Gruffudd ap Cynan: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|King of Gwynedd}} |
{{Short description|King of Gwynedd from 1081 to 1137}} |
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}} |
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{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2021}} |
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{{Use British English|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Gruffudd ap Cynan |
| name = Gruffudd ap Cynan |
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| image = Gruffydd ap Cynan.jpg |
| image = Gruffydd ap Cynan.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = 225 |
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| caption = Gruffudd ap Cynan escapes from Chester |
| caption = Gruffudd ap Cynan escapes from Chester<br/>Illustration by T. Prytherch, 1900 |
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| succession = [[King of Gwynedd]] |
| succession = [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]] |
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| reign = 1081–1137 |
| reign = 1081–1137 |
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| predecessor = [[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] |
| predecessor = [[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] |
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| successor = [[Owain Gwynedd]] |
| successor = [[Owain Gwynedd]] |
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| spouse = [[Angharad ferch Owain]] |
| spouse = [[Angharad ferch Owain]] |
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| issue = [[Cadwallon ap Gruffudd|Cadwallon]], [[Owain Gwynedd]], [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd|Cadwaladr]], Susanna, [[Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd|Gwenllian]] |
| issue = [[Cadwallon ap Gruffudd|Cadwallon]], [[Owain Gwynedd|Owain]], [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd|Cadwaladr]], Susanna, [[Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd|Gwenllian]], Mareda, Ranulht, Agnes |
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| full name = |
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| house = [[House of Aberffraw|Aberffraw]] |
| house = [[House of Aberffraw|Aberffraw]] |
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| father = [[Cynan ab Iago]] |
| father = [[Cynan ab Iago]] |
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| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Dublin|Dublin]], Ireland |
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Dublin|Dublin]], Ireland |
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| death_date = {{death year and age|1137|1055}} |
| death_date = {{death year and age|1137|1055}} |
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| death_place = [[Gwynedd]], Wales |
| death_place = [[Gwynedd]], [[Wales]] |
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| place of burial = [[Bangor Cathedral]] |
| place of burial = [[Bangor Cathedral]] |
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'''Gruffudd ap Cynan''' ({{circa|lk=no|1055}} |
'''Gruffudd ap Cynan''' ({{circa|lk=no|1055}}–1137) was [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]] from 1081 until his death in 1137.<ref name=geni>{{cite web |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Gruffydd-ap-Cynan/6000000000424583790 |website=geni.com |title=Gruffydd ap Cynan |year=1070}}</ref> In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to [[House of Normandy|Norman]] rule. |
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As a descendant of [[ |
As a descendant of [[Rhodri Mawr]] (Rhodri the Great), Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of the princely [[House of Aberffraw]].{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=93}}<ref name="DWB" /> Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections with the [[Norsemen|Norse]] settlement around [[Dublin]] and he frequently used [[Ireland]] as a refuge and as a source of troops.<ref name="DWB"/> He three times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again, before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping power until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which were built upon by his son [[Owain Gwynedd]] and his great-grandson [[Llywelyn ab Iorwerth]] (Llywelyn the Great). |
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==Life== |
== Life == |
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Unusual for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary biography of Gruffudd, ''The History of Gruffudd ap Cynan'', has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.<ref name=bio/> |
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Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] but these are clearly translations of a Latin original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost |
Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] but these are clearly translations of a [[Latin]] original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost and that existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh.<ref name=bio/> However, Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in [[Peniarth Manuscripts|Peniarth MS 434E]] incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text. |
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===Ancestry=== |
=== Ancestry === |
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According to the ''Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan'', Gruffudd was born in the [[ |
According to the ''Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan'', Gruffudd was born in the [[Norse–Gaels|Hiberno–Norse]] [[Kingdom of Dublin]] and reared near [[Swords, Dublin|Swords]], [[County Dublin]] in Ireland. He was the son of an exiled Welsh King as per the Life, [[Cynan ap Iago]], who was a claimant to the kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never its king in actuality, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, [[Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig]], had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young,<ref name="DWB"/> since the ''History'' describes his mother telling him who his father was.<ref name=bio/> |
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According to ''Historia Gruffud vab Kenan'', Gruffudd's mother was ''Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb'', a granddaughter of King [[Sigtrygg Silkbeard]] and a member of the |
According to ''[[Historia Gruffud vab Kenan]]'', Gruffudd's mother was ''Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb'', a granddaughter of King [[Sigtrygg Silkbeard]] and a member of the Hiberno-Norse [[Uí Ímair]] dynasty.{{sfn|Hudson|2005|page=83}} The latter had two sons named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst [[Amlaíb mac Sitriuc|another died in 1034]]. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.<ref name=bio/> |
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During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at [[ |
During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at [[Dublin]], the [[Kingdom of the Isles|Isles]] and [[Wexford]] and from [[Muircheartach Ua Briain]], because he was also descendant through his mother from [[Brian Boru]], [[High King of Ireland]].<ref name=bio/>{{#tag:ref|Anonymous, ''The History of Gruffydd Ap Cynan'', trans. and ed. by Arthur Jones, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1910|group=cy}} |
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===First bid for the throne=== |
=== First bid for the throne === |
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Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of [[Bleddyn ap Cynfyn]]. [[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on [[Abermenai Point]], Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the [[Normans|Norman]] [[Robert of Rhuddlan]] first defeated and killed [[Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon]], an ally of Trahaearn who held [[Llŷn Peninsula|Llŷn]], then defeated Trahaearn himself in the |
Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of [[Bleddyn ap Cynfyn]]. [[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on [[Abermenai Point]], [[Anglesey]] with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the [[Normans|Norman]] [[Robert of Rhuddlan]] first defeated and killed [[Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon]], an ally of Trahaearn who held [[Llŷn Peninsula|Llŷn]], then defeated Trahaearn himself in the [[Battle of Gwaed Erw]] in [[Meirionnydd]] and gained control of Gwynedd.<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed [[Rhuddlan Castle]]. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the [[Battle of Bron yr Erw]] above [[Clynnog Fawr]] the same year.<ref name="DWB" /><ref name="bio" /> |
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Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by [[Robert of Rhuddlan]] attacked and destroyed [[Rhuddlan]] Castle. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the battle of Bron yr Erw above [[Clynnog Fawr]] the same year.<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> |
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⚫ | Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance with [[Rhys ap Tewdwr]], prince of [[Deheubarth]].<ref name="DWB"/> Rhys had been attacked by [[Caradog ap Gruffudd]] of [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Kingdom of Morgannwg|Morgannwg]], and had been forced to flee to [[St Davids Cathedral]]. Gruffudd this time embarked from [[Waterford]] with a force composed of [[Danes]] and [[Irish people|Irish]] and landed near St Davids, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]]. The armies of the two confederacies met at the [[Battle of Mynydd Carn]], with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn,<ref name="DWB"/> Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. Gruffudd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.<ref name=bio/> |
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⚫ | He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with [[Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester]] and [[Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury]] at [[Rhug]], near [[Corwen]]. At the meeting, Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his biographer, this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at [[Chester]] for many years while Earl Hugh and [[Robert of Rhuddlan]] went on to take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at [[Bangor, Gwynedd|Bangor]], [[Caernarfon]] and [[Aberlleiniog]].<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> |
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⚫ | Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance with [[Rhys ap Tewdwr]], prince of [[Deheubarth]].<ref name="DWB"/> Rhys had been attacked by [[Caradog ap Gruffudd]] of [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Morgannwg]], and had been forced to flee to [[St |
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⚫ | He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with [[Hugh d'Avranches |
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⚫ | Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity, he was free by 1094.<ref name="DWB"/> {{#tag:Ref|According to his biography he was in fetters in the marketplace at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. [[Ordericus Vitalis]] mentions a "Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The ''History'' in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 or 1097. [[John Edward Lloyd]] favours 1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K. L. Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that [[Orderic Vitalis|Ordericus Vitalis]]' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.|group=cy}} Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as [[Castell Aberlleiniog]]. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of [[Wales]]. This induced [[William II of England]] (William Rufus) to intervene, invading [[North Wales]] in 1095. However, his army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The ''History'' only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time [[Cadwgan ap Bleddyn]] of [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]] led the Welsh resistance.<ref name=bio/> |
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⚫ | In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd.<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> Gruffudd and his ally [[Cadwgan ap Bleddyn]] retreated to Anglesey, but were then forced to flee to Ireland in a [[skiff]] when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides. |
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⚫ | Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity, he was free by 1094.<ref name="DWB"/> {{#tag:Ref|According to his biography he was in fetters in the |
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⚫ | In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd.<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to |
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⚫ | The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again,<ref name="DWB"/> having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester. The situation was changed by the arrival of a [[Norway|Norwegian fleet]] under the command of King [[Magnus Barefoot]] (Magnus III of Norway) who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the [[Menai Strait]]. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself.<ref name=bio/> |
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⚫ | With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King [[Henry I of England]] who granted him the rule of Llŷn, [[Eifionydd]], [[Ardudwy]] and [[Arllechwedd]], considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd,<ref name="DWB"/> one detachment led by King [[Alexander I of Scotland]]. Faced with overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy fine but lost no territory. |
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⚫ | The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again,<ref name="DWB"/> having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester. The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus III of Norway |
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⚫ | The Kingdom was expanded by his sons,{{#tag:ref|By about 1118, advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad daughter of [[Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl]]|group=cy}} [[Owain Gwynedd]] and later [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd|Cadwaladr]], by Gruffudd's last years "[[Ceredigion]], [[Meirionnydd]], [[Rhos (North Wales)|Rhos]], [[Rhufoniog]] and [[Dyffryn Clwyd]] were under the rule of Gwynedd".<ref name="DWB"/><ref name=bio/> The [[cantref]]s of Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from [[Kingdom of Powys|Powys]] in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by King Henry I in 1121 ultimately ended in military failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffudd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffudd's reign. The death of Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near [[Llangollen]] in 1132 checked further expansion for the time being. |
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⚫ | With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King [[Henry I of England]] who granted him the rule of Llŷn, [[Eifionydd]], Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd,<ref name="DWB"/> one detachment led by King [[Alexander I of Scotland]]. Faced |
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⚫ | The Kingdom was expanded by his sons,{{#tag:ref|By about 1118, advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad daughter of [[Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl]]|group=cy}} [[Owain Gwynedd]] and later [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd|Cadwaladr]], by |
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Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee [[David the Scot]] was consecrated as [[Bishop of Bangor]] in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since bishop [[Hervey le Breton]] had been forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild [[Bangor Cathedral]] with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd. |
Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee [[David the Scot]] was consecrated as [[Bishop of Bangor]] in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since bishop [[Hervey le Breton]] had been forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild [[Bangor Cathedral]] with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd. |
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Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with [[Gruffudd ap Rhys]] of [[Deheubarth]], gained a crushing victory over the Normans [[Battle of Crug Mawr|at Crug Mawr]], near [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], in 1136 and took possession of [[Ceredigion]]. The latter part of Gruffydd's reign was considered to be a "[[Golden Age]]"; according to the ''Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan'' Gwynedd was "bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament". |
Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with [[Gruffudd ap Rhys]] of [[Deheubarth]], gained a crushing victory over the Normans [[Battle of Crug Mawr|at Crug Mawr]], near [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], in 1136 and took possession of [[Ceredigion]]. The latter part of Gruffydd's reign was considered to be a "[[Golden Age]]"; according to the ''Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan'' Gwynedd was "bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament". |
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==Death and succession== |
== Death and succession == |
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[[Image:Bangor Cathedral from Bangor Mountain.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gruffudd was buried in Bangor Cathedral.]] |
[[Image:Bangor Cathedral from Bangor Mountain.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gruffudd was buried in Bangor Cathedral.]] |
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Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind in 1137,<ref name="DWB"/> and was mourned by the annalist of ''[[Brut y Tywysogion]]'' as the "[[King of the Britons|head and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales]]". He was buried by the high altar in [[Bangor Cathedral]],<ref name="DWB"/> which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many other churches, including one to [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin]] where he had worshipped as a boy. An elegy was sung for him by the poet [[Meilyr Brydydd]], his wife Angharad survived him by 25 years.<ref name="DWB"/> He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son [[Owain Gwynedd]]. His daughter [[Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd|Gwenllian]], who married [[Gruffudd ap Rhys]] of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her resistance to |
Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind in 1137,<ref name="DWB"/> and was mourned by the annalist of ''[[Brut y Tywysogion]]'' as the "[[King of the Britons|head and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales]]". He was buried by the high altar in [[Bangor Cathedral]],<ref name="DWB"/> which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many other churches, including one to [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin]] where he had worshipped as a boy. An elegy was sung for him by the poet [[Meilyr Brydydd]], his wife Angharad survived him by 25 years.<ref name="DWB"/> He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son [[Owain Gwynedd]]. His daughter [[Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd|Gwenllian]], who married [[Gruffudd ap Rhys]] of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her resistance to Norman rule.{{fact|date=March 2024}} |
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==Legacy== |
== Legacy == |
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[[File:Castell y Waun Chirk castel North Wales 14.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Gruffudd ap Cynan's Coats of Arms of Welsh King, [[Chirk Castle]]]] |
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⚫ | According to [[Hywel Teifi Edwards]], Gruffudd, according to legend, not only reformed the Welsh [[bard]]ic tradition to accord with that of the [[Irish |
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⚫ | According to [[Hywel Teifi Edwards]], Gruffudd, according to legend, not only reformed the Welsh [[bard]]ic tradition to accord with that of the [[Irish language]] bards but also sponsored an [[Eisteddfod]] at [[Caerwys]] during his reign as King of [[Gwynedd]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Hywel Teifi |last=Edwards |year=2016 |title=The Eisteddfod |publisher=University of Wales Press |page=9 |isbn=9781783169146}}</ref> |
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The family line of Gruffudd shows he had many children by several different women.{{sfn|Llwyd|2002|p=151}} With wife Angharad (daughter of [[Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl|Owain ab Edwin]]) he had:{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=274}}<ref name=geni/> |
The family line of Gruffudd shows he had many children by several different women.{{sfn|Llwyd|2002|p=151}} With wife Angharad (daughter of [[Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl|Owain ab Edwin]]) he had:{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=274}}<ref name=geni/> |
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*[[Owain Gwynedd]] (Owain ap Gruffudd),{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=93}} married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain |
* [[Cadwallon ap Gruffudd]];{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=78}} |
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* [[Owain Gwynedd]] (Owain ap Gruffudd),{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=93}} married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain; |
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*[[Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd|Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd]], married Alice de Clare, daughter of [[Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare]] |
* [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd|Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd]], married Alice de Clare, daughter of [[Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare]]; |
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*[[Cadwallon ap Gruffudd]]{{sfn|Lloyd|2004|p=78}} |
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* Ranulht/Rannillt ferch Gruffudd, married Madog ap Idnerth, King of [[Cynllibiwg]]; |
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*Ranulht/Rannillt, married Madog ap Idnerth, King of Cynllibiwg |
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* [[Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd]], married [[Gruffydd ap Rhys]], prince of [[Deheubarth]]. |
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The FitzRery family of Swords, County Dublin, who were prominent in Dublin politics and commercial life until the seventeenth century, claimed descent from Gruffudd: since he was born in Swords, and maintained close links with Ireland, the claim is not implausible. |
The FitzRery family of Swords, County Dublin, who were prominent in Dublin politics and commercial life until the seventeenth century, claimed descent from Gruffudd: since he was born in Swords, and maintained close links with Ireland, the claim is not implausible. |
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==Ancestry== |
== Ancestry == |
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|1= 1. Gruffudd ap Cynan |
|1= 1. Gruffudd ap Cynan |
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|2= 2. [[Cynan ab Iago]] |
|2= 2. [[Cynan ab Iago]] |
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|3= 3. Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb |
|3= 3. Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb |
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|4= 4. [[Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig]] |
|4= 4. [[Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig]] |
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|5= |
|5= |
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|6= 6. [[Amlaíb mac Sitriuc]] |
|6= 6. [[Amlaíb mac Sitriuc]] |
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|7= 7. Máelcorcre ingen Dúnlaing |
|7= 7. Máelcorcre ingen Dúnlaing |
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|8= 8. Idwal ap Meuric |
|8= 8. Idwal ap Meuric |
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|9= |
|9= |
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|10= |
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|11= |
|11= |
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|12= 12. [[Sigtrygg Silkbeard]] |
|12= 12. [[Sigtrygg Silkbeard]] |
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|13= 13. [[Sláine ingen Briain]] |
|13= 13. [[Sláine ingen Briain]] |
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|14= 14. Dúnlaing mac Tuathail, King of Leinster |
|14= 14. Dúnlaing mac Tuathail, [[List of kings of Leinster|King of Leinster]] |
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|16= 16. Meuric ab Idwal Voel |
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|24= 24. [[Amlaíb Cuarán]] |
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|25= 25. [[Gormflaith ingen Murchada]] |
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|26= 26. [[Brian Boru]], High King of Ireland |
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|27= |
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|28= 28. Túathal mac Úgaire, King of Leinster |
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== Notes == |
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[[Kings and Princes of Wales]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}} |
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=== Citations === |
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{{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="DWB">{{harv|Parry|1959}}</ref><ref name=bio>{{harv|Jones|1910}}</ref>}} |
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="DWB">{{harv|Parry|1959}}</ref><ref name=bio>{{harv|Jones|1910}}</ref>}} |
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== Sources == |
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*{{cite book|last=Llwyd|first=Humphrey|author-link=Humphrey Llwyd|title=Cronica Walliae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2FnAAAAMAAJ |
* {{cite book |last=Llwyd |first=Humphrey |author-link=Humphrey Llwyd |title=Cronica Walliae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2FnAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=[[University of Wales Press]] |isbn=978-0-7083-1638-2}} |
||
*{{cite book|last=Lloyd|first=John Edward |title=A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNjftiNMZdEC&pg=PR8 |
* {{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |title=A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNjftiNMZdEC&pg=PR8 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]] |isbn=978-0-7607-5241-8}} |
||
*{{cite book|author-link=Rees Davies|first=Robert R.|last=Davies|title=The age of conquest: Wales 1063–1415|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1991|isbn=0-19-820198-2}} |
* {{cite book |author-link=Rees Davies |first=Robert R. |last=Davies |title=The age of conquest: Wales 1063–1415 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-19-820198-2}} |
||
*{{cite book|author=Simon Evans|title=A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan|publisher=Llanerch Enterprises|year=1990|isbn=0-947992-58-8}} |
* {{cite book |author=Simon Evans |title=A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan |publisher=Llanerch Enterprises |year=1990 |isbn=0-947992-58-8}} |
||
*{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Benjamin T.|author-link=Benjamin Hudson|title=Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic|edition=Illustrated|year=2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=United States|isbn=0195162374|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH0mL0m95fsC |
* {{cite book |last=Hudson |first=Benjamin T. |author-link=Benjamin Hudson |title=Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic |edition=Illustrated |year=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=United States |isbn=0195162374 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH0mL0m95fsC}} |
||
*{{cite book|first=Arthur|last= |
* {{cite book |first=Arthur |last=Jones |title=The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan |publisher=[[Manchester University Press]] |year=1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028052482/page/n11/mode/2up}} – [http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/gruffydd.html maryjones.us Edition] |
||
*{{cite book|first= |
* {{cite book |first=K. L. |last=Maund |title=Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3443258 |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]] |year=1996 |isbn=0-85115-389-5}} |
||
*{{cite book|first=Kari|last= |
* {{cite book |first=Kari |last=Maund |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4502235 |title=The Welsh kings |publisher=Tempus pub |year=2000 |isbn=9780752417882 |location=[[Stroud]], Gloucestershire}} |
||
*{{cite book|first=Paul|last= |
* {{cite book |first=Paul |last=Russell |title=Vita Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan |publisher=University of Wales Press |date=15 September 2004 |isbn=0708318932}} |
||
*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |first=Frederick Lewis |last=Weis |author-link=Frederick Lewis Weis |title=Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 |isbn=0806313676 |date=1992 |pages=176–226, 239–245}} |
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===Notes=== |
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{{more footnotes|date=December 2021}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} |
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* {{cite ODNB |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11693 |title=Gruffudd ap Cynan |access-date=23 September 2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/11693}} |
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* {{cite web |url=https://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/addysg-education/history-of-snowdonia/the-princes-of-snowdonia/gruffudd-ap-cynan-10545-1137 |website=snowdonia.gov.wales |title=Gruffudd ap Cynan (1055–1137) |access-date=10 December 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211014217/https://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/addysg-education/history-of-snowdonia/the-princes-of-snowdonia/gruffudd-ap-cynan-10545-1137 |url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite |
* {{cite web |url=https://www.monasticwales.org/person/12 |website=monasticwales.org |title=Gruffudd ap Cynan}} |
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*{{cite web| |
* {{cite web |url=http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/gruffcgd.html |website=earlybritishkingdoms.com |title=Gruffudd, King of Gwynedd}} |
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*{{cite web| url=https://www.monasticwales.org/person/12 | website=monasticwales.org |title=Gruffudd ap Cynan }} |
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*{{cite web| url=http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/gruffcgd.html | website=earlybritishkingdoms.com |title=Gruffudd, King of Gwynedd }} |
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{{s-hou|[[House of Aberffraw]]||c. 1055|11 April|1137|[[House of Gwynedd]]}} |
{{s-hou|[[House of Aberffraw]]||c. 1055|11 April|1137|[[House of Gwynedd]]}} |
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{{succession box|before=[[Trahaearn ap Caradog]]|title=[[ |
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|before=[[Trahaearn ap Caradog]] |
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|title=[[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]]|years=1081–1137 |
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[[Category:1137 deaths]] |
Latest revision as of 00:14, 28 October 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2021) |
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2021) |
Gruffudd ap Cynan | |
---|---|
King of Gwynedd | |
King of Gwynedd | |
Reign | 1081–1137 |
Predecessor | Trahaearn ap Caradog |
Successor | Owain Gwynedd |
Born | c. 1055 Dublin, Ireland |
Died | 1137 (aged 81–82) Gwynedd, Wales |
Burial | |
Spouse | Angharad ferch Owain |
Issue | Cadwallon, Owain, Cadwaladr, Susanna, Gwenllian, Mareda, Ranulht, Agnes |
House | Aberffraw |
Father | Cynan ab Iago |
Mother | Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb |
Gruffudd ap Cynan (c. 1055–1137) was King of Gwynedd from 1081 until his death in 1137.[1] In the course of a long and eventful life, he became a key figure in Welsh resistance to Norman rule.
As a descendant of Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), Gruffudd ap Cynan was a senior member of the princely House of Aberffraw.[2][3] Through his mother, Gruffudd had close family connections with the Norse settlement around Dublin and he frequently used Ireland as a refuge and as a source of troops.[3] He three times gained the throne of Gwynedd and then lost it again, before regaining it once more in 1099 and this time keeping power until his death. Gruffudd laid the foundations which were built upon by his son Owain Gwynedd and his great-grandson Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great).
Life
[edit]Unusual for a Welsh king or prince, a near-contemporary biography of Gruffudd, The History of Gruffudd ap Cynan, has survived. Much of our knowledge of Gruffudd comes from this source. The traditional view among scholars was that it was written during the third quarter of the 12th century during the reign of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, but it has recently been suggested that it may date from the early reign of Llywelyn the Great, around 1200. The author is not known.[4]
Most of the existing manuscripts of the history are in Welsh but these are clearly translations of a Latin original. It is usually considered that the original Latin version has been lost and that existing Latin versions are re-translations from the Welsh.[4] However, Russell (2006) has suggested that the Latin version in Peniarth MS 434E incorporates the original Latin version, later amended to bring it into line with the Welsh text.
Ancestry
[edit]According to the Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan, Gruffudd was born in the Hiberno–Norse Kingdom of Dublin and reared near Swords, County Dublin in Ireland. He was the son of an exiled Welsh King as per the Life, Cynan ap Iago, who was a claimant to the kingship of Gwynedd but was probably never its king in actuality, though his father, Gruffudd's grandfather, Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, had ruled Gwynedd from 1023 to 1039. When Gruffudd first appeared on the scene in Wales the Welsh annals several times refer to him as "grandson of Iago" rather than the more usual "son of Cynan", indicating that his father was little known in Wales. Cynan ap Iago seems to have died while Gruffudd was still young,[3] since the History describes his mother telling him who his father was.[4]
According to Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, Gruffudd's mother was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a granddaughter of King Sigtrygg Silkbeard and a member of the Hiberno-Norse Uí Ímair dynasty.[5] The latter had two sons named Amlaíb: one died in 1013, whilst another died in 1034. Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.[4]
During his many struggles to gain the kingship of Gwynedd, Gruffudd received considerable aid from Ireland, from the Hiberno-Norse at Dublin, the Isles and Wexford and from Muircheartach Ua Briain, because he was also descendant through his mother from Brian Boru, High King of Ireland.[4][cy 1]
First bid for the throne
[edit]Gruffudd first attempted to take over the rule of Gwynedd in 1075, following the death of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn. Trahaearn ap Caradog had seized control of Gwynedd but had not yet firmly established himself. Gruffudd landed on Abermenai Point, Anglesey with an Irish force, and with the assistance of troops provided by the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan first defeated and killed Cynwrig ap Rhiwallon, an ally of Trahaearn who held Llŷn, then defeated Trahaearn himself in the Battle of Gwaed Erw in Meirionnydd and gained control of Gwynedd.[3][4] Gruffudd then led his forces eastwards to reclaim territories taken over by the Normans, and despite the assistance previously given by Robert of Rhuddlan attacked and destroyed Rhuddlan Castle. However tension between Gruffudd's Danish-Irish bodyguard and the local Welsh led to a rebellion in Llŷn, and Trahaearn took the opportunity to counterattack, defeating Gruffudd at the Battle of Bron yr Erw above Clynnog Fawr the same year.[3][4]
Second bid for the throne and capture by the Normans
[edit]Gruffudd fled to Ireland but, in 1081, returned and made an alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth.[3] Rhys had been attacked by Caradog ap Gruffudd of Gwent and Morgannwg, and had been forced to flee to St Davids Cathedral. Gruffudd this time embarked from Waterford with a force composed of Danes and Irish and landed near St Davids, presumably by prior arrangement with Rhys. He was joined here by a force of his supporters from Gwynedd, and he and Rhys marched north to seek Trahaearn ap Caradog and Caradog ap Gruffudd who had themselves made an alliance and been joined by Meilyr ap Rhiwallon of Powys. The armies of the two confederacies met at the Battle of Mynydd Carn, with Gruffudd and Rhys victorious and Trahaearn,[3] Caradog and Meilyr all being killed. Gruffudd was thus able to seize power in Gwynedd for the second time.[4]
He was soon faced with a new enemy, as the Normans were now encroaching on Gwynedd. Gruffudd had not been king very long when he was enticed to a meeting with Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester and Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury at Rhug, near Corwen. At the meeting, Gruffudd was seized and taken prisoner. According to his biographer, this was by the treachery of one of his own men, Meirion Goch. Gruffudd was imprisoned in Earl Hugh's castle at Chester for many years while Earl Hugh and Robert of Rhuddlan went on to take possession of Gwynedd, building castles at Bangor, Caernarfon and Aberlleiniog.[3][4]
Escape from captivity and third reign
[edit]Gruffudd reappeared on the scene years later, having escaped from captivity, he was free by 1094.[3] [cy 2] Gruffudd again took refuge in Ireland but returned to Gwynedd to lead the assaults on Norman castles such as Castell Aberlleiniog. The Welsh revolt had begun in 1094 and by late 1095 had spread to many parts of Wales. This induced William II of England (William Rufus) to intervene, invading North Wales in 1095. However, his army was unable to bring the Welsh to battle and returned to Chester without having achieved very much. King William mounted a second invasion in 1097, but again without much success. The History only mentions one invasion by Rufus, which could indicate that Gruffudd did not feature in the resistance to the first invasion. At this time Cadwgan ap Bleddyn of Powys led the Welsh resistance.[4]
In the summer of 1098, Earl Hugh of Chester joined with Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury in another attempt to recover his losses in Gwynedd.[3][4] Gruffudd and his ally Cadwgan ap Bleddyn retreated to Anglesey, but were then forced to flee to Ireland in a skiff when a fleet he had hired from the Danish settlement in Ireland accepted a better offer from the Normans and changed sides.
King for the fourth time and consolidation
[edit]The Normans were obliged to evacuate Anglesey, and the following year, Gruffudd returned from Ireland to take possession again,[3] having apparently come to an agreement with Earl Hugh of Chester. The situation was changed by the arrival of a Norwegian fleet under the command of King Magnus Barefoot (Magnus III of Norway) who attacked the Norman forces near the eastern end of the Menai Strait. Earl Hugh of Shrewsbury was killed by an arrow said to have been shot by Magnus himself.[4]
With the death of Hugh of Chester in 1101, Gruffudd was able to consolidate his position in Gwynedd, as much by diplomacy as by force. He met King Henry I of England who granted him the rule of Llŷn, Eifionydd, Ardudwy and Arllechwedd, considerably extending his kingdom. By 1114, he had gained enough power to induce King Henry to invade Gwynedd,[3] one detachment led by King Alexander I of Scotland. Faced with overwhelming force, Gruffudd was obliged to pay homage to Henry and to pay a heavy fine but lost no territory.
The Kingdom was expanded by his sons,[cy 3] Owain Gwynedd and later Cadwaladr, by Gruffudd's last years "Ceredigion, Meirionnydd, Rhos, Rhufoniog and Dyffryn Clwyd were under the rule of Gwynedd".[3][4] The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog were annexed in 1118, Meirionnydd captured from Powys in 1123, and Dyffryn Clwyd in 1124. Another invasion by King Henry I in 1121 ultimately ended in military failure. The king had to come to terms with Gruffudd and made no further attempt to invade Gwynedd during Gruffudd's reign. The death of Cadwallon in a battle against the forces of Powys near Llangollen in 1132 checked further expansion for the time being.
Gruffudd was now powerful enough to ensure that his nominee David the Scot was consecrated as Bishop of Bangor in 1120. The see had been effectively vacant since bishop Hervey le Breton had been forced to flee by the Welsh almost twenty years before, since Gruffudd and King Henry could not agree on a candidate. David went on to rebuild Bangor Cathedral with a large financial contribution from Gruffudd.
Owain and Cadwaladr, in alliance with Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, gained a crushing victory over the Normans at Crug Mawr, near Cardigan, in 1136 and took possession of Ceredigion. The latter part of Gruffydd's reign was considered to be a "Golden Age"; according to the Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan Gwynedd was "bespangled with lime-washed churches like the stars in the firmament".
Death and succession
[edit]Gruffudd died in his bed, old and blind in 1137,[3] and was mourned by the annalist of Brut y Tywysogion as the "head and king and defender and pacifier of all Wales". He was buried by the high altar in Bangor Cathedral,[3] which he had been involved in rebuilding. He also made bequests to many other churches, including one to Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin where he had worshipped as a boy. An elegy was sung for him by the poet Meilyr Brydydd, his wife Angharad survived him by 25 years.[3] He was succeeded as king of Gwynedd by his son Owain Gwynedd. His daughter Gwenllian, who married Gruffudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, son of his old ally Rhys ap Tewdwr, is also notable for her resistance to Norman rule.[citation needed]
Legacy
[edit]According to Hywel Teifi Edwards, Gruffudd, according to legend, not only reformed the Welsh bardic tradition to accord with that of the Irish language bards but also sponsored an Eisteddfod at Caerwys during his reign as King of Gwynedd.[6]
Children
[edit]The family line of Gruffudd shows he had many children by several different women.[7] With wife Angharad (daughter of Owain ab Edwin) he had:[8][1]
- Cadwallon ap Gruffudd;[9]
- Owain Gwynedd (Owain ap Gruffudd),[2] married (1) Gwladus (Gladys) ferch Llywarch, daughter of Llywarch ap Trahaearn (2) Cristin ferch Goronwy, daughter of Goronwy ab Owain;
- Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd, married Alice de Clare, daughter of Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare;
- Mareda/Marared ferch Gruffudd;
- Susanna ferch Gruffudd, married Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys;
- Ranulht/Rannillt ferch Gruffudd, married Madog ap Idnerth, King of Cynllibiwg;
- Agnes/Annest ferch Gruffudd;
- Gwenllian ferch Gruffudd, married Gruffydd ap Rhys, prince of Deheubarth.
The FitzRery family of Swords, County Dublin, who were prominent in Dublin politics and commercial life until the seventeenth century, claimed descent from Gruffudd: since he was born in Swords, and maintained close links with Ireland, the claim is not implausible.
Ancestry
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Notes
[edit]- ^ Anonymous, The History of Gruffydd Ap Cynan, trans. and ed. by Arthur Jones, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1910
- ^ According to his biography he was in fetters in the marketplace at Chester when Cynwrig the Tall, on a visit to the city, saw his opportunity when the burgesses were at dinner. He picked Gruffudd up, fetters and all, and carried him out of the city on his shoulders. There is debate among historians as to the year of Gruffudd's escape. Ordericus Vitalis mentions a "Grifridus" attacking the Normans in 1088. The History in one place states that Gruffudd was imprisoned for twelve years, in another that he was imprisoned for sixteen years. Since he was captured in 1081, that would date his release to 1093 or 1097. John Edward Lloyd favours 1093, considering that Gruffudd was involved at the beginning of the Welsh uprising in 1094. K. L. Maund on the other hand favours 1097, pointing out that there is no reference to Gruffudd in the contemporary annals until 1098. D. Simon Evans inclines to the view that Ordericus Vitalis' date of 1088 could be correct, suggesting that an argument based on the silence of the annals is unsafe.
- ^ By about 1118, advancing years meant that most of the fighting, which pushed Gwynedd's borders eastward and southwards, was done by his three sons by his wife Angharad daughter of Owain ab Edwin of Tegeingl
References
[edit]- ^ a b "Gruffydd ap Cynan". geni.com. 1070.
- ^ a b Lloyd 2004, p. 93.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p (Parry 1959)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m (Jones 1910)
- ^ Hudson 2005, p. 83.
- ^ Edwards, Hywel Teifi (2016). The Eisteddfod. University of Wales Press. p. 9. ISBN 9781783169146.
- ^ Llwyd 2002, p. 151.
- ^ Lloyd 2004, p. 274.
- ^ Lloyd 2004, p. 78.
Sources
[edit]- Llwyd, Humphrey (2002). Cronica Walliae. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1638-2.
- Lloyd, John Edward (2004). A History of Wales: From the Norman Invasion to the Edwardian Conquest. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-5241-8.
- Davies, Robert R. (1991). The age of conquest: Wales 1063–1415. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820198-2.
- Simon Evans (1990). A Mediaeval Prince of Wales: the Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. Llanerch Enterprises. ISBN 0-947992-58-8.
- Hudson, Benjamin T. (2005). Viking Pirates and Christian Princes: Dynasty, Religion, and Empire in the North Atlantic (Illustrated ed.). United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195162374.
- Jones, Arthur (1910). The history of Gruffydd ap Cynan. Manchester University Press. – maryjones.us Edition
- Maund, K. L. (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan: a collaborative biography. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 0-85115-389-5.
- Maund, Kari (2000). The Welsh kings. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus pub. ISBN 9780752417882.
- Russell, Paul (15 September 2004). Vita Griffini Filii Conani: The Medieval Latin Life of Gruffudd Ap Cynan. University of Wales Press. ISBN 0708318932.
- Weis, Frederick Lewis (1992). Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700. pp. 176–226, 239–245. ISBN 0806313676.
External links
[edit]- Parry, Thomas (1959). "GRUFFUDD ap CYNAN (c. 1055–1137), king of Gwynedd". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales.
- Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney, eds. (1890). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 301–304.
- "Gruffudd ap Cynan". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11693. Retrieved 23 September 2004. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- "Gruffudd ap Cynan (1055–1137)". snowdonia.gov.wales. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- "Gruffudd ap Cynan". thesignoftimestimes.com.au.
- "The History of Gruffydd ap Cynan". maryjones.us.
- "Gruffudd ap Cynan". monasticwales.org.
- "Gruffudd, King of Gwynedd". earlybritishkingdoms.com.