Jump to content

1937 in literature: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Overview of the events of 1937 in literature}}
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1937|literature|poetry}}
{{Year nav topic5|1937|literature|poetry}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2020}}
Line 14: Line 14:
*June
*June
**The British [[science fiction magazine]] ''[[Tales of Wonder (magazine)|Tales of Wonder]]'' first appears.
**The British [[science fiction magazine]] ''[[Tales of Wonder (magazine)|Tales of Wonder]]'' first appears.
**[[John Cowper Powys]] visits [[Sycharth]], birthplace of [[Owain Glyndŵr]], which inspires his [[1940 in literature|1940]] novel ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]].<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.powys-lannion.net/Powys/Keith/OGcompanion.pdf |first=W. J. |last=Keith |title=Owen Glendower: a Reader's Companion |page=40 |date=July 2007}}</ref>
**[[John Cowper Powys]] visits [[Sycharth]], birthplace of [[Owain Glyndŵr]], which inspires his [[1940 in literature|1940]] novel ''[[Owen Glendower (novel)|Owen Glendower]]''.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.powys-lannion.net/Powys/Keith/OGcompanion.pdf |first=W. J. |last=Keith |title=Owen Glendower: a Reader's Companion |page=40 |date=July 2007}}</ref>
*[[June 30]] – ''[[The New England Quarterly]]'' prints poems by a [[colonial America]]n pastor, [[Edward Taylor]] (died [[1729 in literature|1729]]), discovered by Thomas H. Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSxhAAAAIAAJ&dq=new+england+quarterly+10+%281937%29&pg=RA1-PA198|title=Catalog of Copyright Entries: Periodicals|first=Library of Congress Copyright|last=Office|date=April 29, 1937|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*[[June 30]] – ''[[The New England Quarterly]]'' prints poems by a [[colonial America]]n pastor, [[Edward Taylor]] (died [[1729 in literature|1729]]), discovered by Thomas H. Johnson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSxhAAAAIAAJ&dq=new+england+quarterly+10+%281937%29&pg=RA1-PA198|title=Catalog of Copyright Entries: Periodicals|first=Library of Congress Copyright|last=Office|date=April 29, 1937|via=Google Books}}</ref>
*Summer – American-born writer [[Thomas Quinn Curtiss]] meets German-born novelist [[Klaus Mann]] in Europe and they start a relationship.
*Summer – American-born writer [[Thomas Quinn Curtiss]] meets German-born novelist [[Klaus Mann]] in Europe and they start a relationship.
Line 22: Line 22:
**The American academic librarian [[Randolph Greenfield Adams]] writes a controversial ''[[Library Quarterly]]'' essay, "Librarians as Enemies of Books", complaining of librarians downgrading books and scholarship in favor of other tasks.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Adams, Randolph Greenfield |encyclopedia=Dictionary of American Library Biography |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |last=Kaser |first=David |editor=Wynar, Bohdan S. |year=1978 |location=Littleton, CO |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Randolph Greenfield Adams |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of American Biography]] |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1977}}</ref>
**The American academic librarian [[Randolph Greenfield Adams]] writes a controversial ''[[Library Quarterly]]'' essay, "Librarians as Enemies of Books", complaining of librarians downgrading books and scholarship in favor of other tasks.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Adams, Randolph Greenfield |encyclopedia=Dictionary of American Library Biography |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |last=Kaser |first=David |editor=Wynar, Bohdan S. |year=1978 |location=Littleton, CO |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Randolph Greenfield Adams |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of American Biography]] |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1977}}</ref>
*[[July 4]] – ''[[Lost Colony (play)|The Lost Colony]]'' a historical drama by [[Paul Green (playwright)|Paul Green]], is first performed at an outdoor theater in the place where it is set: [[Roanoke Island]], [[North Carolina]].
*[[July 4]] – ''[[Lost Colony (play)|The Lost Colony]]'' a historical drama by [[Paul Green (playwright)|Paul Green]], is first performed at an outdoor theater in the place where it is set: [[Roanoke Island]], [[North Carolina]].
*[[July 31]] – [[Stephen Vincent Benét]]'s [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] short story "[[By the Waters of Babylon]]", inspired by April's [[Bombing of Guernica]], is published in the U.S. ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' as "The Place of the Gods".
*[[July 31]] – [[Stephen Vincent Benét]]'s [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] short story ''[[By the Waters of Babylon]]'', inspired by April's [[Bombing of Guernica]], is published in the U.S. ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'' as "The Place of the Gods".
*[[September 10]] – The Soviet playwright [[Sergei Tretyakov (writer)|Sergei Tretyakov]] commits suicide while under sentence of death at [[Butyrka prison]] in Moscow as part of the [[Great Purge]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leach |chapter=Introduction |title=I Want a Baby |editor=Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich |year=1995 |publisher=University of Birmingham |series=Studies in drama and dance |isbn=0704416204}}</ref>
*[[September 10]] – The Soviet playwright [[Sergei Tretyakov (writer)|Sergei Tretyakov]] commits suicide while under sentence of death at [[Butyrka prison]] in Moscow as part of the [[Great Purge]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Leach |chapter=Introduction |title=I Want a Baby |editor=Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich |year=1995 |publisher=University of Birmingham |series=Studies in drama and dance |isbn=0704416204}}</ref>
*[[September 21]] – [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[juvenile fantasy]] novel ''[[The Hobbit|The Hobbit, or There and Back Again]]'' is published in England by George Allen & Unwin on the recommendation of young [[Rayner Unwin]].
*[[September 21]] – [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s [[juvenile fantasy]] novel ''[[The Hobbit|The Hobbit, or There and Back Again]]'' is published in England by George Allen & Unwin on the recommendation of young [[Rayner Unwin]].
Line 30: Line 30:
**BBC Television broadcasts ''[[Journey's End]]'' by [[R. C. Sherriff]], 1928, set on the [[Western Front (World War I)]] in 1918, as the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play. [[Reginald Tate]] plays the lead, having long performed it in the theater.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Televised Drama – ''Journey's End'' |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=1937-11-12 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=British Television: An Illustrated Guide |first=Tise |last=Vahimagi |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press; [[British Film Institute]] |isbn=0-19-818336-4 |page=8}}</ref>
**BBC Television broadcasts ''[[Journey's End]]'' by [[R. C. Sherriff]], 1928, set on the [[Western Front (World War I)]] in 1918, as the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play. [[Reginald Tate]] plays the lead, having long performed it in the theater.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Televised Drama – ''Journey's End'' |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |date=1937-11-12 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=British Television: An Illustrated Guide |first=Tise |last=Vahimagi |year=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press; [[British Film Institute]] |isbn=0-19-818336-4 |page=8}}</ref>
**''[[Caesar (Mercury Theatre)|Caesar]]'', [[Orson Welles]]'s modern-dress bare-stage adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', premieres as the first production of the [[Mercury Theatre]] in New York City.
**''[[Caesar (Mercury Theatre)|Caesar]]'', [[Orson Welles]]'s modern-dress bare-stage adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', premieres as the first production of the [[Mercury Theatre]] in New York City.
*[[December 21]] – [[Dr. Seuss]]'s first book, ''[[And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street]]'', is published by [[Vanguard Press]].
*''unknown dates''
*''unknown dates''
**The [[National Library of Iran]] is inaugurated in [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sant Ram Bhatia|title=Indian Librarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HYVAAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Indian Librarian|page=15}}</ref>
**The [[National Library of Iran]] is inaugurated in [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sant Ram Bhatia|title=Indian Librarian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HYVAAAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Indian Librarian|page=15}}</ref>
Line 37: Line 38:
===Fiction===
===Fiction===
*[[Felix Aderca]] – ''Orașele înecate'' (Sunken Cities)
*[[Felix Aderca]] – ''Orașele înecate'' (Sunken Cities)
*Shakib al-Jabiri – ''al-Naham'' (Greed)
*[[Eric Ambler]] – ''[[Uncommon Danger]]''
*[[Eric Ambler]] – ''[[Uncommon Danger]]''
*[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] – ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' (চাঁদের পাহড়, Mountain of the Moon)
*[[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]] – ''[[Chander Pahar]]'' (চাঁদের পাহড়, Mountain of the Moon)
Line 42: Line 44:
*[[Anthony Berkeley Cox|Anthony Berkeley]] – ''[[Trial and Error (novel)|Trial and Error]]''
*[[Anthony Berkeley Cox|Anthony Berkeley]] – ''[[Trial and Error (novel)|Trial and Error]]''
*[[Georges Bernanos]] – ''[[Mouchette (novel)|Mouchette]]''
*[[Georges Bernanos]] – ''[[Mouchette (novel)|Mouchette]]''
*[[Ion Biberi]] – ''Oameni în ceață'' (People in the Fog)
*[[Karen Blixen]] – ''[[Out of Africa]]'' (published in US as by Isak Dinesen; published in Denmark as ''Den afrikanske farm'')
*[[Phyllis Bottome]] – ''[[The Mortal Storm (novel)|The Mortal Storm]]''
*[[Phyllis Bottome]] – ''[[The Mortal Storm (novel)|The Mortal Storm]]''
*[[John Bude]] – ''[[The Cheltenham Square Murder]]''
*[[Morley Callaghan]] – ''[[More Joy in Heaven]]''
*[[Morley Callaghan]] – ''[[More Joy in Heaven]]''
*[[John Dickson Carr]] (as Carter Dickson) – ''[[The Ten Teacups]]''
*[[John Dickson Carr]] (as Carter Dickson) – ''[[The Ten Teacups]]''
*[[Agatha Christie]] – [[Hercule Poirot]] stories
*[[Agatha Christie]] – [[Hercule Poirot]] stories
**''[[Death on the Nile]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hercule Poirot {{!}} fictional character {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hercule-Poirot |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=19 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
**''[[Death on the Nile]]''
**''[[Dumb Witness]]''
**''[[Dumb Witness]]''
**''[[Murder in the Mews]]''
**''[[Murder in the Mews]]''
*[[Stuart Cloete]] – ''Turning Wheels''
*[[Stuart Cloete]] – ''Turning Wheels''
*[[J. J. Connington]] – ''[[A Minor Operation]]''
*[[Murray Constantine]] – ''[[Swastika Night]]''
*[[Murray Constantine]] – ''[[Swastika Night]]''
* [[Freeman Wills Crofts]] – ''[[Found Floating]]''
*[[Freeman Wills Crofts]] – ''[[Found Floating]]''
*[[A. J. Cronin]] – ''[[The Citadel (novel)|The Citadel]]''
*[[A. J. Cronin]] – ''[[The Citadel (novel)|The Citadel]]''
*[[James Curtis (author)|James Curtis]] – ''[[There Ain't No Justice (novel)|There Ain't No Justice]]''
*[[James Curtis (British writer)|James Curtis]] – ''[[There Ain't No Justice (novel)|There Ain't No Justice]]''
*[[Ludovic Dauș]] – ''O jumătate de om'' (Half a Man)
*[[Ludovic Dauș]] – ''O jumătate de om'' (Half a Man)
* [[Cecil Day-Lewis]] – ''[[There's Trouble Brewing]]''
*[[Cecil Day-Lewis]] – ''[[There's Trouble Brewing]]''
*[[Isak Dinesen]] – ''[[Out of Africa]]''
*[[Pierre Drieu La Rochelle]] – ''[[Rêveuse bourgeoisie]]''
*[[Pierre Drieu La Rochelle]] – ''[[Rêveuse bourgeoisie]]''
*[[Lawrence Durrell]] (as Charles Norden) – ''[[Panic Spring]]''
*[[Lawrence Durrell]] (as Charles Norden) – ''[[Panic Spring]]''
Line 62: Line 67:
*[[Max Frisch]] – ''[[An Answer from the Silence]] (Antwort aus der Stille)''
*[[Max Frisch]] – ''[[An Answer from the Silence]] (Antwort aus der Stille)''
*[[Zona Gale]] – ''Light Woman''
*[[Zona Gale]] – ''Light Woman''
* [[Anthony Gilbert (author)|Anthony Gilbert]]
*[[Anthony Gilbert (author)|Anthony Gilbert]]
** ''[[The Man Who Wasn't There (Gilbert novel)|The Man Who Wasn't There]]''
**''[[The Man Who Wasn't There (Gilbert novel)|The Man Who Wasn't There]]''
** ''[[Murder Has No Tongue]]''
**''[[Murder Has No Tongue]]''
*[[Witold Gombrowicz]] – ''[[Ferdydurke]]''
*[[Witold Gombrowicz]] – ''[[Ferdydurke]]''
*[[Cyril Hare]] – ''[[Tenant for Death]]''
*[[Sadegh Hedayat]] – ''[[The Blind Owl]]'' (بوف کور, ''Boof-e koor'')
*[[Sadegh Hedayat]] – ''[[The Blind Owl]]'' (بوف کور, ''Boof-e koor'')
*[[Ernest Hemingway]] – ''[[To Have and Have Not]]''
*[[Ernest Hemingway]] – ''[[To Have and Have Not]]''
Line 72: Line 78:
*[[Zora Neale Hurston]] – ''[[Their Eyes Were Watching God]]''
*[[Zora Neale Hurston]] – ''[[Their Eyes Were Watching God]]''
*[[Michael Innes]] – ''[[Hamlet, Revenge!]]''
*[[Michael Innes]] – ''[[Hamlet, Revenge!]]''
* [[Margaret Irwin]] – ''[[The Stranger Prince]]''
* [[Margaret Irwin (novelist)|Margaret Irwin]] – ''[[The Stranger Prince]]''
*[[Franz Kafka]] (posthumously translated by [[Willa Muir|Willa]] and [[Edwin Muir]]) – ''[[The Trial]]'' (first English translation of ''Der Process'')
*[[Franz Kafka]] (posthumously translated by [[Willa Muir|Willa]] and [[Edwin Muir]]) – ''[[The Trial]]'' (first English translation of ''Der Process'')
*[[Irmgard Keun]] – ''[[After Midnight (Keun novel)|After Midnight]]'' (''Nach Mitternacht'')
*[[Irmgard Keun]] – ''[[After Midnight (Keun novel)|After Midnight]]'' (''Nach Mitternacht'')
*[[Ronald Knox]] – ''[[Double Cross Purposes]]''
*[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] – ''Kalvaninn Kaadhali''
*[[Kalki Krishnamurthy]] – ''Kalvaninn Kaadhali''
*[[Halldór Laxness]] – ''Ljós heimsins (The Light of the World)'' – Part I, ''Heimsljós (World Light)''
*[[Halldór Laxness]] – ''Ljós heimsins (The Light of the World)'' – Part I, ''Heimsljós (World Light)''
Line 81: Line 88:
**''Mona Lisa''
**''Mona Lisa''
*[[Meyer Levin]] – ''The Old Bunch''
*[[Meyer Levin]] – ''The Old Bunch''
*[[E.C.R. Lorac]]
*[[E. C. R. Lorac]]
**''[[Bats in the Belfry (novel)|Bats in the Belfry]]''
**''[[Bats in the Belfry (novel)|Bats in the Belfry]]''
**''[[These Names Make Clues]]''
**''[[These Names Make Clues]]''
* [[Ngaio Marsh]] – ''[[Vintage Murder]]''
*[[Ngaio Marsh]] – ''[[Vintage Murder]]''
*[[A. E. W. Mason]] – ''[[The Drum (novel)|The Drum]]''
*[[A. E. W. Mason]] – ''[[The Drum (novel)|The Drum]]''
*[[Cameron McCabe]] – ''[[The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor]]''
*[[Cameron McCabe]] – ''[[The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor]]''
Line 98: Line 105:
*[[Ruth Sawyer]] – ''[[Roller Skates]]''
*[[Ruth Sawyer]] – ''[[Roller Skates]]''
*[[Dorothy L. Sayers]] – ''[[Busman's Honeymoon]]''
*[[Dorothy L. Sayers]] – ''[[Busman's Honeymoon]]''
* [[Margery Sharp]] – ''[[The Nutmeg Tree]]''
*[[Bruno Schulz]] – ''[[Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass]] (Sanatorium Pod Klepsydrą)''
*[[Bruno Schulz]] – ''[[Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass]] (Sanatorium Pod Klepsydrą)''
*[[Naoya Shiga]] (志賀 直哉) – ''[[A Dark Night's Passing]] (暗夜行路, An'ya Kōro)''
*[[Naoya Shiga]] (志賀 直哉) – ''[[A Dark Night's Passing]] (暗夜行路, An'ya Kōro)''
Line 104: Line 112:
*[[John Steinbeck]] – ''[[Of Mice and Men]]''
*[[John Steinbeck]] – ''[[Of Mice and Men]]''
*[[Rex Stout]] – ''[[The Red Box]]''
*[[Rex Stout]] – ''[[The Red Box]]''
*[[Cecil Street]] ''[[Death in the Hopfields]]''
*[[Cecil Street]]
** ''[[Death at the Club]]''
** ''[[Death in the Hopfields]]''
** ''[[Death on the Board]]''
** ''[[Murder in Crown Passage]]''
** ''[[Proceed with Caution]]''
*[[Antal Szerb]] – ''[[Journey by Moonlight (novel)|Journey by Moonlight]] (Utas és holdvilág)''
*[[Antal Szerb]] – ''[[Journey by Moonlight (novel)|Journey by Moonlight]] (Utas és holdvilág)''
*[[Phoebe Atwood Taylor]]
*[[Phoebe Atwood Taylor]]
Line 110: Line 123:
**''Octagon House''
**''Octagon House''
**''[[Beginning with a Bash]]'' (as by Alice Tilton)
**''[[Beginning with a Bash]]'' (as by Alice Tilton)
* [[Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet|Henry Wade]] – ''[[The High Sheriff]]''
*[[Sir Henry Aubrey-Fletcher, 6th Baronet|Henry Wade]] – ''[[The High Sheriff]]''
*[[Mika Waltari]] – ''[[A Stranger Came to the Farm]] (Vieras mies tuli taloon)''
*[[Mika Waltari]] – ''[[A Stranger Came to the Farm]] (Vieras mies tuli taloon)''
*[[Ethel Lina White]] – ''[[The Elephant Never Forgets]]''
*[[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]] – ''[[Descent into Hell (novel)|Descent into Hell]]''
*[[Charles Williams (British writer)|Charles Williams]] – ''[[Descent into Hell (novel)|Descent into Hell]]''
*[[Virginia Woolf]] – ''[[The Years]]''
*[[Virginia Woolf]] – ''[[The Years]]''
Line 127: Line 141:
*[[Arthur Ransome]] – ''[[We Didn't Mean To Go To Sea]]''
*[[Arthur Ransome]] – ''[[We Didn't Mean To Go To Sea]]''
*[[Kate Seredy]] – ''[[The White Stag]]''
*[[Kate Seredy]] – ''[[The White Stag]]''
*[[Dr. Seuss]] – ''[[And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street]]'' (verse)
*[[Dr. Seuss]] – ''[[And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street]]''
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] – ''[[The Hobbit]]''
*[[J. R. R. Tolkien]] – ''[[The Hobbit]]''
*[[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] – ''On the Banks of Plum Creek''
*[[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] – ''On the Banks of Plum Creek''
Line 134: Line 148:
===Drama===
===Drama===
<onlyinclude>
<onlyinclude>
* [[Anthony Armstrong (writer)|Anthony Armstrong]] – ''[[Mile Away Murder]]''
*[[Bertolt Brecht]] with [[Margarete Steffin]] – ''Die Gewehre der Frau Carrar'' (adapted from [[J. M. Synge]]'s ''[[Señora Carrar's Rifles]]'')
*[[Bertolt Brecht]] with [[Margarete Steffin]] – ''Die Gewehre der Frau Carrar'' (adapted from [[J. M. Synge]]'s ''[[Señora Carrar's Rifles]]'')
*[[Karel Čapek]] – ''[[The White Disease]] (Bílá nemoc)''
*[[Karel Čapek]] – ''[[The White Disease]] (Bílá nemoc)''
*[[Paul Vincent Carroll]] – ''Shadow and Substance''
*[[Paul Vincent Carroll]] – ''Shadow and Substance''
*[[Jeffrey Dell]] – ''[[Blondie White]]''
*[[Jeffrey Dell]] – ''[[Blondie White]]''
* [[Reginald Denham]] and [[Edward Percy Smith]] ''[[The Last Straw (play)|The Last Straw]]''
* [[Reginald Denham]] and [[Edward Percy Smith]]
* ''[[The Last Straw (play)|The Last Straw]]''
* ''[[Suspect (play)|Suspect]]''
*[[Ian Hay]] – ''[[The Gusher]]''
*[[Ian Hay]] – ''[[The Gusher]]''
*[[Margaret Kennedy]] – ''[[Autumn (play)|Autumn]]''
*[[Margaret Kennedy]] – ''[[Autumn (play)|Autumn]]''
*[[Arthur Kober]] – ''"Having Wonderful Time"''
*[[Arthur Kober]] – ''"Having Wonderful Time"''
* [[Richard Llewellyn]] – ''[[Poison Pen (play)|Poison Pen]]''
* [[Richard Llewellyn]] – ''[[Poison Pen (play)|Poison Pen]]''
*[[W.P. Lipscomb]] – ''[[Thank You, Mr. Pepys!]]''
*[[Robert McLellan]] – ''Jamie the Saxt''
*[[Robert McLellan]] – ''Jamie the Saxt''
*[[Robert Morley]] – ''[[Goodness, How Sad]]''
*[[Robert Morley]] – ''[[Goodness, How Sad]]''
*[[J. B. Priestley]] – ''[[Time and the Conways]]''
*[[J. B. Priestley]] – ''[[Time and the Conways]]''
*Walter Charles Roberts – ''[[Red Harvest (play)| Red Harvest]]''<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/31/archives/the-play-red-harvest-from-a-diary-of-the-red-cross-at-the-front.html|title=THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War|first=Brooks|last=Atkinson|date=March 31, 1937|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/03/31/94347588.html?pageNumber=29|title=THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*Walter Charles Roberts – ''[[Red Harvest (play)|Red Harvest]]''<ref name="nyt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/03/31/archives/the-play-red-harvest-from-a-diary-of-the-red-cross-at-the-front.html|title=THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War|first=Brooks|last=Atkinson|date=March 31, 1937|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/03/31/94347588.html?pageNumber=29|title=THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War|website=timesmachine.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Gerald Savory]] – ''[[George and Margaret]]''
*[[Gerald Savory]] – ''[[George and Margaret]]''
*[[Dodie Smith]] – ''[[Bonnet Over the Windmill]]''
*[[Dodie Smith]] – ''[[Bonnet Over the Windmill]]''
Line 162: Line 180:
*[[Hilaire Belloc]] – ''The Crusades: the World's Debate''
*[[Hilaire Belloc]] – ''The Crusades: the World's Debate''
*Alf K. Berle and [[L. Sprague de Camp]] – ''[[Inventions and Their Management]]''
*Alf K. Berle and [[L. Sprague de Camp]] – ''[[Inventions and Their Management]]''
*[[Robert Byron]] – ''[[The Road to Oxiana]]''
*[[Robert Byron (travel writer)|Robert Byron]] – ''[[The Road to Oxiana]]''
*[[Jean Giono]] – ''[[Les Vraies Richesses]]''
*[[Napoleon Hill]] – ''[[Think and Grow Rich]]''
*[[Napoleon Hill]] – ''[[Think and Grow Rich]]''
*[[Carl Jung]] – ''Dream Symbols of the Individuation Process''
*[[Carl Jung]] – ''Dream Symbols of the Individuation Process''
*[[Walter Lippmann]] – ''[[The Good Society]]''
*[[Walter Lippmann]] – ''[[The Good Society]]''
*[[John Neal (writer)|John Neal]] ''American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824-1825)'' (edited by [[Fred Lewis Pattee]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 080-5-7723-08 | page = 147}}</ref>
*[[John Neal (writer)|John Neal]] ''[[American Writers: A Series of Papers Contributed to Blackwood's Magazine (1824–1825)]]'' (edited by [[Fred Lewis Pattee]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Sears | first = Donald A. | title = John Neal | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 1978 | isbn = 080-5-7723-08 | page = 147}}</ref>
*[[Manuel Chaves Nogales]] – ''[[:es:A sangre y fuego|A sangre y fuego: Héroes, bestias y mártires de España]]'' (Fire and sword: heroes, beasts and martyrs of Spain)
*[[Manuel Chaves Nogales]] – ''[[:es:A sangre y fuego|A sangre y fuego: Héroes, bestias y mártires de España]]'' (Fire and sword: heroes, beasts and martyrs of Spain)
*[[George Orwell]] – ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]''
*[[George Orwell]] – ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]''
*[[Eric Partridge]] – ''[[A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English]]''
*[[Eric Partridge]] – ''[[A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English]]''
*[[N. Porsenna]] – ''Regenerarea neamului românesc'' (Regeneration of the Romanian People)
*[[A. L. Zissu]] – ''Logos, Israel, Biserica'' (Logos, Israel, The Church)


==Births==
==Births==
Line 186: Line 207:
*[[March 14]] – [[Jan Karon]] (Janice Wilson), American novelist and children's writer
*[[March 14]] – [[Jan Karon]] (Janice Wilson), American novelist and children's writer
*[[March 15]] – [[Valentin Rasputin]], Russian writer (died [[2015 in literature|2015]])
*[[March 15]] – [[Valentin Rasputin]], Russian writer (died [[2015 in literature|2015]])
*[[March 20]] - [[Lois Lowry]], American children's and young-adult writer
*[[April 10]] – [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian poet (died [[2010 in literature|2010]])
*[[April 10]] – [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian poet (died [[2010 in literature|2010]])
*[[April 29]] – [[Jill Paton Walsh]] (Gillian Bliss), English novelist (died [[2020 in literature|2020]])
*[[April 29]] – [[Jill Paton Walsh]] (Gillian Bliss), English novelist (died [[2020 in literature|2020]])
Line 208: Line 230:
**[[S. Abdul Rahman]], Tamil poet (died [[2017 in literature|2017]])
**[[S. Abdul Rahman]], Tamil poet (died [[2017 in literature|2017]])
*[[November 17]] – [[Peter Cook]], English comedian, satirist and writer (died [[1995 in literature|1995]])
*[[November 17]] – [[Peter Cook]], English comedian, satirist and writer (died [[1995 in literature|1995]])
*[[December 3]] – [[Binod Bihari Verma]], [[Maithili language#Literature|Maithili]] man of letters (died [[2003 in literature|2003]])
*[[December 11]] – [[Jim Harrison]], American novelist and poet (died [[2016 in literature|2016]])
*[[December 11]] – [[Jim Harrison]], American novelist and poet (died [[2016 in literature|2016]])
*[[December 22]]
*[[December 22]]
Line 216: Line 237:


==Deaths==
==Deaths==
*[[January 5]] – [[Alberto de Oliveira]], Brazilian poet (born [[1857 in literature|1857]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Brazilian Literature: 1880-1920: Naturalism, realism-Parnassianism, symbolism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=1974|page=50}}</ref>
*[[January 11]] – [[Emma A. Cranmer]], American author, reformer, suffragist (born [[1858 in literature|1858]])
*[[February 19]]
*[[February 19]]
**[[Edward Garnett]], English critic (born [[1868 in literature|1868]])<ref>{{cite book|author=T. H. White|title=Letters to a Friend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdTDKLXhJ8YC|date=May 1984|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated|isbn=978-0-425-06816-8|page=91}}</ref>
**[[Edward Garnett]], English critic (born [[1868 in literature|1868]])<ref>{{cite book|author=T. H. White|title=Letters to a Friend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdTDKLXhJ8YC|date=May 1984|publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated|isbn=978-0-425-06816-8|page=91}}</ref>
**[[Horacio Quiroga]], Uruguayan short story writer (suicide, born [[1878 in literature|1878]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Pan American Union|title=Bulletin of the Pan American Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBpnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA588|year=1937|publisher=The Union|pages=588}}</ref>
**[[Horacio Quiroga]], Uruguayan short story writer (suicide, born [[1878 in literature|1878]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Pan American Union|title=Bulletin of the Pan American Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBpnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA588|year=1937|publisher=The Union|pages=588}}</ref>
*[[March 7]] – [[Tomas O'Crohan]], Irish Gaelic writer and fisherman (born [[1856 in literature|1856]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Seán Ó Criomhthain|title=A Day in Our Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofVQmkm4tloC&pg=PA23|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283119-4|pages=23}}</ref>
*[[March 7]] – [[Tomas O'Crohan]], Irish Gaelic writer and fisherman (born [[1856 in literature|1856]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Seán Ó Criomhthain|title=A Day in Our Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofVQmkm4tloC&pg=PA23|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283119-4|pages=23}}</ref>
*[[March 8]] – [[Albert Verwey]], Dutch poet (born [[1865 in literature|1865]])<ref name="BloomWalter1979">{{cite book|author1=Lansing Bartlett Bloom|author2=Paul A. F. Walter|title=New Mexico Historical Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak4UAAAAYAAJ|year=1979|publisher=University of New Mexico|page=127-128}}</ref>
*[[March 8]] – [[Albert Verwey]], Dutch poet (born [[1865 in literature|1865]])<ref name="BloomWalter1979">{{cite book|author1=Lansing Bartlett Bloom|author2=Paul A. F. Walter|title=New Mexico Historical Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak4UAAAAYAAJ|year=1979|publisher=University of New Mexico|pages=127–128}}</ref>
*[[March 15]] – [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American horror writer (intestinal cancer, born [[1890 in literature|1890]])<ref>{{cite book|author=S. T. Joshi|title=H.P. Lovecraft: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1qvAAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Necronomicon Press|isbn=978-0-940884-88-5|page=631}}</ref>
*[[March 15]] – [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American horror writer (intestinal cancer, born [[1890 in literature|1890]])<ref>{{cite book|author=S. T. Joshi|title=H.P. Lovecraft: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1qvAAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Necronomicon Press|isbn=978-0-940884-88-5|page=631}}</ref>
*[[March 25]] – [[John Drinkwater (playwright)|John Drinkwater]], English poet and dramatist (born [[1882 in literature|1882]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Northen Magill|title=Critical Survey of Drama: Authors A-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JK85AAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-377-6|page=506}}</ref>
*[[March 25]] – [[John Drinkwater (playwright)|John Drinkwater]], English poet and dramatist (born [[1882 in literature|1882]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank Northen Magill|title=Critical Survey of Drama: Authors A-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JK85AAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-377-6|page=506}}</ref>
Line 229: Line 252:
*[[June 22]] – [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]], Malagasy poet (suicide, born 1901 or 1903)
*[[June 22]] – [[Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo]], Malagasy poet (suicide, born 1901 or 1903)
*[[July 18]] – [[Julian Bell]], English poet (killed in Spanish Civil War, born [[1908 in literature|1908]])
*[[July 18]] – [[Julian Bell]], English poet (killed in Spanish Civil War, born [[1908 in literature|1908]])
*[[July 29]] — [[Ella Maria Ballou]], American writer (born [[1852 in literature|1852]])
*[[August 11]] – [[Edith Wharton]] (Edith Newbold Jones), American novelist and short-story writer (born [[1862 in literature|1862]])
*[[August 11]] – [[Edith Wharton]] (Edith Newbold Jones), American novelist and short-story writer (born [[1862 in literature|1862]])
*[[August 14]] – [[H. C. McNeile]] (Sapper), English novelist and soldier (born [[1888 in literature|1888]])
*[[August 14]] – [[H. C. McNeile]] (Sapper), English novelist and soldier (born [[1888 in literature|1888]])
*[[September 13]] – [[Ellis Parker Butler]], American humorist, novelist and essayist (born [[1869 in literature|1869]])
*[[September 13]] – [[Ellis Parker Butler]], American humorist, novelist and essayist (born [[1869 in literature|1869]])
*[[October 13]] – [[Dmitrii Milev]], Soviet Moldovan shorty story writer and critic (shot, born [[1887 in literature|1887]])
*[[October 15]] – [[Samuil Lehtțir]], Soviet Moldovan poet, critic and literary theorist (shot, born [[1901 in literature|1901]])
*[[October 16]] – [[Jean de Brunhoff]], French children's author and illustrator (born [[1899 in literature|1899]])
*[[October 16]] – [[Jean de Brunhoff]], French children's author and illustrator (born [[1899 in literature|1899]])
*[[November 3]] – [[Mykola Kulish]], Ukrainian writer (shot with many other Ukrainian intellectuals at [[Sandarmokh]], born [[1892 in literature|1892]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kulish, Mykola |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CU%5CKulishMykola.htm |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[October 17]] – [[Florence Dugdale]], English children's writer, widow of Thomas Hardy (cancer, born [[1879 in literature|1879]])<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNKi2qGPewwC&pg=PR22&lpg=PR22&dq=florence+hardy+died+1937&source=bl&ots=6vf-2o6lMF&sig=ANwZxu2ynEJCXw5KlzhmHLk2PWY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uR_rVNTlE8n3aqHSgLAN&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=florence%20hardy%20died%201937&f=false ''Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy''. p. xxiii. Retrieved 2015-02-23.]</ref>
*[[November 3]] – [[Mykola Zerov]], Ukrainian poet, translator, classical and literary scholar and critic (shot at Sandarmokh, born [[1890 in literature|1890]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Zerov, Mykola |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CE%5CZerovMykola.htm |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[November 3]] – [[Valerian Pidmohylny]], Ukrainian writer, (shot at Sandarmokh, born [[1901 in literature|1901]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Pidmohylny, Valeriian |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CI%5CPidmohylnyValeriian.htm |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[November 3]] – [[Hryhorii Epik]], Ukrainian writer and journalist (shot at Sandarmokh, born [[1901 in literature|1901]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Epik, Hryhorii |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CP%5CEpikHryhorii.htm |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[November 3]] – [[Myroslav Irchan]], Ukrainian storywriter and playwright (shot at Sandarmokh, born [[1897 in literature|1897]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Irchan, Myroslav |url=https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CI%5CR%5CIrchanMyroslav.htm |website=encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
*[[October 17]] – [[Florence Dugdale]], English children's writer, widow of Thomas Hardy (cancer, born [[1879 in literature|1879]])<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNKi2qGPewwC&dq=florence+hardy+died+1937&pg=PR22 ''Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy''. p. xxiii. Retrieved 2015-02-23.]</ref>
*[[October 22]] – [[Chūya Nakahara]] (中原 中也), Japanese poet (meningitis, born [[1907 in literature|1907]])
*[[October 22]] – [[Chūya Nakahara]] (中原 中也), Japanese poet (meningitis, born [[1907 in literature|1907]])
*[[October 31]] – [[Ralph Connor]], Canadian novelist (born [[1860 in literature|1860]])
*[[October 31]] – [[Ralph Connor]], Canadian novelist (born [[1860 in literature|1860]])
*c. December – [[Filimon Săteanu]], Soviet Moldovan poet (shot, born [[1907 in literature|1907]])
*[[December 9]] – [[Frances Nimmo Greene]], American novelist, short story writer, children's writer, playwright (born [[1867 in literature|1867]])
*[[December 24]] – [[Elizabeth Haldane]], Scottish author, philosopher and suffragist (born [[1862 in literature|1862]])
*[[December 24]] – [[Elizabeth Haldane]], Scottish author, philosopher and suffragist (born [[1862 in literature|1862]])
*[[December 26]]
*[[December 26]] – [[Ivor Gurney]], English war poet and composer (tuberculosis, born [[1890 in literature|1890]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ivor Gurney|author2=Edmund Blunden|author3=Leonard Clark|title=Poems of Ivor Gurney, 1890-1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08I8AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Chatto and Windus|page=21|isbn=9780701119003}}</ref>
:*[[Ivor Gurney]], English war poet and composer (tuberculosis, born [[1890 in literature|1890]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ivor Gurney|author2=Edmund Blunden|author3=Leonard Clark|title=Poems of Ivor Gurney, 1890-1937|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08I8AAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Chatto and Windus|page=21|isbn=9780701119003}}</ref>
*[[December 29]] – [[Don Marquis]], American poet (stroke, born [[1878 in literature|1878]])
:*[[Mrs. Alex. McVeigh Miller]], American novelist (born [[1850 in literature|1850]])
*[[December 29]] – [[Don Marquis]], American poet (stroke, born [[1878 in literature|1878]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Don Marquis {{!}} American writer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Don-Marquis |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=24 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*''unknown date'' — [[Clara H. Hazelrigg]], American author, educator and reformer (born [[1859 in literature|1859]])


==Awards==
==Awards==
*[[Carnegie Medal in Literature|Carnegie Medal]] for [[children's literature]]: [[Eve Garnett]], ''[[The Family From One End Street]]''
*[[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] for [[children's literature]]: [[Eve Garnett]], ''[[The Family From One End Street]]''
*[[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for fiction: [[Neil M. Gunn]], ''Highland River''
*[[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for fiction: [[Neil M. Gunn]], ''Highland River''
*[[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for biography: [[Lord Eustace Percy]], ''[[John Knox]]''
*[[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] for biography: [[Lord Eustace Percy]], ''[[John Knox]]''
Line 254: Line 290:
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}


==External link==
==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{commonscatinline}}


{{Year in literature article categories}}
{{Year in literature article categories}}

Latest revision as of 20:09, 27 October 2024

List of years in literature (table)
In poetry
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
+...

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1937.

Events

[edit]

New books

[edit]

Fiction

[edit]

Children and young people

[edit]

Drama

[edit]

Poetry

[edit]

Non-fiction

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

Awards

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Fisher, David (2011-12-30). "1937". Chronomedia. Terra Media. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
  2. ^ "Pelican Books". Penguin First Editions. 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
  3. ^ Keith, W. J. (July 2007), Owen Glendower: a Reader's Companion (PDF), p. 40
  4. ^ Office, Library of Congress Copyright (April 29, 1937). "Catalog of Copyright Entries: Periodicals" – via Google Books.
  5. ^ John Tregenza (1964). Australian Little Magazines, 1923-1954. Libraries Board of South Australia.
  6. ^ Kaser, David (1978). "Adams, Randolph Greenfield". In Wynar, Bohdan S. (ed.). Dictionary of American Library Biography. Littleton, CO: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 2–3.
  7. ^ "Randolph Greenfield Adams". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1977.
  8. ^ Leach, Robert (1995). "Introduction". In Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich (ed.). I Want a Baby. Studies in drama and dance. University of Birmingham. ISBN 0704416204.
  9. ^ "Mrs. Miniver (1942)". Reel Classics. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
  10. ^ "Televised Drama – Journey's End". The Times. London. 1937-11-12. p. 14.
  11. ^ Vahimagi, Tise (1994). British Television: An Illustrated Guide. Oxford University Press; British Film Institute. p. 8. ISBN 0-19-818336-4.
  12. ^ Sant Ram Bhatia (1978). Indian Librarian. Indian Librarian. p. 15.
  13. ^ "Hercule Poirot | fictional character | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  14. ^ Atkinson, Brooks (March 31, 1937). "THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War" – via NYTimes.com.
  15. ^ "THE PLAY; ' Red Harvest,' From a Diary of the Red Cross at the Front During the War". timesmachine.nytimes.com.
  16. ^ Sears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 080-5-7723-08.
  17. ^ Bloom, Harold (2009). Tom Stoppard. Infobase Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4381-1652-5.
  18. ^ The Book of Golden Discs. Barrie & Jenkins. 1978. p. 248. ISBN 978-0-214-20480-7.
  19. ^ Brazilian Literature: 1880-1920: Naturalism, realism-Parnassianism, symbolism. Georgetown University Press. 1974. p. 50.
  20. ^ T. H. White (May 1984). Letters to a Friend. Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-425-06816-8.
  21. ^ Pan American Union (1937). Bulletin of the Pan American Union. The Union. p. 588.
  22. ^ Seán Ó Criomhthain (1993). A Day in Our Life. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-283119-4.
  23. ^ Lansing Bartlett Bloom; Paul A. F. Walter (1979). New Mexico Historical Review. University of New Mexico. pp. 127–128.
  24. ^ S. T. Joshi (1996). H.P. Lovecraft: A Life. Necronomicon Press. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-940884-88-5.
  25. ^ Frank Northen Magill (1985). Critical Survey of Drama: Authors A-Z. Salem Press. p. 506. ISBN 978-0-89356-377-6.
  26. ^ "Frederic T. Cooper; Writer Educator." New York Times. 21 May 1937: 21.
  27. ^ "Kulish, Mykola". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  28. ^ "Zerov, Mykola". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  29. ^ "Pidmohylny, Valeriian". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  30. ^ "Epik, Hryhorii". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  31. ^ "Irchan, Myroslav". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  32. ^ Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy. p. xxiii. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  33. ^ Ivor Gurney; Edmund Blunden; Leonard Clark (1973). Poems of Ivor Gurney, 1890-1937. Chatto and Windus. p. 21. ISBN 9780701119003.
  34. ^ "Don Marquis | American writer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
[edit]