
Technical
Line length394.65 km (245.22 mi)
Track length600 km (372.82 mi)
Number of tracksSingle track
Track gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Russian gauge
ElectrificationNo
Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph)
LHS in Poland
legend
  • 1 State border
  • 2 Hrubieszów
  • 3 Zamość
  • 4 Biłgoraj
  • 5 Nisko
  • 6 Wola Baranowska
  • 7 Staszów
  • 8 Grzybów
  • 9 Sędziszów
  • 10 Kępie
  • 11 Zarzecze
  • 12 Sławków

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line (Polish: Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, LHS) is the longest broad gauge railway line in Poland.

Except for this line and a few very short stretches near border crossings, Poland uses standard gauge. The single-track line runs for almost 400 km from the Polish-Ukrainian border crossing, just east of Hrubieszów, to Sławków Południowy (near Katowice). It is used only for freight, mainly iron ore (more than 50% of the volume of all goods transported), coal, petrochemical products, minerals and timber.[1] It is the westernmost direct connection to the broad-gauge network of the former Soviet Union.

The line is designated by the national railway infrastructure manager PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe as line number 65 and operated by a dedicated company PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa which serves both as the infrastructure manager and traffic operator.[2]

History

[edit]

In the 1970s the new giant Katowice Steelworks, then in its most prosperous period, required great quantities of iron ore. The main source was mines near Kryvyi Rih (then in the USSR, now in Ukraine), from where it was transported by rail via Medyka, Przemyśl, and Tarnów to Jaworzno Szczakowa. This line had inadequate capacity to carry the traffic.

The Polish State Railways PKP considered two options: to expand existing transshipment facilities at the border (the break of gauge point) and to upgrade existing railway line to three or even four tracks to allow more freight to be carried, or to build a new broad-gauge line to ease transit across the border. The latter was chosen, the advantages cited were that the newly-designed line could be built to accommodate the heaviest trains allowed to run on broad gauge network, there would be no need for an unfreezing facility at the border (in winters ore arrived frozen solid, presenting a challenge at the transshipment facility) and PKP needed not to use its own wagons to transport the goods on the Polish network as the Soviet wagons would be used for the entire transport.[3] A broad gauge line with direct connection to the Soviet railway network also was of strategic importance, allowing Soviet troops to be quickly deployed closer to the Iron Curtain.[4] The new line was designed by CBSiPBK (Central Bureau for Railway Construction Designs and Studies) in Warsaw, Józef Skorupski was the general designer, Twenty-one other design bureaus, eight geological companies and three technical universities took part in the project.

The line was built partly alongside existing standard-gauge lines which facilitated the construction works.[3] To save costs, the line was routed through Roztocze National Park despite intensive lobbying by the park management.[5]

The line opened in 1979 and was used to import iron ore from the USSR and export coal and sulphur. After the fall of communism and the economic changes of 1989, traffic greatly diminished. In 1994 export of sulphur stopped.[4] Various schemes are being tried to increase its profitability, such as offering transport and forwarding services to all interested customers, leasing of commercial space and some rolling stock maintenance.[6]

In the 1990s the LHS line was used by long-distance passenger trains to Russia and Ukraine. Initially, it was one pair of fast trains from Moscow to Olkusz, running every other day. In 1993, two pairs of trains Lviv – Zamość North [pl] and Moscow – Zamość North were added. In 1994, passenger trains on the LHS line ran only once a week on the route Kharkiv – Olkusz. Since the mid-90s, passenger trains have run sporadically as special trains.[7]

In 2001 a new company within the PKP group, PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, was established to manage the line.[8]

On 5 January 2020 the first intermodal container train from China used the line to reach the Sławków terminal, after traveling the 9,477 km (5,889 mi) route from Xi'an via Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine over 12 days.[9] The company operating the line hopes that regular connections with China are established, taking advantage of the fact that its wide-gauge permits quick crossing of the border between Poland and Ukraine.

The company is in the process of installing warning lights (and, in some cases, barriers) at level crossings, extending the Hrubieszów LHS station and upgrading the train control systems. The works are due to be completed by the end of 2025.[10][11]

Since 28 February 2022, special passenger trains carrying refugees from Ukraine, during their highest influx following the Russian invasion on their country, were run on the line to Olkusz, where a tent town has been established to accommodate them before they continue travel by standard gauge rail or by road.[12][13]

Names

[edit]

The original, 1970s name was Linia Hutniczo-Siarkowa (Metallurgy-Sulphur Line), shortened to LHS.

Sometime in the 1990s, the name was changed to Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa (Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line). The new name retained the well-established acronym LHS but dropped the Sulphur part, as sulphur is no longer traded between Poland and the East.

Facilities and rolling stock

[edit]

There are 10 goods stations on the line: Hrubieszów LHS, Zamość Bortatycze LHS, Szczebrzeszyn LHS, Zwierzyniec Towarowy, Biłgoraj LHS, Wola Baranowska LHS, Staszów LHS, Gołuchów LHS, Sędziszów LHS, Sławków LHS. There is a bogie exchange facility at Sędziszów LHS and a SUW 2000 gauge changing facility at Zamość Bortatycze LHS. Zamość Bortatycze LHS is also home to a locomotive depot and at Sędziszów LHS there is a wagon depot. There are two sidings: one at Sławków LHS to the iron ore unloading facility, owned and operated by Katowice Steelworks, and another, unused since 1994, at Grzybów to the Siarkopol sulfur mine. In the 1990s there existed also two passenger stations at Zamość Północny and Olkusz.[7] Near the Sławków LHS station there exists Euroterminal Sławków, a major intermodal terminal, owned and operated by PKP Cargo.[14] It is the westernmost point of the Russian gauge railway network.

A new goods station is being built on the site of former passenger stop Zamość Północ, to be named Zamość Majdan.[10]

Stations[15][16]
Station Standard gauge siding Customs Container facility Warehouse Other facilities / notes Location
Hrubieszów LHS Yes Yes No No Border checkpoint, phytosanitary and veterinary checkpoint 50°47′28″N 23°55′05″E / 50.791°N 23.918°E / 50.791; 23.918 (Hrubieszów LHS station)
Zamość Majdan LHS Under construction 50°44′42″N 23°16′01″E / 50.745°N 23.267°E / 50.745; 23.267 (Zamość Majdan LHS station)
Zamość Bortatycze LHS Yes No Yes No SUW 2000 gauge changing facility, locomotive depot 50°44′28″N 23°11′10″E / 50.741°N 23.186°E / 50.741; 23.186 (Zamość Bortatycze LHS station)
Szczebrzeszyn LHS No No Yes Yes Handling of all types of cargo except liquid fuels and dangerous goods 50°40′05″N 22°58′23″E / 50.668°N 22.973°E / 50.668; 22.973 (Szczebrzeszyn LHS station)
Biłgoraj LHS No No No No Handling of all types of cargo except dangerous, flammable and toxic goods 50°33′07″N 22°43′59″E / 50.552°N 22.733°E / 50.552; 22.733 (Biłgoraj LHS station)
Wola Baranowska LHS Yes No Yes No Bonded warehouse 50°26′02″N 21°34′01″E / 50.434°N 21.567°E / 50.434; 21.567 (Wola Baranowska LHS station)
Staszów LHS Yes No No No 50°33′00″N 21°09′29″E / 50.550°N 21.158°E / 50.550; 21.158 (Staszów LHS station)
Grzybów LHS No No No No Siding to Siarkopol sulfur mine (unused), no other facilities 50°31′48″N 21°03′25″E / 50.530°N 21.057°E / 50.530; 21.057 (Grzybów LHS station)
Gołuchów LHS Yes No No No Liquefied gases handling facility 50°36′40″N 20°39′29″E / 50.611°N 20.658°E / 50.611; 20.658 (Gołuchów LHS station)
Sędziszów LHS Yes No No No Bogie exchange facility, wagon depot, no other facilities 50°34′41″N 20°05′28″E / 50.578°N 20.091°E / 50.578; 20.091 (Sędziszów LHS station)
Olkusz LHS (under construction)[citation needed] No No No No No 50°17′20″N 19°36′14″E / 50.289°N 19.604°E / 50.289; 19.604 (Olkusz LHS station)
Sławków LHS Yes Yes Yes Yes Bonded warehouses, facilities for handling liquefied gases, liquid fuels, semitrailers and lorries piggybacked on flat wagons 50°16′30″N 19°21′54″E / 50.275°N 19.365°E / 50.275; 19.365 (Sławków LHS station)
Euroterminal Sławków Yes Yes Yes Yes Bonded warehouse, facilities for handling liquid chemicals, metallurgical products, pig iron, glass, semitrailers piggybacked on flat wagons 50°16′55″N 19°18′32″E / 50.282°N 19.309°E / 50.282; 19.309 (Euroterminal Sławków)
All stations are equipped to handle granular bulk cargo, breakbulk cargo and timber, except as indicated by "no other facilities".

LHS owns a number of M62 (classed ST44) and TEM2 (classed SM48) diesel locomotives, a number of them underwent comprehensive rebuilding to types 311Da (classed ST40s) and 16D (classed ST48), respectively. The company owns a number of wagons but mostly operates rolling stock by foreign customers (Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian).[17]

Future proposals

[edit]
  • Electrification - The section from the border to Hrubieszów [pl] is to be electrified first in conjunction with the electrification of the connecting border – Izov – Kovel line in Ukraine.[18][19] Will be electrified at either 25kV AC (as on connecting lines in Ukraine), or at 3kV DC (the Polish national standard)
  • Track doubling on the entire route.
  • Siding lengthening on the every stations and yards.
  • Rebuild overhead bridges (to make wider and higher clearances) and realignment of the adjacent standard gauge tracks.
  • A roughly 80 kilometer long extension through the Upper Silesian Industrial Region from Sławków [pl] to Gliwice or Kędzierzyn-Koźle, together with a proposed Danube–Odra–Elbe Canal [pl] which would allow transshipment through inland waterways.[18]
  • New intermodal terminals.[18] One will be built at Wola Baranowska [pl].[20]
  • Acquisition of 200 80ft container flat wagons.[21]

Proposed upgrade technical specifications

[edit]
  • Electrification voltage: 25kV 50Hz AC overhead lines
  • Minimum overhead wiring height: 6.75m above rail
  • Normal overhead wiring height: 7.1m above rail
  • Minimum track center spacing: 4.7m (for the straight lines)
  • Minimum length of the sidings/passing loops: 1500m

Proposed new lines

[edit]

No concrete plans whatsoever have been made to build these lines, however they have been suggested in various publications.

  • Line 65 extension: Sławków - Gliwice - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Görlitz - Oberhausen
  • Line 63: Dorohusk - Chelm - Zawadowka - Lublin - Warsaw - Gdansk - Karlskrona - Kalmar - Oskarshamn - Stockholm [22]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sala 2021, p. 90.
  2. ^ "Infrastructure managers".
  3. ^ a b Graff 2019, p. 36.
  4. ^ a b Sala 2021, p. 87.
  5. ^ Wojciechowski, Krzysztof (March 2005). "Szerokie tory w parku" [Broad gauge track in park]. Dzikie Życie (in Polish). Vol. 11, no. 3/129.
  6. ^ Graff 2019, p. 40.
  7. ^ a b Graff 2019, p. 38.
  8. ^ Sala 2021, p. 88.
  9. ^ Dziennik Zachodni, 6 January 2020. Pierwszy pociąg z Chin wjechał do Polski szerokim torem LHS bez przeładunku na granicy. Wczoraj dotarł do stacji końcowej Sławków LHS
  10. ^ a b Malinowski, Łukasz (20 September 2021). "PKP LHS: Rosną przewozy intermodalne z Chin" [PKP LHS: Growth in intermodal transport from China] (in Polish). Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  11. ^ "Nowa sygnalizacja na przejazdach kolejowo-drogowych PKP LHS" [New warning lights at PKP LHS level crossings] (in Polish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  12. ^ Kolejowy, Kurier. "Specjalny pociąg z uchodźcami z Ukrainy dotarł dzisiaj po szerokim torze do Olkusza (video)". kurier-kolejowy.pl. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  13. ^ Mocny, Paweł. "Aż 1800 uchodźców przyjechało do Olkusza". Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  14. ^ Graff 2019, pp. 41–43.
  15. ^ "Stations". LHS (in Polish). Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  16. ^ "Offer". Euroterminal Sławków. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  17. ^ Graff 2019, pp. 38, 43–44.
  18. ^ a b c Szymajda, Michał (6 September 2019). "Do końca roku analizy wskażą, czy elektryfikować LHS" [By end of year analysis will show if LHS should be electrified]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish).
  19. ^ "Electrification to increase Ukraine – Poland iron ore export capacity". Railway Gazette International. 8 May 2021. In conjunction with the UZ scheme, Poland has agreed to electrify its 3 km section of the route from the border to Hrubieszów.
  20. ^ "State aid approved for a transshipment terminal in Poland". Railway PRO. 6 May 2020.
  21. ^ Madrjas, Jakub (19 April 2021). "PKP LHS chce kupić 200 wagonów do przewozu kontenerów" [PKP LHS wants to buy 200 container wagons]. Rynek Kolejowy (in Polish). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Poland to revive another broad gauge railway". 18 June 2020.
[edit]
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