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{{Short description|Francophone ethnic group of New Brunswick, Canada}}
{{Short description|Francophone ethnic group of New Brunswick, Canada}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2021}}
{{Expand French|Brayons (Canada)|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
{{Infobox Ethnic group
| group = Brayon <br /> <small>''Brayon, Brayonne''</small>
| group = Brayon <br /> <small>''Brayon, Brayonne''</small>
Line 6: Line 6:
| popplace = [[Canada]], concentrated in the [[Madawaska County, New Brunswick|Madawaska]] region of [[New Brunswick]].
| popplace = [[Canada]], concentrated in the [[Madawaska County, New Brunswick|Madawaska]] region of [[New Brunswick]].
| religions = Primarily [[Roman Catholic]]
| religions = Primarily [[Roman Catholic]]
| langs = [[French language|French]] (maternal language), [[English language|English]] (as a second language)
| langs = [[Canadian French|French]] (maternal language), [[Canadian English|English]] (as a second language), [[Franglais]]
| related = [[French people|French]], [[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]], [[Acadian]]s, [[Cajun]], [[French-speaking Quebecer]], [[Franco-Ontarian]], [[Franco-Manitoban]], [[French American]]
| related = [[French people|French]], [[French-speaking Quebecer|Québécois]], [[Acadian]]s, [[Cajun]], [[French-speaking Quebecer]], [[Franco-Ontarian]], [[Franco-Manitoban]], [[French American]]
}}
}}
'''Brayons''', also called '''Madawaskayens''', are a [[francophone]] people inhabiting the area in and around [[Edmundston]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada, including some parts of northern Maine.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} In French, they are called {{lang|fr|les Brayons}} or feminine {{lang|fr|les Brayonnes}} as in ''Brayon culture'', or {{lang|fr|la culture brayonne}}.
'''Brayons''' ({{IPAc-en|b|r|eɪ|ˈ|j|ɒ̃}}; {{IPA|fr|bʁɛjɔ̃}}), also called '''Madawaskayens''', are a [[Francophone Canadians|Francophone]] people inhabiting the area in and around [[Madawaska County]], [[New Brunswick]], Canada, and some parts of northern Maine.


In French, Brayons are referred to by the masculine {{lang|fr|les Brayons}} or the feminine {{lang|fr|les Brayonnes}}. They speak with a French accent also known as "Brayon".
Given their location in New Brunswick, and that most Brayons descend from [[Acadian]]s who escaped the [[Deportation of the Acadians]], they are considered by many to be Acadians. However, some residents relate more to Quebec and have strong roots and ancestral ties to Quebec{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}. The Madawaska region used to be part of Quebec when it was called [[Lower Canada]]. Brayons have a distinctive culture with a history and heritage linked to [[farming]] and [[forestry]] in the [[Madawaska County, New Brunswick|Madawaska]] area, unlike both the primarily maritime heritage of the modern Acadians and the [[St. Lawrence Valley]] history of the Québécois.

==Dialect==
Unlike [[Acadian French]], for example, Brayon does not possess its own words or definitions. The primary difference consists in a simple denotation of certain words due to their pronunciation. In French language, it is a generally found denotation as many words, such as masculine and feminine adjective endings or the past tenses of some verbs, are homophones. Both Brayon and Acadian are considered dialects of French{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} (as opposed to independent languages), though the definition of the terms "language" and "dialect" may also overlap and are often subject to debate.<ref name="mcworther">{{cite news|last1=McWorther|first1=John|title=What's a Language, Anyway?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/01/difference-between-language-dialect/424704/|access-date=19 July 2016|agency=The Atlantic|date=Jan 19, 2016}}</ref>

One basic distinctive trait of Brayon, however, is made in words such as {{lang|fr-CA|tache}} ("stain") and {{lang|fr-CA|tâche}} ("task"), where the "a" tends to resemble an open back unrounded vowel {{IPAslink|ɑ}}, notwithstanding of the circumflex{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}. This in turn highlights the difference of pronouncing "a" in {{lang|fr-CA|a}} (3rd singular of the verb {{lang|fr-CA|avoir}}, "to have") and {{lang|fr-CA|à}} (pronoun "at"), already strong in Quebec French as compared to Standard French. The same rule also applies to {{IPA|/ɛ/}} in {{lang|fr-CA|maigre}} ("skinny") and {{lang|fr-CA|vinaigre}} ("vinegar"), which transforms into {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, as in {{lang|fr-CA|fête}} ("feast").{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The term Brayon is thought to have come to reference inhabitants of the Madawaska area as well as their variety of French through [[malapropism]]. "Brayon" used to be written as "Breillon".<ref>Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 110.</ref><ref>Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 109.</ref>
"Brayon" used to be written as "Breillon".<ref>Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 110.</ref><ref>Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 109.</ref> The origins of the word are not well known. It is hypothesized to have perhaps been derived from the verb "Brayer" (to pull on a rope), the noun "Braie" ("old clothes" in certain dialects of the West of France), or the verb "Broyer" (to crush; the inhabitants of the region used to crush [[flax]]).


==Culture==
The origins of the word Brayon are not well known. It is hypothesized to have maybe been derived from the verb "Brayer" (to pull on a rope), the noun "Braie" ("old clothes" in certain dialects of the West of France), or the verb "Broyer" (to crush - the inhabitants of the region used to crush [[flax]]).
Given their location in New Brunswick, and that most Brayons descend from [[Acadian]]s{{refnec|date=June 2024}} who escaped the [[deportation of the Acadians]], they are considered by many to be Acadians. However, some residents relate more to [[Quebec]] and have strong roots and ancestral ties to Quebec.

Therefore, Brayons formed a distinctive culture with a history and heritage linked to [[farming]] and [[forestry]] in the [[Madawaska County, New Brunswick|Madawaska]] area. This is unlike both the primarily maritime heritage of the modern Acadians and the [[St. Lawrence Valley]] history of the Québécois.<ref>{{cite journal |title=La brayonnité, la brayonnité?!? référence madawaskayenne en chantier, 1785-2014 |language=fr |trans-title=Brayonnité, brayonnité?!? Madawaskayan reference in progress, 1785–2014 <!--|website=[[Érudit]]--> |date=Spring 2015 |journal=[[Acadiensis]] |volume=44 |number=1 |pages=64–90 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/acadiensis/2015-v44-n1-acad_44_1/acad44_1art04/ |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>


==Geography ==
==Geography ==
The border between New Brunswick and Quebec, and to some extent [[Maine]], traditionally has not mattered much to the people of the area, hence the commonalities and close relationship between Brayons and Québécois and parts of northern Maine; likewise, Brayon French is not completely restricted to Madawaska County.
Historically, the formal borders between New Brunswick and Quebec, and to some extent [[Maine]], did not matter much to the people of the area. This caused blending and commonalities and close relationships between people in the area, whether Acadian or Québécois or people from parts of northern Maine, forming a Brayon identity.

This Madawaska region was part of a border dispute and was claimed by Quebec when it was called [[Lower Canada]].

The view of uniqueness led (at least jokingly) to the founding of the [[Republic of Madawaska|République du Madawaska]] during the [[Aroostook War]] of 1838, wherein some Brayons, disgusted with the actions of both British and American interlopers on their historical lands, declared themselves allied with neither and independent.<ref>{{cite web |title=La petite histoire de la République du Madawaska |language=fr |trans-title=The short history of the Republic of Madawaska |date=25 July 2016 |website=Infoweekend |publisher=Postmedia Network |url=https://www.infoweekend.ca/actualites/foire-brayonne-2016/296484/la-petite-histoire-de-la-republique-du-madawaska |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> The ''république'' was never formally recognized and was ultimately split by the [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] into American and Canadian parts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Couturier |first=Jacques Paul |title=La République du Madawaska et l'Acadie. La construction identitaire d'une région néo-brunswickoise au xxe siècle |language=fr |trans-title=The Republic of Madawaska and Acadie – The identity construction of a New Brunswick Region in the 20th century |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |volume=56 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=153–184 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/2002-v56-n2-haf561/007315ar/}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Philippe |title=La brayonnité, la brayonnité ?!?: référence madawaskayenne en chantier, 1785-2014 |language=fr |trans-title=Brayonnité, brayonnité?!? Madawaskayan reference in progress, 1785–2014 |journal=[[Acadiensis]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=64–90 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/23127}}</ref>


Brayon French is not completely restricted to Madawaska County.
This view of uniqueness led (at least jokingly) to the founding of the [[Republic of Madawaska|République du Madawaska]] during the [[Aroostook War]], wherein some Brayons, disgusted with the actions of both [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Americans|American]] interlopers on their historical lands, declared themselves allied with neither and independent.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Of course, the ''république'' was never formally recognized and was ultimately split by the [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] into American and Canadian parts{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}.


==Other uses==
==Other uses==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


{{Acadia}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Couturier |first=Jacques Paul |title=La République du Madawaska et l'Acadie. La construction identitaire d'une région néo-brunswickoise au xxe siècle |language=fr |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |volume=56 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=153–184 |url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/2002-v56-n2-haf561/007315ar/}}
* {{cite journal |last=Volpé |first=Philippe |title=La brayonnité, la brayonnité ?!?: référence madawaskayenne en chantier, 1785-2014 |language=fr |journal=[[Acadiensis]] |volume=44 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=64–90 |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/23127}}


{{French dialects by continent}}
{{French dialects by continent}}

Latest revision as of 23:57, 27 October 2024

Brayon
Brayon, Brayonne
Regions with significant populations
Canada, concentrated in the Madawaska region of New Brunswick.
Languages
French (maternal language), English (as a second language), Franglais
Religion
Primarily Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
French, Québécois, Acadians, Cajun, French-speaking Quebecer, Franco-Ontarian, Franco-Manitoban, French American

Brayons (/breɪˈjɒ̃/; French pronunciation: [bʁɛjɔ̃]), also called Madawaskayens, are a Francophone people inhabiting the area in and around Madawaska County, New Brunswick, Canada, and some parts of northern Maine.

In French, Brayons are referred to by the masculine les Brayons or the feminine les Brayonnes. They speak with a French accent also known as "Brayon".

Etymology

[edit]

"Brayon" used to be written as "Breillon".[1][2] The origins of the word are not well known. It is hypothesized to have perhaps been derived from the verb "Brayer" (to pull on a rope), the noun "Braie" ("old clothes" in certain dialects of the West of France), or the verb "Broyer" (to crush; the inhabitants of the region used to crush flax).

Culture

[edit]

Given their location in New Brunswick, and that most Brayons descend from Acadians[citation needed] who escaped the deportation of the Acadians, they are considered by many to be Acadians. However, some residents relate more to Quebec and have strong roots and ancestral ties to Quebec.

Therefore, Brayons formed a distinctive culture with a history and heritage linked to farming and forestry in the Madawaska area. This is unlike both the primarily maritime heritage of the modern Acadians and the St. Lawrence Valley history of the Québécois.[3]

Geography

[edit]

Historically, the formal borders between New Brunswick and Quebec, and to some extent Maine, did not matter much to the people of the area. This caused blending and commonalities and close relationships between people in the area, whether Acadian or Québécois or people from parts of northern Maine, forming a Brayon identity.

This Madawaska region was part of a border dispute and was claimed by Quebec when it was called Lower Canada.

The view of uniqueness led (at least jokingly) to the founding of the République du Madawaska during the Aroostook War of 1838, wherein some Brayons, disgusted with the actions of both British and American interlopers on their historical lands, declared themselves allied with neither and independent.[4] The république was never formally recognized and was ultimately split by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty into American and Canadian parts.[5][6]

Brayon French is not completely restricted to Madawaska County.

Other uses

[edit]

Brayon(ne) is also the name of the inhabitants of the Pays de Bray in northwestern France (Normandy, Seine-Maritime département and Picardy, Oise département).

References

[edit]
Look up brayon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 110.
  2. ^ Yves Cormier, Dictionnaire du français acadien, Fides, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7621-3010-2), p. 109.
  3. ^ "La brayonnité, la brayonnité?!? référence madawaskayenne en chantier, 1785-2014" [Brayonnité, brayonnité?!? Madawaskayan reference in progress, 1785–2014]. Acadiensis (in French). 44 (1): 64–90. Spring 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  4. ^ "La petite histoire de la République du Madawaska" [The short history of the Republic of Madawaska]. Infoweekend (in French). Postmedia Network. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  5. ^ Couturier, Jacques Paul (2002). "La République du Madawaska et l'Acadie. La construction identitaire d'une région néo-brunswickoise au xxe siècle" [The Republic of Madawaska and Acadie – The identity construction of a New Brunswick Region in the 20th century]. Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française (in French). 56 (2): 153–184.
  6. ^ Volpé, Philippe (2015). "La brayonnité, la brayonnité ?!?: référence madawaskayenne en chantier, 1785-2014" [Brayonnité, brayonnité?!? Madawaskayan reference in progress, 1785–2014]. Acadiensis (in French). 44 (1): 64–90.
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