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|birth_place= Braga, Portugal
|birth_place= Braga, Portugal
|death_place= Zaragoza, Spain
|death_place= Zaragoza, Spain
|titles= [[Virgin (title)|Virgin]] and [[martyr]]
|titles= Martyr
|beatified_date=
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date=
|canonized_date= [[Pre-congregation]]
|canonized_place=
|canonized_place=
|canonized_by=
|canonized_by=
|attributes= palm, depicted as a richly-dressed girl
|attributes=
|patronage=
|patronage=
|major_shrine= Zaragoza
|major_shrine= Zaragoza
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|issues=
|issues=
}}
}}
'''Saint Engratia''' ({{lang-pt|Santa Engrácia}}, {{lang-es|Santa Engracia}}) is venerated as a [[virgin]] [[martyr]] and [[saint]]. Tradition states that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD. She should not be confused with the [[Saint Fructus|8th-century Spanish martyr of the same name]].
'''Engratia''' ({{langx|pt|Santa Engrácia}}, {{langx|es|Santa Engracia}}) is venerated as a [[Virgin (title)#Virgin martyrs|virgin martyr]] and [[saint]]. Tradition states that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD.


==History==
==History==
Line 31: Line 31:


==Legend==
==Legend==
⚫
[[Image:Saint Engratia.JPG|thumb|''Saint Engratia'', [[Bartolomé Bermejo]]]]
Engratia was a native of [[Braga]] who had been promised in marriage to a nobleman of [[Roussillon]]. He sent as her escort to Gaul her uncle '''Lupercius''' (sometimes identified with the [[Luperculus]] who was a [[bishop of Eauze]]<ref>Sabine Baring-Gould, ''The Lives of the Saints'' (J. Hodges, 1874), 410.</ref>) and a suite of sixteen noblemen and a servant named '''Julie''' or '''Julia'''.<ref name="magnificat.ca">{{Cite web |url=http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/04-16.htm |title=Lives of the Saints, April 16, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Engratia and the Eighteen Martyrs of Saragossa<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504175734/http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/04-16.htm |archive-date=2008-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Engratia was a native of [[Braga]] who had been promised in marriage to a nobleman of [[Roussillon]]. He sent as her escort to Gaul her uncle '''Lupercius''' (sometimes identified with the [[Luperculus]] who was a [[bishop of Eauze]]<ref>Sabine Baring-Gould, ''The Lives of the Saints'' (J. Hodges, 1874), 410.</ref>) and a suite of sixteen noblemen and a servant named Julie or Julia.<ref name="magnificat.ca">{{Cite web |url=http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/04-16.htm |title=Lives of the Saints, April 16, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Engratia and the Eighteen Martyrs of Saragossa<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504175734/http://www.magnificat.ca/cal/engl/04-16.htm |archive-date=2008-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Upon reaching [[Zaragoza]], they learned of the persecution of Christians there by the governor [[Dacian (prefect)|Dacian]], who reigned in the time of the emperors [[Diocletian]] and [[Maximian]]. She attempted to dissuade him from his persecution, but was whipped and imprisoned when it was discovered that she was a Christian. She died of her wounds. Her companions were [[decapitation|decapitated]].
Upon reaching [[Zaragoza]], they learned of the persecution of Christians there by the governor [[Dacian (prefect)|Dacian]], who reigned in the time of the emperors [[Diocletian]] and [[Maximian]]. She attempted to dissuade him from his persecution, but was whipped and imprisoned when it was discovered that she was a Christian. She died of her wounds. Her companions were [[decapitation|decapitated]].


==Martyrs of Zaragoza==
==Martyrs of Zaragoza==
Many others, called the '''Martyrs of Zaragoza''', were martyred at the same time.<ref name="magnificat.ca"/> They are also called the ''Countless Martyrs of Zaragoza''.<ref name="magnificat.ca"/>
Many others, called the '''Martyrs of Zaragoza''', were martyred at the same time.<ref name="magnificat.ca"/> They are also called the ''Countless Martyrs of Zaragoza''.<ref name="magnificat.ca"/>


It is said that Dacian, to detect and so make an end of all the faithful of Saragossa, ordered that liberty to practice their religion should be promised them on condition that they all went out of the city at a certain fixed time and by certain designated gates. As soon as they had thus gone forth, he ordered them to be put to the sword and their corpses burned. Their ashes were mixed with those of criminals, so that no veneration might be paid them. But a shower of rain fell and washed the ashes apart, forming those of the martyrs into certain white masses. These, known as the "holy masses" (las santas masas) were deposited in the crypt of the church dedicated to St. Engratia, where they are still preserved.<ref name=amadoattribution>{{catholic|title=Saragossa|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13468c.htm|last=Amadó|first=Ramón Ruiz|volume=13|year=1912|access-date=21 October 2017|inline=1}}</ref>
It is said that Dacian, to detect and so make an end of all the faithful of Saragossa, ordered that liberty to practise their religion should be promised them on condition that they all went out of the city at a certain fixed time and by certain designated gates. As soon as they had thus gone forth, he ordered them to be put to the sword and their corpses burned. Their ashes were mixed with those of criminals, so that no veneration might be paid them. But a shower of rain fell and washed the ashes apart, forming those of the martyrs into certain white masses. These, known as the "holy masses" (las santas masas) were deposited in the crypt of the church dedicated to St. Engratia, where they are still preserved.<ref name=amadoattribution>{{catholic|title=Saragossa|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13468c.htm|last=Amadó|first=Ramón Ruiz|volume=13|year=1912|access-date=21 October 2017|inline=1}}</ref>


Their number includes, besides Engratia, Lupercius and Julia:
Their number includes, besides Engratia, Lupercius and Julia:
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*Caius and Crescentius, confessors rather than martyrs: they were imprisoned and tortured, but did not succumb to their treatment.<ref>[https://www.basilicasantaengracia.es/ "Santa Engracia", Parish of Saint Engracia, Zaragoza]</ref>
*Caius and Crescentius, confessors rather than martyrs: they were imprisoned and tortured, but did not succumb to their treatment.<ref>[https://www.basilicasantaengracia.es/ "Santa Engracia", Parish of Saint Engracia, Zaragoza]</ref>
*Successus, Martial, Urban, Quintilian, Publius, Fronto, Felix, Cecilian, Evodius, Primitivus, Apodemius, and
*Successus, Martial, Urban, Quintilian, Publius, Fronto, Felix, Cecilian, Evodius, Primitivus, Apodemius, and
*four men all sharing the name Saturninus.<ref name="Santa Engrazia">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92744 Santa Engrazia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> who, according to St. [[Eugenius II of Toledo]] would be Jenaro, Casiano, Matutino and Fausto.
*four men all sharing the name Saturninus.<ref name="Santa Engrazia">[http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/92744 Santa Engrazia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> who, according to St. [[Eugenius II of Toledo]] would be Jenaro, Casiano, Matutino and Fausto.
*Januarius<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Wace |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Wace |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=William |display-editors=0 |title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines |contribution=Januarius (33) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zgMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA341 |page=341 |last=H. |first=C. |display-authors=0 }}.</ref>
*Januarius<ref>{{citation |editor-last=Wace |editor-first=Henry |editor-link=Henry Wace |editor2-last=Smith |editor2-first=William |display-editors=0 |title=A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines |contribution=Januarius (33) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zgMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA341 |page=341 |last=H. |first=C. |display-authors=0 }}.</ref>


==Veneration==
==Veneration==
⚫
[[Prudentius]], a native of Zaragoza, wrote a [[hymn]] in honour of these martyrs, and lists their names, and describes the terrible tortures suffered by ''Encratis'' (Engratia).<ref name="Santa Engrazia"/> An important cult arose around these saints. Engratia was certainly the most venerated of the group, and her cult was diffused throughout Spain and the [[Pyrenees]]. Engracia was declared patroness of the city of Saragossa in 1480.
⚫
[[Image:Saint Engratia.JPG|thumb|100px|''Saint Engratia'', Bartolomé Bermejo.]]
⚫
[[Prudentius]], a native of Zaragoza, wrote a [[hymn]] in honor of these martyrs, and lists their names, and describes the terrible tortures suffered by ''Encratis'' (Engratia).<ref name="Santa Engrazia"/> An important cult arose around these saints. Engratia was certainly the most venerated of the group, and her cult was diffused throughout Spain and the [[Pyrenees]]. Engracia was declared patroness of the city of Saragossa in 1480.


During a [[synod]] held at Zaragoza in 592, the church dedicated to her there was reconsecrated, an act celebrated on November 3, which sometimes served as an alternate [[feast day]].<ref name="Santa Engrazia"/>
During a [[synod]] held at Zaragoza in 592, the church dedicated to her there was reconsecrated, an act celebrated on 3 November, which sometimes served as an alternate [[feast day]].<ref name="Santa Engrazia"/>


⚫
The [[Church of Santa Engrácia]] in Lisbon is dedicated to her. The [[Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza]] was built on the spot where Engratia and her companions were said to have been martyred. It was destroyed in the [[Siege of Saragossa (1809)|Spanish War of Independence]], with only the crypt and the doorway being left.<ref name=amadoattribution/> It was rebuilt in the late 19th or early 20th century, and served as a [[parish church]].<ref name=amado/>
The [[Church of Santa Engrácia]] in Lisbon is dedicated to her.


== Gallery ==
⚫
The [[Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza]] was built on the spot where Engratia and her companions were said to have been martyred. It was destroyed in the [[Siege of Saragossa (1809)|Spanish War of Independence]], with only the crypt and the doorway being left.<ref name=amadoattribution/> It was rebuilt in the late 19th or early 20th century, and served as a [[parish church]].<ref name=amado/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="210>
File:B.Bermejo ret.Sta.Engracia arrest 4117.jpg|Arrest of Santa Engràcia, Bartolomé Bermejo, from the Altarpiece of Santa Engràcia (1472 - 1477)
File:Saint Engracia mg 0032.jpg|Saint Engracia, workshop of [[Francisco de Zurbarán]], 1650
File:Santa Engracia, Museo de Bellas Artes de Sevilla.jpg|Saint Engracia, workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán, 1650, for the [[Hospital de las Cinco Llagas]]
File:Tabla panel derecho retablo de la Virgen de Jerónimo Cosida.jpg|Saint Engratia on the right panel of the altarpiece of the Virgin in the Museum of Zaragoza, [[Jerónimo Cosida]], 1560
File:Santa Engracia (Museo Cerralbo, Madrid).jpg|Sanint Engracia, Bartolomé de San Antonio
File:1868, Mugeres célebres de España y Portugal, Santa Engracia, AB195 0149.jpg|Saint Engratia, Famous women of Spain and Portugal, 1868
</gallery>


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:4th-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman women]]
[[Category:4th-century Roman women]]
[[Category:4th-century Romans]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Julii]]
[[Category:Julii]]
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[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian]]
[[Category:Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian]]
[[Category:Virgin martyrs]]

Latest revision as of 21:39, 27 October 2024

Saint

Engratia
The flagellation of Saint Engratia. Bartolomé Bermejo, 1474-1478.
Virgin and martyr
BornBraga, Portugal
Died~303 AD
Zaragoza, Spain
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church
CanonizedPre-congregation
Major shrineZaragoza
FeastApril 16

Engratia (Portuguese: Santa Engrácia, Spanish: Santa Engracia) is venerated as a virgin martyr and saint. Tradition states that she was martyred with eighteen companions in 303 AD.

History

[edit]

Although her martyrdom is traditionally placed around 303 during the Diocletianic Persecution, more recently it is considered probable that she died during the persecution of Valerian (254-260).[1]

Legend

[edit]
Saint Engratia, Bartolomé Bermejo

Engratia was a native of Braga who had been promised in marriage to a nobleman of Roussillon. He sent as her escort to Gaul her uncle Lupercius (sometimes identified with the Luperculus who was a bishop of Eauze[2]) and a suite of sixteen noblemen and a servant named Julie or Julia.[3]

Upon reaching Zaragoza, they learned of the persecution of Christians there by the governor Dacian, who reigned in the time of the emperors Diocletian and Maximian. She attempted to dissuade him from his persecution, but was whipped and imprisoned when it was discovered that she was a Christian. She died of her wounds. Her companions were decapitated.

Martyrs of Zaragoza

[edit]

Many others, called the Martyrs of Zaragoza, were martyred at the same time.[3] They are also called the Countless Martyrs of Zaragoza.[3]

It is said that Dacian, to detect and so make an end of all the faithful of Saragossa, ordered that liberty to practise their religion should be promised them on condition that they all went out of the city at a certain fixed time and by certain designated gates. As soon as they had thus gone forth, he ordered them to be put to the sword and their corpses burned. Their ashes were mixed with those of criminals, so that no veneration might be paid them. But a shower of rain fell and washed the ashes apart, forming those of the martyrs into certain white masses. These, known as the "holy masses" (las santas masas) were deposited in the crypt of the church dedicated to St. Engratia, where they are still preserved.[4]

Their number includes, besides Engratia, Lupercius and Julia:

  • Caius and Crescentius, confessors rather than martyrs: they were imprisoned and tortured, but did not succumb to their treatment.[5]
  • Successus, Martial, Urban, Quintilian, Publius, Fronto, Felix, Cecilian, Evodius, Primitivus, Apodemius, and
  • four men all sharing the name Saturninus.[6] who, according to St. Eugenius II of Toledo would be Jenaro, Casiano, Matutino and Fausto.
  • Januarius[7]

Veneration

[edit]

Prudentius, a native of Zaragoza, wrote a hymn in honour of these martyrs, and lists their names, and describes the terrible tortures suffered by Encratis (Engratia).[6] An important cult arose around these saints. Engratia was certainly the most venerated of the group, and her cult was diffused throughout Spain and the Pyrenees. Engracia was declared patroness of the city of Saragossa in 1480.

During a synod held at Zaragoza in 592, the church dedicated to her there was reconsecrated, an act celebrated on 3 November, which sometimes served as an alternate feast day.[6]

The Church of Santa Engrácia in Lisbon is dedicated to her. The Church of Santa Engracia de Zaragoza was built on the spot where Engratia and her companions were said to have been martyred. It was destroyed in the Spanish War of Independence, with only the crypt and the doorway being left.[4] It was rebuilt in the late 19th or early 20th century, and served as a parish church.[1]

[edit]
  • Arrest of Santa Engràcia, Bartolomé Bermejo, from the Altarpiece of Santa Engràcia (1472 - 1477)
    Arrest of Santa Engràcia, Bartolomé Bermejo, from the Altarpiece of Santa Engràcia (1472 - 1477)
  • Saint Engracia, workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán, 1650
    Saint Engracia, workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán, 1650
  • Saint Engracia, workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán, 1650, for the Hospital de las Cinco Llagas
    Saint Engracia, workshop of Francisco de Zurbarán, 1650, for the Hospital de las Cinco Llagas
  • Saint Engratia on the right panel of the altarpiece of the Virgin in the Museum of Zaragoza, Jerónimo Cosida, 1560
    Saint Engratia on the right panel of the altarpiece of the Virgin in the Museum of Zaragoza, Jerónimo Cosida, 1560
  • Sanint Engracia, Bartolomé de San Antonio
    Sanint Engracia, Bartolomé de San Antonio
  • Saint Engratia, Famous women of Spain and Portugal, 1868
    Saint Engratia, Famous women of Spain and Portugal, 1868

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Public Domain Amadó, Ramón Ruiz (1912). "Saragossa". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  2. ^ Sabine Baring-Gould, The Lives of the Saints (J. Hodges, 1874), 410.
  3. ^ a b c "Lives of the Saints, April 16, Saint Benedict Joseph Labre, Saint Engratia and the Eighteen Martyrs of Saragossa". Archived from the original on 2008-05-04. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  4. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Amadó, Ramón Ruiz (1912). "Saragossa". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  5. ^ "Santa Engracia", Parish of Saint Engracia, Zaragoza
  6. ^ a b c Santa Engrazia
  7. ^ "Januarius (33)", A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines, p. 341.
[edit]
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