Hypnopompia: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|State of consciousness leading out of sleep}} |
{{short description|State of consciousness leading out of sleep}} |
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{{distinguish|Psychopomp}} |
{{distinguish|Psychopomp}} |
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<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Hypnopompia|2=Talk:Hypnopompic#Requested move 11 December 2022}} |
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| ⚫ | '''Hypnopompia''' (also known as '''hypnopompic state''') is the [[state of consciousness]] leading out of [[sleep]], a term coined by the [[psychical researcher]] [[Frederic William Henry Myers|Frederic Myers]]. Its mirror is the [[hypnagogic]] state at sleep onset; though often conflated, the two states are not identical and have a different [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] character. Hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations are frequently accompanied by [[sleep paralysis]], which is a state wherein one is consciously aware of one's surroundings but unable to move or speak. |
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== Etymology == |
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[[Frederic William Henry Myers|Frederic Myers]] coined the term "hypnopompic", with its word-ending originating from the Greek word "pompos", meaning "sender", in 1904.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghibellini |first=Romain |last2=Meier |first2=Beat |date=February 2023 |title=The hypnagogic state: A brief update |journal=Journal of Sleep Research |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=e13719 |doi=10.1111/jsr.13719 |issn=0962-1105 |pmc=10078162 |pmid=36017720}}</ref> |
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== Hallucinations == |
== Hallucinations == |
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[[Hallucination]]s are commonly understood as "sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an objective stimulus".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last= |
[[Hallucination]]s are commonly understood as "sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an objective stimulus".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=D'Agostino |first=Armando |title=Narcolepsy |last2=Limosani |first2=Ivan |date=2010 |publisher=Springer New York |isbn=978-1-4419-0853-7 |editor-last=Goswami |editor-first=Meeta |pages=87–97 |language=en |chapter=Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0854-4_8 |editor-last2=Pandi-Perumal |editor-first2=S. R. |editor-last3=Thorpy |editor-first3=Michael J.}}</ref> As this definition implies, though, like dreams, most hallucinations are visual, they can encompass a broader range of sensory experience. Auditory hallucinations are thus also common: "patients can hear simple sounds, structured melodies or complete sentences".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iranzo |first=Alex |title=Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-24288-2 |pages=1011–1019.e4 |chapter=Other Parasomnias |doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00105-7}}</ref> Slightly less common but not unheard of are "[[Somesthetic illusion|somesthetic]]" hallucinations involving the sense of touch and location, with such experiences ranging from tactile sensations to full-blown "[[Cenesthopathy|cenesthopathic]]" or "out-of-body experiences", which involve sudden changes in the perception of the body's location, or even a sense of movement of the entire body. Finally, a unique characteristic of hypnopompic hallucinations is that as opposed to dreams, wherein they rarely understand that they are asleep, here sleepers do indeed have "the clear subjective awareness of being awake" yet are frequently mentally and physically trapped in the experience.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Neurobiology == |
== Neurobiology == |
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{{More citations needed section|date=November 2023}} |
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The objective difference between the subjective experiences of dreams and hypnopompic hallucinations emerges from a close look at the sleep cycle and its attendant brain activity: there are essentially two types of sleep, [[Rapid eye movement sleep|R.E.M. sleep]], which is |
The objective difference between the subjective experiences of dreams and hypnopompic hallucinations emerges from a close look at the sleep cycle and its attendant brain activity: there are essentially two types of sleep, [[Rapid eye movement sleep|R.E.M. sleep]], which is categorized by [[Rapid eye movement sleep|"rapid eye movement]]" and [[Non-rapid eye movement sleep|N.R.E.M.]], which stands for "Non-Rapid Eye Movement". In R.E.M. sleep, brains are extremely active. In particular, during this stage, both the brain-stem, which is the home of the most fundamental physical drives, and the parts of the cortex related to the most complex logical-cognitive functions experience highly intense electrical activity. Conversely, there is almost no electrical activity during N.R.E.M. sleep. N.R.E.M. is what is referred to as [[Slow-wave sleep|deep sleep]], which is characterized by the complete quieting of the mind and by muscle [[Atony|atonia]]. R.E.M. sleep cycles are book-ended by N.R.E.M. stages.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Flavie |last2=Blom |first2=Jan Dirk |last3=Dang-Vu |first3=Thien Thanh |last4=Cheyne |first4=Allan J. |last5=Alderson-Day |first5=Ben |last6=Woodruff |first6=Peter |last7=Collerton |first7=Daniel |date=September 2016 |title=What Is the Link Between Hallucinations, Dreams, and Hypnagogic–Hypnopompic Experiences? |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1098–1109 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbw076 |issn=0586-7614 |pmc=4988750 |pmid=27358492}}</ref> |
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It is precisely at this last point, though, that |
It is precisely at this last point, though, that can cause hypnopompic hallucinations: occasionally during deep N.R.E.M., "transient patterns of neural activation in brainstem structures [resembling] micro-wake "fragments" can occur".<ref name=":1" /> These have a two-fold effect: first, just as in R.E.M. sleep, these brain-stem fragments essentially activate the dream mechanism. Second, they catalyze a near-waking state. However, this is often not powerful enough to jar a person completely out of deep sleep, and so only the mind fully awakens, leaving the body trapped in the atonia of deep sleep. Another reason why hypnopompic hallucinations are often such horrible experiences is that micro-wake fragments appear to be related to [[serotonin]] and [[dopamine]] deficits—these deficits predispose a person to negative mental states, which likely causes the hallucinations to resemble bad dreams.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== Cultural manifestations == |
== Cultural manifestations == |
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[[File: |
[[File:Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), The Nightmare, 1781.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Fuseli|Fuseli's]] 1781 painting ''[[The Nightmare]]'' is thought to be a depiction of a hypnopompic hallucination]] |
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These mental experiences are indeed often deeply damaging: across cultures, the experience of hypnopompic hallucinations are strongly related to "visitations of spirits, demons or other grotesque creatures belonging to traditional folklore".<ref name=":0" /> Thus, in the [[Anglosphere]], hypnopompic experiences often entail the sense that an "[[Old hag|Old Hag]]" or some similar "nocturnal spirit" is sitting on the |
These mental experiences are indeed often deeply damaging: across cultures, the experience of hypnopompic hallucinations are strongly related to "visitations of spirits, demons or other grotesque creatures belonging to traditional folklore".<ref name=":0" /> Thus, in the [[Anglosphere]], hypnopompic experiences often entail the sense that an "[[Old hag|Old Hag]]" or some similar "nocturnal spirit" is sitting on the sleeper's chest, inducing both paralysis and an increasing, suffocating inability to move. Anthropologists have discovered references dating back to the High Middle Ages of similar figures in Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman traditions, most prominently the "''[[Maera (hound)|mæra]]",'' the source of the word "nightmare", and which appears to have roots in ancient Germanic superstitions. |
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Similarly, subjects belonging to Yoruban-African diasporas report feeling as though they are being "ridden" by the evil manifestations of their versions of the African pantheon (ridden is the vernacular for possession by the gods, who are often referred to as "divine horsemen"). Some members of the Yoruba diaspora appear to conflate the cultural interpretation of the experience, referring to "being ridden by the witch". Japanese interpretations of the experience are often grouped under the heading of |
Similarly, subjects belonging to Yoruban-African diasporas report feeling as though they are being "ridden" by the evil manifestations of their versions of the African pantheon (ridden is the vernacular for possession by the gods, who are often referred to as "divine horsemen"). Some members of the Yoruba diaspora appear to conflate the cultural interpretation of the experience, referring to "being ridden by the witch". Japanese interpretations of the experience are often grouped under the heading of {{lang|ja|金縛り}} {{transl|ja|kanashibari}}, a term which literally means "bound in gold or metal" and derives from the name of an esoteric Buddhist technique for paralyzing enemies.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Future research horizons == |
== Future research horizons == |
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Owing to similarities between |
Owing to similarities between hypnopompic hallucinations and those experienced by people with [[dementia]], [[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]] and [[schizophrenia]], significant progress is being made on understanding the neurobiological basis of this experience. Researchers have identified "a common neurofunctional substrate [which] points to a shared pattern of brain activation" underlying elements of schizophrenic delusions and these near-waking hallucinations: "with regional grey matter blood flow values being maximally increased in right parietal-occipital regions" during hypnagogic hallucinations and many schizoid episodes. Thus,{{how|date=February 2022}} such painful near-waking experiences could be rendered obsolete.{{how|date=February 2022}}<ref name=":0" /> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* |
* {{Cite journal |last=Balkin |first=Thomas J. |last2=Braun |first2=Allen R. |last3=Wesensten |first3=Nancy J. |last4=Jeffries |first4=Keith |last5=Varga |first5=Mary |last6=Baldwin |first6=Paul |last7=Belenky |first7=Gregory |last8=Herscovitch |first8=Peter |display-authors=4 |date=2002-10-01 |title=The process of awakening: a PET study of regional brain activity patterns mediating the re-establishment of alertness and consciousness |url=https://academic.oup.com/brain/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/awf228 |journal=Brain |volume=125 |issue=10 |pages=2308–2319 |doi=10.1093/brain/awf228 |pmid=12244087}} |
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* |
* {{Cite journal |last=Tassi |first=P. |last2=Muzet |first2=A. |year=2000 |title=Sleep inertia |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=341–353 |doi=10.1053/smrv.2000.0098 |pmid=12531174}} |
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* {{Cite book | |
* {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=Jeff |title=The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness |publisher=Random House |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-679-31408-0 |chapter=The Hypnopompic}} |
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{{Dreaming}} |
{{Dreaming}} |
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Latest revision as of 00:44, 28 October 2024
Hypnopompia (also known as hypnopompic state) is the state of consciousness leading out of sleep, a term coined by the psychical researcher Frederic Myers. Its mirror is the hypnagogic state at sleep onset; though often conflated, the two states are not identical and have a different phenomenological character. Hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations are frequently accompanied by sleep paralysis, which is a state wherein one is consciously aware of one's surroundings but unable to move or speak.
Etymology
[edit]Frederic Myers coined the term "hypnopompic", with its word-ending originating from the Greek word "pompos", meaning "sender", in 1904.[1]
Hallucinations
[edit]Hallucinations are commonly understood as "sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an objective stimulus".[2] As this definition implies, though, like dreams, most hallucinations are visual, they can encompass a broader range of sensory experience. Auditory hallucinations are thus also common: "patients can hear simple sounds, structured melodies or complete sentences".[3] Slightly less common but not unheard of are "somesthetic" hallucinations involving the sense of touch and location, with such experiences ranging from tactile sensations to full-blown "cenesthopathic" or "out-of-body experiences", which involve sudden changes in the perception of the body's location, or even a sense of movement of the entire body. Finally, a unique characteristic of hypnopompic hallucinations is that as opposed to dreams, wherein they rarely understand that they are asleep, here sleepers do indeed have "the clear subjective awareness of being awake" yet are frequently mentally and physically trapped in the experience.[2]
Neurobiology
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2023) |
The objective difference between the subjective experiences of dreams and hypnopompic hallucinations emerges from a close look at the sleep cycle and its attendant brain activity: there are essentially two types of sleep, R.E.M. sleep, which is categorized by "rapid eye movement" and N.R.E.M., which stands for "Non-Rapid Eye Movement". In R.E.M. sleep, brains are extremely active. In particular, during this stage, both the brain-stem, which is the home of the most fundamental physical drives, and the parts of the cortex related to the most complex logical-cognitive functions experience highly intense electrical activity. Conversely, there is almost no electrical activity during N.R.E.M. sleep. N.R.E.M. is what is referred to as deep sleep, which is characterized by the complete quieting of the mind and by muscle atonia. R.E.M. sleep cycles are book-ended by N.R.E.M. stages.[4]
It is precisely at this last point, though, that can cause hypnopompic hallucinations: occasionally during deep N.R.E.M., "transient patterns of neural activation in brainstem structures [resembling] micro-wake "fragments" can occur".[4] These have a two-fold effect: first, just as in R.E.M. sleep, these brain-stem fragments essentially activate the dream mechanism. Second, they catalyze a near-waking state. However, this is often not powerful enough to jar a person completely out of deep sleep, and so only the mind fully awakens, leaving the body trapped in the atonia of deep sleep. Another reason why hypnopompic hallucinations are often such horrible experiences is that micro-wake fragments appear to be related to serotonin and dopamine deficits—these deficits predispose a person to negative mental states, which likely causes the hallucinations to resemble bad dreams.[4]
Cultural manifestations
[edit],_The_Nightmare,_1781.jpg)
These mental experiences are indeed often deeply damaging: across cultures, the experience of hypnopompic hallucinations are strongly related to "visitations of spirits, demons or other grotesque creatures belonging to traditional folklore".[2] Thus, in the Anglosphere, hypnopompic experiences often entail the sense that an "Old Hag" or some similar "nocturnal spirit" is sitting on the sleeper's chest, inducing both paralysis and an increasing, suffocating inability to move. Anthropologists have discovered references dating back to the High Middle Ages of similar figures in Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman traditions, most prominently the "mæra", the source of the word "nightmare", and which appears to have roots in ancient Germanic superstitions.
Similarly, subjects belonging to Yoruban-African diasporas report feeling as though they are being "ridden" by the evil manifestations of their versions of the African pantheon (ridden is the vernacular for possession by the gods, who are often referred to as "divine horsemen"). Some members of the Yoruba diaspora appear to conflate the cultural interpretation of the experience, referring to "being ridden by the witch". Japanese interpretations of the experience are often grouped under the heading of 金縛り kanashibari, a term which literally means "bound in gold or metal" and derives from the name of an esoteric Buddhist technique for paralyzing enemies.[2]
Future research horizons
[edit]Owing to similarities between hypnopompic hallucinations and those experienced by people with dementia, Parkinson's and schizophrenia, significant progress is being made on understanding the neurobiological basis of this experience. Researchers have identified "a common neurofunctional substrate [which] points to a shared pattern of brain activation" underlying elements of schizophrenic delusions and these near-waking hallucinations: "with regional grey matter blood flow values being maximally increased in right parietal-occipital regions" during hypnagogic hallucinations and many schizoid episodes. Thus,[how?] such painful near-waking experiences could be rendered obsolete.[how?][2]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Ghibellini R, Meier B (February 2023). "The hypnagogic state: A brief update". Journal of Sleep Research. 32 (1): e13719. doi:10.1111/jsr.13719. ISSN 0962-1105. PMC 10078162. PMID 36017720.
- ^ a b c d e D'Agostino A, Limosani I (2010). "Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis". In Goswami M, Pandi-Perumal SR, Thorpy MJ (eds.). Narcolepsy. Springer New York. pp. 87–97. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0854-4_8. ISBN 978-1-4419-0853-7.
- ^ Iranzo A (2017). "Other Parasomnias". Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Elsevier. pp. 1011–1019.e4. doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00105-7. ISBN 978-0-323-24288-2.
- ^ a b c Waters F, Blom JD, Dang-Vu TT, Cheyne AJ, Alderson-Day B, Woodruff P, Collerton D (September 2016). "What Is the Link Between Hallucinations, Dreams, and Hypnagogic–Hypnopompic Experiences?". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 42 (5): 1098–1109. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw076. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 4988750. PMID 27358492.
References
[edit]- Balkin TJ, Braun AR, Wesensten NJ, Jeffries K, et al. (1 October 2002). "The process of awakening: a PET study of regional brain activity patterns mediating the re-establishment of alertness and consciousness". Brain. 125 (10): 2308–2319. doi:10.1093/brain/awf228. PMID 12244087.
- Tassi P, Muzet A (2000). "Sleep inertia". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 4 (4): 341–353. doi:10.1053/smrv.2000.0098. PMID 12531174.
- Warren J (2007). "The Hypnopompic". The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-31408-0.