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{{Short description|1918-1919}}
{{unreferenced|date=January 2008}}
{{POV|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name = {{nowrap|{{small|{{native name|de|Provinz Deutschböhmen}}}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Province of German Bohemia
| common_name = Deutschböhmen
| year_start = 1918
| year_end = 1919
| event_start =
| date_start = 29 October
| event_end = [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
| date_end = 10 September
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| subdivision = [[Province]]
| capital = [[Liberec|Reichenberg]]
| nation = <br> the [[Republic of German-Austria]]
| stat_year1 = 1918
| stat_area1 = 14496
| stat_pop1 = 2,350,000
| image_map = Der Aufbau der Republik Deutschösterreich.png
| image_map_caption = Province of German Bohemia as shown within [[German Austria]]
| p1 = Austria-Hungary
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
| s1 = First Czechoslovak Republic
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Czech Republic.svg
| today = [[Czech Republic]]
}}
The '''Province of German Bohemia''' ({{langx|de|Provinz Deutschböhmen}} {{IPA|de|ˈdɔʏtʃbøːmən||Deutschböhmen.ogg}}; {{langx|cs|Německé Čechy}}) was a province in [[Bohemia]], now the [[Czech Republic]], established for a short period of time after the First World War, as part of the [[Republic of German-Austria]].


'''German Bohemia''' ({{lang-de|Deutschböhmen}}; {{lang-cs|Německé Čechy}}) was a region in [[Czech Republic]] established, for a short period of time, after the World War I. It included parts of northern and western [[Bohemia]] once largely populated by [[ethnic German]]s. Important population centers were [[Liberec]] (Reichenberg), [[Ústí nad Labem]] (Aussig), [[Teplice]] (Teplitz-Schönau), [[Duchcov]] (Dux) , [[Cheb]] (Eger), [[Mariánské Lázne]] (Marienbad), [[Karlovy Vary]] (Karlsbad), [[Jablonec nad Nisou]] (Gablonz an der Neiße), [[Litoměřice]] (Leitmeritz), [[Most]] (Brüx) and, [[Žatec]] (Saaz).
It included parts of northern and western [[Bohemia]], at that time primarily populated by [[ethnic German]]s. Important population centers were Reichenberg (now [[Liberec]]), Aussig ([[Ústí nad Labem]]), Teplitz-Schönau ([[Teplice]]), Dux ([[Duchcov]]), Eger ([[Cheb]]), Marienbad ([[Mariánské Lázně]]), Karlsbad ([[Karlovy Vary]]), Gablonz an der Neiße ([[Jablonec nad Nisou]]), Leitmeritz ([[Litoměřice]]), Brüx ([[Most (city)|Most]]) and Saaz ([[Žatec]]). The land that comprised the province would later form an integral part of the territory later known as the "[[Sudetenland]]".


==History==
==History==
{{See also|Sudeten Germans}}
[[Image:GermanAustriaMap.png|thumb|right|350px|The provinces of [[German Austria]] with German Bohemia in brown]]
Lands constituting German Bohemia were historically an integral part of the [[Habsburgs]] [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] but, with the imminent collapse of Habsburg [[Austria-Hungary]] at the end of [[World War I]], areas of the [[Czechs|Czech]]-majority Bohemia with an ethnic German majority who began to take actions to avoid joining a new Czechoslovak state. On 27 October 1918, the [[Egerland]] region declared independence from Bohemia and a day later the independence of [[Czechoslovakia]] was proclaimed in the Bohemian capital of [[Prague]].
Territories constituting modern German Bohemia were historically an integral part of the [[Duchy of Bohemia|Duchy]] and [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] (itself part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from 1102), although with different ethnic development. After the [[Migration Period]], German tribes had largely left the Bohemian areas and the region had become home of a Slavic population. <ref> {{cite book|title=Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen und Mähren|author=
Wilhelm Weizsäcker|publisher=Holzner-Verlag|year=1959|pages=5}}</ref> Since the second half of the 13th century [[German people|German]] settlers had been invited by the [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Bohemian kings]] and the [[Czech nobility|nobility]] to develop sparsely populated border regions of Bohemia with skills acquired from the comparable landscapes of German states. For the subsequent seven centuries, the Czech lands were characterized by close relationship as well as contentment ([[František Palacký|F. Palacký]]) between [[Slavic nations|Slavic]]-Czech majority and substantial German minority.


As the Bohemian lands modernized, Czech nationalism grew, intellectually developed as a combination of noble provincial particularism and [[Czech state right ideology|historical revivalism]] promoted by middle-class intellectuals. Political German nationalism in Austria did not exist on its own, but in a
On 11 November 1918, Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] relinquished power and, on 12 November, the ethnic German areas of the empire were declared the Republic of [[German Austria]] with the intent of unifying with [[Germany]]. The '''Province of German Bohemia''' (German: ''Provinz Deutschböhmen'') was formed from the part of Bohemia containing the most ethnic Germans (however, ethnic German areas of southwestern Bohemia in the [[Bohemian Forest Region]] were added to [[Upper Austria]] instead of German Bohemia). The capital of the province was Liberec.
context of many competing nationalism. On the other hand, German liberals believed that their predominance had a universal basis in the values of constitutionalism, parliamentary government and rule of law. As Germans felt more marginalized in Bohemia, the Germans' views began shifting to alleged racial and cultural superiority. Czech nationalism eventually turned just as radical as German nationalism.<ref>{{cite book|title=Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe|author=Marco Bresciani|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|pages=27–28|year=2020}}</ref>


Relatively calm coexistence began ending with outbreak of the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire|1848 Revolution]], which also brought demands of [[German nationalism|German nationalists]] for unification of all German-speaking countries (i.e., in their conception, including Czech lands being then under the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] rule) into one state – the demands which representatives of the [[Czech National Revival]], although quite weak then, decisively refused. For their claim to all of Bohemia, the Czechs viewed indivisibility of Bohemia as a sacrosanct principle. The Czechs alleged that originally, all of Bohemia had been Czech-settled, and implied that this could justify a demand for restitution of these lands for the Czechs. German settlement and cultivation of the then mostly unsettled areas was portrayed as land grab.
⚫
In late November 1918, the Czechoslovak army began an invasion of German Bohemia and during December it occupied whole area of the region with Liberec falling on 16 December and the last major city, Litoměřice, falling on 27 December 1918.


The remaining 70 years of existence [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] were filled by increasing nationalist tensions and struggling between gradually strengthening Bohemian-Czechs (c. 2/3 of all inhabitants of the Czech lands) and Bohemian-Germans, but also with several attempts for striking a compromise. For example, the [[Kremsier Constitution]] provided for a solution in that the historical regions were to remain, but that they should be further subdivided along ethnic boundaries. Such an idea of ethnic subdivision of Bohemia was accepted by many German parties but was strongly opposed by the Czech.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Birke| editor2-last=Oberdorfer|title= Das böhmische Staatsrecht in den deutsch - tschechischen Auseinandersetzungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts|place= Marburg / Lahn |author=Helmut Slapnica|chapter=Die Stellungnahme des Deutschtums der Sudetenläner zum "Historischen Staatsrecht"}}</ref>
The status of German areas in Bohemia and [[Moravia]] was definitively settled by the 1919 peace [[Treaty of Versailles|treaties of Versailles]] and [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] that declared that the areas belong to [[Czechoslovakia]]. The Czechoslovak Government then granted amnesty for all activities against the new state.


With the imminent collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary at the end of [[First World War]], Germans in areas of Bohemia with an ethnic German majority declared that they did not want to break away from Austria as the Czechs intended. On 27 October 1918, the [[Egerland]] declared independence from Bohemia and a day later the independence of [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] was proclaimed in the Bohemian capital of [[Prague]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book |last=Prinz |first=Friedrich |language=de|title=Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmwjAQAAIAAJ |access-date= 25 February 2013 |year=1993 |publisher=Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |isbn=3-88680-200-0 |page=381}}</ref> On 11 November 1918, Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] relinquished power and, on 12 November, ethnic German areas of the empire were declared to be part of new the Republic of [[German Austria]], with the intent of unifying with the [[Weimar Republic|German Reich]]. Appealing to the [[Self-determination|principle of self-determination]] the Province of German Bohemia was formed from the part of Bohemia that contained primarily ethnic Germans. The capital of the province was at [[Liberec|Reichenberg]].
The region was then reintegrated into the Bohemian Land of the [[First Republic of Czechoslovakia]] and remained a part of it until the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] dismemberment of Czechoslovakia when it was added to [[Sudetenland]]. After [[World War II]], the area was returned to the Czechoslovakia. Most of the remaining German population living in the region following the War were driven out of the country; many of these persons were killed or died during their flight from the attacking Czech and Soviet armies.

At the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]], [[Edvard Beneš]] demanded incorporation of the German-speaking lands, alleging that without these lands Czechia would not survive economically. The Czechs denied existence of a closed German language area and distorted demographic maps such that the area between Komotau and Teplitz appeared as Czech-settled. At the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference]] proposed border correrctions of Bohemia such that Eger, Rumburg, Friedland, and Freiwaldau were to become part of Germany. <ref>{{cite book|title=Die sudetendeutsche Frage auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz|author=Rüdiger Goldmann|publisher=Fides-Verlags-gesellschaft|year= 1971|pages=75, 81, 87}}</ref> Notably, the German-Bohemian lands were the most industrialized regions in whole Austria-Hungary.

In 1919, the territory of the province was inhabited by 2.23 million ethnic Germans, and 116,275 ethnic Czechs.<ref name="Berchtold">Klaus Berchtold (in German): ''1918–1933. Fünfzehn Jahre Verfassungskampf'' (''Verfassungsgeschichte der Republik Österreich'', Bd. 1), Springer, Vienna 1998, {{ISBN|3-211-83188-6}}, S. 103.</ref>

Three other sister provinces were formed alongside German Bohemia, also made up of predominantly German-speaking parts:
*[[Province of the Sudetenland]] (northeastern [[Bohemia proper]], northern [[Moravia]] and western [[Austrian Silesia]]) – this province had radically different (smaller) boundaries than later conceptions of the term "Sudetenland"
*[[German South Moravia]] (southern Moravia and southeastern Bohemia) – planned adjoining to [[Lower Austria]]
*[[Bohemian Forest Region]] (southwestern Bohemia) – planned adjoining to [[Upper Austria]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />

⚫
In 29 November 1918 the [[Czechoslovak Army|Czechoslovak army]] began an invasion of Province of German Bohemia and during December it occupied the whole region, with Reichenberg falling on 16 December and the last major city, Leitmeritz, falling on 27 December 1918. Other secessionist provinces faced the same fate.

The status of the German areas in Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia was finally settled by the 1919 peace [[Treaty of Versailles|treaties of Versailles]] and [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], which declared that the areas belong to solely to Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government then granted amnesty for all activities against the new state. The region that had been German Bohemia was reintegrated into the [[Province of Bohemia]] (''Země česká'') of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]. German Bohemians had however hoped that the new state would be built as a Swiss-type decentralized state, which had been implied by Czech officials to appease the Western Allies on the woeful status of the large minorities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Versailles 1919: Ziele, Wirkung, Wahrnehmung|author=Gerd Krumeich, Silke Fehlemann|publisher=Klartext|year= 2001|pages=186}}</ref>

===Later development (1938–45)===
According to the [[Munich Agreement]] Czechoslovakia was forced to give up the German-inhabited areas of its domain, at the behest of [[Nazi Germany]]. The Nazis would incorporate the former German Bohemia into the [[Reichsgau Sudetenland]], a new administrative unit that contained northern parts of German-speaking areas of the former [[Bohemian Crown]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Around 165,000 Czechs who lived in these areas quickly fled (or were forced to flee) in fear of reprisals by the ''[[Sudetendeutsches Freikorps]]'', a Nazi-sponsored militia. A half year later, however, Germany [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|invaded the remaining parts of the Czech lands]] (in German called ''Rest-Tschechei'', "Remaining Czechia"), and carved out [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|new puppet state]] from the formerly independent country.

After the war, all of this land was reincorporated into renewed [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]]. The vast majority of the German population (more than 94%) [[Expulsion of the Germans from Czechoslovakia|were expelled]] from Czechoslovak territory: many were killed or died during their flight from both Czech and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] attackers.<ref name=autogenerated1 />


==See also==
==See also==
*[[German Austria]]
*[[Republic of German-Austria]]
*[[Origins of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[Origins of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[Sudetenland]]
*[[Province of the Sudetenland]]
*[[German South Moravia]]
*[[Bohemian Forest Region]]


==References==
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==Further reading==
* de Zayas, Alfred M.: A terrible Revenge. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994. {{ISBN|1-4039-7308-3}}.
{{Expand|date=January 2008}}
* de Zayas, Alfred M.: Nemesis at Potsdam. London, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8032-4910-1}}.
* Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-30016-660-6}}.
* Franzel, Emil: Sudetendeutsche Geschichte. Mannheim, 1978. {{ISBN|3-8083-1141-X}}.
* Meixner, Rudolf: Geschichte der Sudetendeutschen. Nürnberg, 1988. {{ISBN|3-921332-97-4}}.

{{coord missing|Czech Republic}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Bohemia]]
[[Category:Bohemia]]
[[Category:History of Austria]]
[[Category:Sudetenland]]
[[Category:Czech history]]
[[Category:Republic of German-Austria]]
[[Category:German Austria]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1918]]
⚫
[[Category:1918 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1918]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1918]]
[[Category:1918 establishments in Europe]]

⚫
[[Category:1918 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[de:Deutschböhmen]]
[[uk:Німецька Чехія]]

Latest revision as of 02:39, 28 October 2024

Province of German Bohemia
Provinz Deutschböhmen (German)
Province of
the Republic of German-Austria
1918–1919

Province of German Bohemia as shown within German Austria
CapitalReichenberg
Area 
• 1918
14,496 km2 (5,597 sq mi)
Population 
• 1918
2,350,000
History 
• Established
29 October 1918
10 September 1919
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Austria-Hungary
First Czechoslovak Republic
Today part ofCzech Republic

The Province of German Bohemia (German: Provinz Deutschböhmen [ˈdɔʏtʃbøːmən] ⓘ; Czech: Německé Čechy) was a province in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic, established for a short period of time after the First World War, as part of the Republic of German-Austria.

It included parts of northern and western Bohemia, at that time primarily populated by ethnic Germans. Important population centers were Reichenberg (now Liberec), Aussig (Ústí nad Labem), Teplitz-Schönau (Teplice), Dux (Duchcov), Eger (Cheb), Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary), Gablonz an der Neiße (Jablonec nad Nisou), Leitmeritz (Litoměřice), Brüx (Most) and Saaz (Žatec). The land that comprised the province would later form an integral part of the territory later known as the "Sudetenland".

History

[edit]
See also: Sudeten Germans

Territories constituting modern German Bohemia were historically an integral part of the Duchy and Kingdom of Bohemia (itself part of the Holy Roman Empire from 1102), although with different ethnic development. After the Migration Period, German tribes had largely left the Bohemian areas and the region had become home of a Slavic population. [1] Since the second half of the 13th century German settlers had been invited by the Bohemian kings and the nobility to develop sparsely populated border regions of Bohemia with skills acquired from the comparable landscapes of German states. For the subsequent seven centuries, the Czech lands were characterized by close relationship as well as contentment (F. Palacký) between Slavic-Czech majority and substantial German minority.

As the Bohemian lands modernized, Czech nationalism grew, intellectually developed as a combination of noble provincial particularism and historical revivalism promoted by middle-class intellectuals. Political German nationalism in Austria did not exist on its own, but in a context of many competing nationalism. On the other hand, German liberals believed that their predominance had a universal basis in the values of constitutionalism, parliamentary government and rule of law. As Germans felt more marginalized in Bohemia, the Germans' views began shifting to alleged racial and cultural superiority. Czech nationalism eventually turned just as radical as German nationalism.[2]

Relatively calm coexistence began ending with outbreak of the 1848 Revolution, which also brought demands of German nationalists for unification of all German-speaking countries (i.e., in their conception, including Czech lands being then under the Habsburg rule) into one state – the demands which representatives of the Czech National Revival, although quite weak then, decisively refused. For their claim to all of Bohemia, the Czechs viewed indivisibility of Bohemia as a sacrosanct principle. The Czechs alleged that originally, all of Bohemia had been Czech-settled, and implied that this could justify a demand for restitution of these lands for the Czechs. German settlement and cultivation of the then mostly unsettled areas was portrayed as land grab.

The remaining 70 years of existence Austrian and Austro-Hungarian Empire were filled by increasing nationalist tensions and struggling between gradually strengthening Bohemian-Czechs (c. 2/3 of all inhabitants of the Czech lands) and Bohemian-Germans, but also with several attempts for striking a compromise. For example, the Kremsier Constitution provided for a solution in that the historical regions were to remain, but that they should be further subdivided along ethnic boundaries. Such an idea of ethnic subdivision of Bohemia was accepted by many German parties but was strongly opposed by the Czech.[3]

With the imminent collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary at the end of First World War, Germans in areas of Bohemia with an ethnic German majority declared that they did not want to break away from Austria as the Czechs intended. On 27 October 1918, the Egerland declared independence from Bohemia and a day later the independence of Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed in the Bohemian capital of Prague.[4] On 11 November 1918, Emperor Charles I of Austria relinquished power and, on 12 November, ethnic German areas of the empire were declared to be part of new the Republic of German Austria, with the intent of unifying with the German Reich. Appealing to the principle of self-determination the Province of German Bohemia was formed from the part of Bohemia that contained primarily ethnic Germans. The capital of the province was at Reichenberg.

At the Paris Peace Conference, Edvard Beneš demanded incorporation of the German-speaking lands, alleging that without these lands Czechia would not survive economically. The Czechs denied existence of a closed German language area and distorted demographic maps such that the area between Komotau and Teplitz appeared as Czech-settled. At the Paris Peace Conference proposed border correrctions of Bohemia such that Eger, Rumburg, Friedland, and Freiwaldau were to become part of Germany. [5] Notably, the German-Bohemian lands were the most industrialized regions in whole Austria-Hungary.

In 1919, the territory of the province was inhabited by 2.23 million ethnic Germans, and 116,275 ethnic Czechs.[6]

Three other sister provinces were formed alongside German Bohemia, also made up of predominantly German-speaking parts:

In 29 November 1918 the Czechoslovak army began an invasion of Province of German Bohemia and during December it occupied the whole region, with Reichenberg falling on 16 December and the last major city, Leitmeritz, falling on 27 December 1918. Other secessionist provinces faced the same fate.

The status of the German areas in Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia was finally settled by the 1919 peace treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain-en-Laye, which declared that the areas belong to solely to Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government then granted amnesty for all activities against the new state. The region that had been German Bohemia was reintegrated into the Province of Bohemia (Země česká) of the Czechoslovak Republic. German Bohemians had however hoped that the new state would be built as a Swiss-type decentralized state, which had been implied by Czech officials to appease the Western Allies on the woeful status of the large minorities.[7]

Later development (1938–45)

[edit]

According to the Munich Agreement Czechoslovakia was forced to give up the German-inhabited areas of its domain, at the behest of Nazi Germany. The Nazis would incorporate the former German Bohemia into the Reichsgau Sudetenland, a new administrative unit that contained northern parts of German-speaking areas of the former Bohemian Crown.[4] Around 165,000 Czechs who lived in these areas quickly fled (or were forced to flee) in fear of reprisals by the Sudetendeutsches Freikorps, a Nazi-sponsored militia. A half year later, however, Germany invaded the remaining parts of the Czech lands (in German called Rest-Tschechei, "Remaining Czechia"), and carved out new puppet state from the formerly independent country.

After the war, all of this land was reincorporated into renewed Czechoslovak Republic. The vast majority of the German population (more than 94%) were expelled from Czechoslovak territory: many were killed or died during their flight from both Czech and Soviet attackers.[4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wilhelm Weizsäcker (1959). Geschichte der Deutschen in Böhmen und Mähren. Holzner-Verlag. p. 5.
  2. ^ Marco Bresciani (2020). Conservatives and Right Radicals in Interwar Europe. Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 27–28.
  3. ^ Helmut Slapnica. "Die Stellungnahme des Deutschtums der Sudetenläner zum "Historischen Staatsrecht"". In Birke; Oberdorfer (eds.). Das böhmische Staatsrecht in den deutsch - tschechischen Auseinandersetzungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Marburg / Lahn.
  4. ^ a b c d Prinz, Friedrich (1993). Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren (in German). Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH. p. 381. ISBN 3-88680-200-0. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  5. ^ Rüdiger Goldmann (1971). Die sudetendeutsche Frage auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz. Fides-Verlags-gesellschaft. pp. 75, 81, 87.
  6. ^ Klaus Berchtold (in German): 1918–1933. Fünfzehn Jahre Verfassungskampf (Verfassungsgeschichte der Republik Österreich, Bd. 1), Springer, Vienna 1998, ISBN 3-211-83188-6, S. 103.
  7. ^ Gerd Krumeich, Silke Fehlemann (2001). Versailles 1919: Ziele, Wirkung, Wahrnehmung. Klartext. p. 186.

Further reading

[edit]
  • de Zayas, Alfred M.: A terrible Revenge. Palgrave/Macmillan, New York, 1994. ISBN 1-4039-7308-3.
  • de Zayas, Alfred M.: Nemesis at Potsdam. London, 1977. ISBN 0-8032-4910-1.
  • Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press 2012. ISBN 978-0-30016-660-6.
  • Franzel, Emil: Sudetendeutsche Geschichte. Mannheim, 1978. ISBN 3-8083-1141-X.
  • Meixner, Rudolf: Geschichte der Sudetendeutschen. Nürnberg, 1988. ISBN 3-921332-97-4.

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