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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{Redirect|Icterus|the medical condition|jaundice}}
{{About|the New World bird family|the Old World birds|Old World oriole}}

{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = New World orioles
| name = New World orioles
| image = Baltimore_Oriole.jpg
| image = Baltimore Oriole.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Baltimore oriole]], ''Icterus galbula''
| image_caption = [[Baltimore oriole]], ''Icterus galbula''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Icterus
| authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| type_species = ''Oriolus icterus'' ([[Venezuelan troupial]])
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1766
| ordo = [[passerine|Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Icterid]]ae
| genus = '''''Icterus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1760
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision = See text
25-30 species, see text
}}
}}


'''New World orioles''' are a group of [[bird]]s in the genus '''''Icterus''''' of the [[Icterid|blackbird]] family. Unrelated to [[Old World orioles]] of the family [[Oriolidae]], they are strikingly similar in size, diet, behaviour, and strongly contrasting [[Feather|plumage]], a good example of [[convergent evolution]]. As a result the two have been given the same vernacular name.
'''New World orioles''' are a group of [[bird]]s in the genus '''''Icterus''''' of the [[Icterid|blackbird]] family. Unrelated to [[Old World orioles]] of the family [[Oriolidae]], they are strikingly similar in size, diet, behavior, and strongly contrasting [[Feather|plumage]]. As a result, the two have been given the same vernacular name.


Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They [[moult]] annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly [[Bird migration|migratory]], while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary.
Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They [[molt]] annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly [[Bird migration|migratory]], while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary.


The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the [[Latin]] form ''oriolus'') by [[Albertus Magnus]] in about 1250, which he stated to be [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]], from the song of the European [[golden oriole]].
The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the [[Latin]] form ''oriolus'') by the German [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]] [[Albertus Magnus]] in about 1250, which he stated to be [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]], from the song of the European [[golden oriole]].


One of the species in the genus, [[Bahama oriole]], is considered endangered, formerly critically endangered, by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref>{{cite iucn|author=((BirdLife International))|year=2021|title=''Icterus Northrop''|page=e.T22736369A197193663|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736369A197193663.en|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
The genus name ''Icterus'' as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. In modern times this has been identified as the [[golden oriole]]. [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]] re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|author=Newton, Alfred|wstitle=Icterus}}</ref>


The genus ''Icterus'' was introduced by the French zoologist [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson]] in 1760 with the [[Venezuelan troupial]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | language=fr, la | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | at=[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36010428 Vol. 1 p. 30], [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36011285 Vol. 2 p. 85] }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=149 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481350 }}</ref> The name is the Latin word for a yellow bird, probably the [[Eurasian golden oriole]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=201–202 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n201/mode/1up }}</ref>
==Provisional species list==
This [[species]] list is provisional. The exact delimitation of several [[taxa]] is unclear, and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] seems to be a significant confounding factor, for example in the [[Baltimore oriole|Baltimore]] and [[Bullock's oriole]]:
* [[Epaulet oriole]], ''Icterus cayanensis''
** [[Moriche oriole]], ''Icterus cayanensis chrysocephalus'' - recently merged into ''I. cayanensis''
* [[Variable oriole]], ''Icterus pyrrhopterus''
* [[Yellow-backed oriole]], ''Icterus chrysater''
* [[South American yellow oriole|Yellow oriole]], ''Icterus nigrogularis''
* [[Jamaican oriole]], ''Icterus leucopteryx''
** Grand Cayman oriole, ''Icterus leucopteryx bairdi'' - [[extinct]] (mid-20th century)
* [[Orange oriole]], ''Icterus auratus''
* [[Yellow-tailed oriole]], ''Icterus mesomelas''
* [[Orange-crowned oriole]], ''Icterus auricapillus''
* [[White-edged oriole]], ''Icterus graceannae''
* [[Spot-breasted oriole]], ''Icterus pectoralis''
* [[Altamira oriole]], ''Icterus gularis''
[[File:Streaked-BackedOriole.jpg|thumbnail|232px|right|[[Streak-backed oriole]], ''Icterus pustulatus'']]
* [[Streak-backed oriole]], ''Icterus pustulatus''
* [[Bullock's oriole]], ''Icterus bullockii''
* [[Hooded oriole]], ''Icterus cucullatus''
* [[Venezuelan troupial]], ''Icterus icterus''
* [[Campo troupial]], ''Icterus jamacaii''
* [[Orange-backed troupial]], ''Icterus croconotus''
* [[Baltimore oriole]], ''Icterus galbula''
* [[Black-backed oriole]], ''Icterus abeillei''
* [[Orchard oriole]], ''Icterus spurius''
** Fuertes's oriole, ''Icterus (spurius) fuertesi''
* [[Black-cowled oriole]], ''Icterus prosthemelas''
* [[Bahama oriole]], ''Icterus northropi''
* [[Cuban oriole]], ''Icterus melanopsis''
* [[Hispaniolan oriole]], ''Icterus dominicensis''
* [[Puerto Rican oriole]], ''Icterus portoricensis''
* [[Black-vented oriole]], ''Icterus wagleri''
* [[Saint Lucia oriole]], ''Icterus laudabilis''
* [[Martinique oriole]], ''Icterus bonana''
* [[Montserrat oriole]], ''Icterus oberi''
* [[Audubon's oriole]], ''Icterus graduacauda''
* [[Bar-winged oriole]], ''Icterus maculialatus''
* [[Scott's oriole]], ''Icterus parisorum''


The genus name ''Icterus,'' as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. ''Icterus'' is from Greek ἴκτερος (''íkteros'', “jaundice”); the ''ictērus'' was a bird the sight of which was believed to cure jaundice, perhaps the [[Eurasian golden oriole]].<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=icterus ictĕrus] in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]] re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |last=Newton |first=Alfred |wstitle=Icterus}}</ref>
==References==<!-- revise according to Auk120:961; ChinSciBull59:S320; MolPhylEvol12:224, and update if needed -->

<references/>
==Species list==
The genus contains 32 extant species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2023 | title=Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds | work=IOC World Bird List Version 13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/blackbirds/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=19 November 2023 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Common Name !! Scientific name !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Scott's Oriole (Icterus parisorum) (14083421122).jpg|120px]] || [[Scott's oriole]] || ''Icterus parisorum''||Southwestern United States and south to Baja California Sur and central Mexico.
|-
|[[File:Icterus chrysater Turpial montañero Yellow-backed Oriole (14868781704).jpg|120px]] || [[Yellow-backed oriole]] || ''Icterus chrysater''|| Belize, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela.
|-
|[[File:Audubon's Oriole National Butterfly Center Mission TX 2018-03-04 15-14-28-2 (39971535194).jpg|120px]] || [[Audubon's oriole]] || ''Icterus graduacauda''||westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro
|-
|[[File:Icterus leucopteryx -San Andres, Archipelago of San Andres, Colombia -juvenile-8.jpg|120px]] || [[Jamaican oriole]] || ''Icterus leucopteryx''||Jamaica and on the Colombian island of San Andrés
|-
|[[File:Icterus auratus 60726713.jpg|120px]]|| [[Orange oriole]] || ''Icterus auratus''||the Yucatán Peninsula and far northern Belize
|-
|[[File:Altamira Oriole National Butterfly Center Mission TX 2018-03-12 08-38-00 (39174878290).jpg|120px]] || [[Altamira oriole]] || ''Icterus gularis''||subtropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast and northern Central America, the Pacific coast and inland
|-
|[[File:Icterus nigrogularis Turpial amarillo Yellow Oriole (8495625798).jpg|120px]] || [[Yellow oriole]] || ''Icterus nigrogularis''||northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and parts of northern Brazil, (northern Roraima state, and eastern Amapá)
|-
|[[File:Bullock's Oriole.jpg|120px]] || [[Bullock's oriole]] || ''Icterus bullockii''|| as far north as British Columbia in Canada and as far south as Sonora or Durango in Mexico
|-
|[[File:Icterus pustulatus 1.jpg|120px]] || [[Streak-backed oriole]] || ''Icterus pustulatus''|| Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and an occasional visitor to the Southwestern United States
|-
|[[File:Icterus abeillei 60979467.jpg|120px]] || [[Black-backed oriole]] || ''Icterus abeillei''||Mexico.
|-
|[[File:Baltimore Oriole- dorsum.jpg|120px]] || [[Baltimore oriole]] || ''Icterus galbula''||Canadian Prairies and eastern Montana in the northwest eastward through southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New Brunswick and south through the eastern United States to central Mississippi and Alabama and northern Georgia.
|-
|[[File:Icterus mesomelas.jpg|120px]] || [[Yellow-tailed oriole]] || ''Icterus mesomelas''||southern Mexico to western Peru and northwestern Venezuela
|-
|[[File:Icterus pectoralis-- the Spot-breasted Oriole (24184797909).jpg|120px]] || [[Spot-breasted oriole]] || ''Icterus pectoralis''|| Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.
|-
|[[File:White Edged Oriole RWD2.jpg|120px]] || [[White-edged oriole]] || ''Icterus graceannae''|| Ecuador and Peru.
|-
|[[File:Corrupião - Icterus jamacai.JPG|120px]] || [[Campo troupial]] || ''Icterus jamacaii''||northeastern Brazil
|-
|[[File:Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG|120px]] || [[Venezuelan troupial]] || ''Icterus icterus''||Colombia, Venezuela, and the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Puerto Rico.
|-
|[[File:Orange-backed Troupial (Icterus croconotus) (28557678726).jpg|120px]] || [[Orange-backed troupial]] || ''Icterus croconotus''|| Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru
|-
|[[File:Bar-winged Oriole - Chiapas - Mexico S4E7324 (23521447649).jpg|120px]] || [[Bar-winged oriole]] || ''Icterus maculialatus''||El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
|-
|[[File:Black-vented Oriole (Icterus wagleri) (8079398668).jpg|120px]] || [[Black-vented oriole]] || ''Icterus wagleri''||El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the United States.
|-
|[[File:Hooded Oriole (34135625394).jpg|120px]] || [[Hooded oriole]] || ''Icterus cucullatus''||Baja California Sur, the Mexican east coast, and Belize.
|-
|[[File:Black-cowled Oriole.jpg|120px]] || [[Black-cowled oriole]] || ''Icterus prosthemelas''|| eastern half of mainland Central America.
|-
|[[File:Orchard Oriole by Dan Pancamo 2.jpg|120px]] || [[Orchard oriole]] || ''Icterus spurius''||United States, Mexico
|-
|[[File:Cuban Oriole .cu (3).jpg|120px]] || [[Cuban oriole]] || ''Icterus melanopsis''|| island of Cuba and the neighboring Isla de la juventud
|-
|[[File:Bahama Oriole.jpg|120px]] || [[Bahama oriole]] || ''Icterus northropi''||the Bahamas.
|-
| || [[Martinique oriole]] || ''Icterus bonana''|| Martinique, French West Indies
|-
|[[File:Icterus portoricensis imported from iNaturalist photo 6037125 on 4 September 2019.jpg|120px]] || [[Puerto Rican oriole]] || ''Icterus portoricensis''|| Puerto Rico
|-
|[[File:Icterus oberi -London Zoo, England-8a.jpg|120px]] || [[Montserrat oriole]] || ''Icterus oberi''||Lesser Antilles of the West Indies,
|-
| || [[Saint Lucia oriole]] || ''Icterus laudabilis''||main island of St. Lucia
|-
|[[File:Icterus dominicensis.jpg|120px]] || [[Hispaniolan oriole]] || ''Icterus dominicensis''||Hispaniola.
|-
|[[File:Orange-crowned Oriole - Darién - Panama (48444344772).jpg|120px]] || [[Orange-crowned oriole]] || ''Icterus auricapillus''||eastern Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.
|-
|[[File:Encontro (Icterus pyrrhopterus) (17772698624).jpg|120px]] || [[Variable oriole]] || ''Icterus pyrrhopterus''|| Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
|-
|[[File:Epaulet Oriole - Pantanal - Brazil H8O1352 (23781001732).jpg|120px]] || [[Epaulet oriole]] || ''Icterus cayanensis''|| Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname.
|-
|}
One [[Extinction|extinct]] species, the [[Talara troupial]] (''Icterus turmalis''), is known from [[fossil]] remains recovered from the [[Talara Tar Seeps]] of northwestern [[Peru]], and likely went extinct during the [[late Quaternary]]. It may have been a close associate of [[Pleistocene megafauna]] communities, and may have gone extinct following their collapse in populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Steadman|first1=David W.|last2=Oswald|first2=Jessica A.|date=July 2020|title=New species of troupial (Icterus) and cowbird (Molothrus) from ice-age Peru|url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-wilson-journal-of-ornithology/volume-132/issue-1/1559-4491-132.1.91/New-species-of-troupial-Icterus-and-cowbird-Molothrus-from-ice/10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.91.full|journal=[[The Wilson Journal of Ornithology]]|volume=132|issue=1|pages=91–103|doi=10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.91|issn=1559-4491}}</ref>

==References==
<!-- revise according to Auk120:961; ChinSciBull59:S320; MolPhylEvol12:224, and update if needed -->
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{commons|Icterus}}
{{Commons|Icterus}}
*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/troupials-allies-icteridae New World oriole videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612234221/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/troupials-allies-icteridae New World oriole videos, photos and sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection

{{Passeroidea|I.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1424573}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Icterus|*]]
[[Category:Icterus (genus)|*]]
[[Category:Orioles]]
[[Category:Orioles]]

Latest revision as of 22:41, 27 October 2024

This article is about the New World bird family. For the Old World birds, see Old World oriole.

New World orioles
Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
Brisson, 1760
Type species
Oriolus icterus (Venezuelan troupial)
Linnaeus, 1766
Species

See text

New World orioles are a group of birds in the genus Icterus of the blackbird family. Unrelated to Old World orioles of the family Oriolidae, they are strikingly similar in size, diet, behavior, and strongly contrasting plumage. As a result, the two have been given the same vernacular name.

Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They molt annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory, while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary.

The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the Latin form oriolus) by the German Dominican friar Albertus Magnus in about 1250, which he stated to be onomatopoeic, from the song of the European golden oriole.

One of the species in the genus, Bahama oriole, is considered endangered, formerly critically endangered, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1]

The genus Icterus was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Venezuelan troupial as the type species.[2][3] The name is the Latin word for a yellow bird, probably the Eurasian golden oriole.[4]

The genus name Icterus, as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. Icterus is from Greek ἴκτερος (íkteros, “jaundice”); the ictērus was a bird the sight of which was believed to cure jaundice, perhaps the Eurasian golden oriole.[5] Brisson re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance.[6]

Species list

[edit]

The genus contains 32 extant species.[7]

Image Common Name Scientific name Distribution
Scott's oriole Icterus parisorum Southwestern United States and south to Baja California Sur and central Mexico.
Yellow-backed oriole Icterus chrysater Belize, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Venezuela.
Audubon's oriole Icterus graduacauda westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro
Jamaican oriole Icterus leucopteryx Jamaica and on the Colombian island of San Andrés
Orange oriole Icterus auratus the Yucatán Peninsula and far northern Belize
Altamira oriole Icterus gularis subtropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast and northern Central America, the Pacific coast and inland
Yellow oriole Icterus nigrogularis northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and parts of northern Brazil, (northern Roraima state, and eastern Amapá)
Bullock's oriole Icterus bullockii as far north as British Columbia in Canada and as far south as Sonora or Durango in Mexico
Streak-backed oriole Icterus pustulatus Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico and an occasional visitor to the Southwestern United States
Black-backed oriole Icterus abeillei Mexico.
Baltimore oriole Icterus galbula Canadian Prairies and eastern Montana in the northwest eastward through southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New Brunswick and south through the eastern United States to central Mississippi and Alabama and northern Georgia.
Yellow-tailed oriole Icterus mesomelas southern Mexico to western Peru and northwestern Venezuela
Spot-breasted oriole Icterus pectoralis Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.
White-edged oriole Icterus graceannae Ecuador and Peru.
Campo troupial Icterus jamacaii northeastern Brazil
Venezuelan troupial Icterus icterus Colombia, Venezuela, and the Caribbean islands of Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire, and Puerto Rico.
Orange-backed troupial Icterus croconotus Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru
Bar-winged oriole Icterus maculialatus El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico.
Black-vented oriole Icterus wagleri El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and the United States.
Hooded oriole Icterus cucullatus Baja California Sur, the Mexican east coast, and Belize.
Black-cowled oriole Icterus prosthemelas eastern half of mainland Central America.
Orchard oriole Icterus spurius United States, Mexico
Cuban oriole Icterus melanopsis island of Cuba and the neighboring Isla de la juventud
Bahama oriole Icterus northropi the Bahamas.
Martinique oriole Icterus bonana Martinique, French West Indies
Puerto Rican oriole Icterus portoricensis Puerto Rico
Montserrat oriole Icterus oberi Lesser Antilles of the West Indies,
Saint Lucia oriole Icterus laudabilis main island of St. Lucia
Hispaniolan oriole Icterus dominicensis Hispaniola.
Orange-crowned oriole Icterus auricapillus eastern Panama, Colombia and Venezuela.
Variable oriole Icterus pyrrhopterus Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
Epaulet oriole Icterus cayanensis Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname.

One extinct species, the Talara troupial (Icterus turmalis), is known from fossil remains recovered from the Talara Tar Seeps of northwestern Peru, and likely went extinct during the late Quaternary. It may have been a close associate of Pleistocene megafauna communities, and may have gone extinct following their collapse in populations.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ BirdLife International (2021). "Icterus Northrop". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22736369A197193663. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736369A197193663.en. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  2. ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1 p. 30, Vol. 2 p. 85.
  3. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 149.
  4. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. ^ ictĕrus in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  6. ^ Newton, Alfred (1911). "Icterus" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  7. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  8. ^ Steadman, David W.; Oswald, Jessica A. (July 2020). "New species of troupial (Icterus) and cowbird (Molothrus) from ice-age Peru". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 132 (1): 91–103. doi:10.1676/1559-4491-132.1.91. ISSN 1559-4491.
[edit]
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