An-Nasir Faraj: Difference between revisions

An-Nasir Faraj
An-Nasir Faraj
	Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq in Cairo
Sultan of Egypt and Syria
Reign	June 1399 – 20 September 1405
Predecessor	Barquq
Successor	Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz
Sultan of Egypt and Syria
Reign	28 November 1405 – 23 May 1412
Predecessor	Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz
Successor	Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in bi'llah
Born	c. 1386
Died	23 May 1412 (aged 25–26); Damascus
Spouse	Khawand Fatima; Lâ Aflaha man Zalama; Thuraiya;
Issue	Ghars ad-Din Khalil; Khawand Asiya; Khawand Satita; Khawand Shakra;
Father	Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
Mother	Khawand Shirin
Religion	Sunni Islam

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Al-Nasir Faraj or Nasir-ad-Din Faraj (Arabic: الناصر زين الدين فرج; r. 1399–1405, 1405–1412) also Faraj ibn Barquq was born in 1386 and succeeded his father Sayf-ad-Din Barquq as the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in July 1399 with the title Al-Nasir.^[1] He was only thirteen years old when he became Sultan on the sudden death of his father.^[1] His reign was marked by anarchy, pandemonium and chaos with invasions of Tamerlane (Timur Leng, or Timur Beg Gurkani), including the sack of Damascus in 1400, incessant rebellions in Cairo, endless conflicts with the Emirs of Syria (with the Sultan and also amongst themselves),^[2] along with plague and famine which reduced the population of the kingdom to one-third.^[1]

In September 1405, Faraj was afraid from the surrounding conspiracies, so he escaped his reign after emir Saad al-Din bin Ghurab convinced him and was replaced briefly by his brother Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz, then he regained his position in November the same year by Saad al-Din.^[1]

During the end of his reign he became a tyrannical ruler which eventually led him into his seventh and final conflict with the Syrian Emirs at Baalbek. Defeated in battle he fled to the Citadel of Damascus.^[1] Unable to escape, he surrendered and on May 23, 1412 he was stabbed to death in his prison cell by a hired assassin.^[1] The Emirs placed on the throne as a temporary measure Caliph Al-Musta'in Billah.^[1] Faraj was buried in Bab al-Faradis cemetery in Damascus.

Family

One of his wives was Khawand Fatima, the sister of the Islamic historian Ibn Taghribirdi.^[3]^[4] After Faraj's death, she married Inal Nauruzi.^[3] One of his concubines was Lâ Aflaha man Zalama. She gave birth to Faraj's son, Ghars ad-Din Khalil.^[5] Another concubine was Thuraiya. She gave birth to Faraj's daughter, Khawand Asiya.^[6] Another daughter of Faraj named Khawand Satita married Sidi Ibrahim, son of Sultan Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh. She died in 1416.^[7] Another daughter, Khawand Shakra, married Amir Jarbash al-Muhammadi and had a son, Nasir ad-Din Muhammad.^[3] She died in 1482.^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 121−128.
^ Onimus, Clément (2019). Les maîtres du jeu : Pouvoir et violence politique à l'aube du sultanat mamlouk circassien (784-815/1382-1412) (in French). Éditions de la Sorbonne. ISBN 9791035105440.
^ ^a ^b ^c Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1960). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. University of California Press. p. 15, 56.
^ Massoud, S. (2007). The Chronicles and Annalistic Sources of the Early Mamluk Circassian Period. Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-474-1979-2.
^ Leslau, W. (1958). The Verb in Harari: (South Ethiopic). University of California Press. p. 120. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
^ University of California, Berkeley (1960). University of California Publications in Semitic Philology. History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. University of California Press. p. 165.
^ D'hulster, Kristof; Steenbergen, Jo Van. "Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy". Annales Islamologiques. 47: 61–82. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
^ Ghersetti, A. (2016). Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014). Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-33452-6.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Sayf-ad-Din Barquq	Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 1399–1405	Succeeded by Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz
Preceded by Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz	Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 1405–1412	Succeeded by Al-Musta'in Billah

[Muir-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Smith, Elder. pp. 121−128.

[2] Onimus, Clément (2019). Les maîtres du jeu : Pouvoir et violence politique à l'aube du sultanat mamlouk circassien (784-815/1382-1412) (in French). Éditions de la Sorbonne. ISBN 9791035105440.

[Taghrībirdī_Popper_1960-3] Taghrībirdī, A.M.Y.I.; Popper, W. (1960). History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. University of California Press. p. 15, 56.

[Massoud_2007-4] Massoud, S. (2007). The Chronicles and Annalistic Sources of the Early Mamluk Circassian Period. Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 61. ISBN 978-90-474-1979-2.

[Leslau_1958-5] Leslau, W. (1958). The Verb in Harari: (South Ethiopic). University of California Press. p. 120. Retrieved 2021-11-30.

[University_of_California_1960-6] University of California, Berkeley (1960). University of California Publications in Semitic Philology. History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. University of California Press. p. 165.

[Dhulster_Steenbergen-7] D'hulster, Kristof; Steenbergen, Jo Van. "Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy". Annales Islamologiques. 47: 61–82. Retrieved 2021-12-01.

[Ghersetti_2016-8] Ghersetti, A. (2016). Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014). Islamic History and Civilization. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-90-04-33452-6.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox royalty
-| name            = An-Nasir Faraj
+| name         = An-Nasir Faraj
-| full name       =
+| full name    =
-| image           =  Khanqah of Farag ibn Barquq, photo by Hatem Moushir 3.jpg
+| image        = Khanqah of Farag ibn Barquq, photo by Hatem Moushir 3.jpg
-| image_size      =
+| image_size   =
-| caption         =  Khanqah of An-Nasir Farag ibn Barquq
+| caption      = [[Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq]] in Cairo
-| succession      = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]
+| succession   = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]
-| reign           = 1399–1405, 1405–1412
+| reign        = June 1399 – 20 September 1405
-| regent          =
+| regent       =
-| predecessor     = [[Barquq]] (1x), [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]] (2x)
+| predecessor  = [[Barquq]]
+| successor    = [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]]
+| succession1  = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]
-| successor       = [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]] (1x), [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in]] (2x)
-| spouse          =
+| reign1       = 28 November 1405 – 23 May 1412
-| issue           =
+| regent1      =
+| predecessor1 = [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]]
-| house           =
+| successor1   = [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in bi'llah]]
-| dynasty         =
-| father          =
+| spouse       = {{plainlist|
+*Khawand Fatima
-| mother          =
+*Lâ Aflaha man Zalama
-| birth_date      = {{circa}} 1386
+*Thuraiya}}
-| birth_place     =
+| issue        = {{unbulletedlist|Ghars ad-Din Khalil|Khawand Asiya|Khawand Satita|Khawand Shakra|}}
-| death_date      = {{death date and age|1412|5|23|1386|df=yes}}
-| death_place     = [[Damascus]]
+| house        =
-| place of burial =
+| dynasty      =
+| father       = [[Barquq|Sayf-ad-Din Barquq]]
+| mother       = Khawand Shirin
+| birth_date   = {{circa}} 1386
+| birth_place  =
+| death_date   = {{death date and age|1412|5|23|1386|df=yes}}
+| death_place  = [[Damascus]]
+| place of burial =
+| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
 }}
-'''Al-Nasir Faraj''' or '''Nasir-ad-Din Faraj''' ([[Urdu]]; [[Arabic]]; [[Iran|Persian]]: <small>{{Nastaliq|ناصر الدین فرج }}</small>; r. 1399–1412 CE) also '''Faraj ibn Barquq''' was born in 1386 and succeeded his father [[Barquq|Sayf-ad-Din Barquq]] as the second Sultan of the [[Burji dynasty]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] of [[Egypt]] in July 1399 with the title ''Al-Nasir''.<ref name="Muir">{{cite book|title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D.|first=William |last=Muir|author-link=William Muir|year=1896|publisher=Smith, Elder|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54381/page/n169/mode/1up 121]−[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54381/page/n176/mode/1up 128]}}</ref> He was only thirteen years old when he became Sultan on the sudden death of his father.<ref name="Muir"  /> His reign was marked by anarchy, pandemonium and chaos with invasions of [[Timur|Tamerlane]] (Timur Leng, or Timur Beg Gurkani), including the [[Siege of Damascus (1400)|sack of Damascus]] in 1400, incessant rebellions in [[Cairo]], endless conflicts with the Emirs of [[Syria]] (with the Sultan and also amongst themselves), along with [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[famine]] which reduced the population of the kingdom to one-third.<ref name="Muir"  />
+'''Al-Nasir Faraj''' or '''Nasir-ad-Din Faraj''' ({{Langx|ar|الناصر زين الدين فرج}}; {{reign|1399|1405|1405|1412}}) also '''Faraj ibn Barquq''' was born in 1386 and succeeded his father [[Barquq|Sayf-ad-Din Barquq]] as the second Sultan of the [[Burji dynasty]] of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] of [[Egypt]] in July 1399 with the title ''Al-Nasir''.<ref name="Muir">{{cite book|title=The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D.|first=William |last=Muir|author-link=William Muir|year=1896|publisher=Smith, Elder|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54381/page/n169/mode/1up 121]−[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54381/page/n176/mode/1up 128]}}</ref> He was only thirteen years old when he became Sultan on the sudden death of his father.<ref name="Muir"  /> His reign was marked by anarchy, pandemonium and chaos with invasions of [[Timur|Tamerlane]] (Timur Leng, or Timur Beg Gurkani), including the [[Siege of Damascus (1400)|sack of Damascus]] in 1400, incessant rebellions in [[Cairo]], endless conflicts with the Emirs of [[Syria]] (with the Sultan and also amongst themselves),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Onimus |first=Clément |url=https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/39477?lang=fr |title=Les maîtres du jeu : Pouvoir et violence politique à l'aube du sultanat mamlouk circassien (784-815/1382-1412) |date=2019 |publisher=Éditions de la Sorbonne |isbn=9791035105440 |language=fr}}</ref> along with [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[famine]] which reduced the population of the kingdom to one-third.<ref name="Muir"  />
-In September 1405, Faraj was afraid from the surrounding conspiracies, so he escaped his rule and was replaced briefly by his brother [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]], then he regained his position in November the same year.<ref name="Muir"  />
+In September 1405, Faraj was afraid from the surrounding conspiracies, so he escaped his reign after emir [[Saad al-Din bin Ghurab]] convinced him and was replaced briefly by his brother [[Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz]], then he regained his position in November the same year by Saad al-Din.<ref name="Muir"  />
-During the end of his reign he became a tyrannical ruler which eventually led him into his seventh and final conflict with the [[Syrian]] Emirs at [[Baalbek]]. Defeated in battle he fled to the [[Citadel of Damascus]].<ref name="Muir"  /> Unable to escape, he surrendered and on May 23, 1412 he was stabbed to death in his prison cell by a hired assassin.<ref name="Muir"  /> The Emirs placed on the throne as a temporary measure Caliph [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in Billah]].<ref name="Muir"  /> Faraj was buried in Bab AL-Faradis cemetery in Damascus
+During the end of his reign he became a tyrannical ruler which eventually led him into his seventh and final conflict with the [[Syrian]] Emirs at [[Baalbek]]. Defeated in battle he fled to the [[Citadel of Damascus]].<ref name="Muir"  /> Unable to escape, he surrendered and on May 23, 1412 he was stabbed to death in his prison cell by a hired assassin.<ref name="Muir"  /> The Emirs placed on the throne as a temporary measure Caliph [[Al-Musta'in (Cairo)|Al-Musta'in Billah]].<ref name="Muir"  /> Faraj was buried in Bab al-Faradis cemetery in Damascus.
+==Family==
+One of his wives was Khawand Fatima, the sister of the Islamic historian [[Ibn Taghribirdi]].<ref name="Taghrībirdī Popper 1960">{{cite book | last1=Taghrībirdī | first1=A.M.Y.I. | last2=Popper | first2=W. | title=History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D. | publisher=University of California Press | year=1960 | page=15, 56}}</ref><ref name="Massoud 2007">{{cite book | last=Massoud | first=S. | title=The Chronicles and Annalistic Sources of the Early Mamluk Circassian Period | publisher=Brill | series=Islamic History and Civilization | year=2007 | isbn=978-90-474-1979-2 | page=61}}</ref> After Faraj's death, she married Inal Nauruzi.<ref name="Taghrībirdī Popper 1960"/> One of his concubines was Lâ Aflaha man Zalama. She gave birth to Faraj's son, Ghars ad-Din Khalil.<ref name="Leslau 1958">{{cite book | last=Leslau | first=W. | title=The Verb in Harari: (South Ethiopic) | publisher=University of California Press | year=1958 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJQOAQAAIAAJ | access-date=2021-11-30 | page=120}}</ref> Another concubine was Thuraiya. She gave birth to Faraj's daughter, Khawand Asiya.<ref name="University of California 1960">{{cite book | last=University of California | first=Berkeley | title=University of California Publications in Semitic Philology | publisher=University of California Press | series=History of Egypt, 1382-1469 A.D | issue=v. 13-14; v. 17-19; v. 22-23 | year=1960 | page=165}}</ref> Another daughter of Faraj named Khawand Satita married Sidi Ibrahim, son of Sultan [[Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh]]. She died in 1416.<ref name="Dhulster Steenbergen">{{cite journal | last1=D'hulster | first1=Kristof | last2=Steenbergen | first2=Jo Van | title=Family Matters: The Family-In-Law Impulse in Mamluk Marriage Policy | journal=Annales Islamologiques | volume=47 | pages=61–82 | url=https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/family-matters-the-family-in-law-impulse-in-mamluk-marriage-polic | access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref> Another daughter, Khawand Shakra, married Amir Jarbash al-Muhammadi and had a son, Nasir ad-Din Muhammad.<ref name="Taghrībirdī Popper 1960"/> She died in 1482.<ref name="Ghersetti 2016">{{cite book | last=Ghersetti | first=A. | title=Al-Suyūṭī, a Polymath of the Mamlūk Period: Proceedings of the themed day of the First Conference of the School of Mamlūk Studies (Ca' Foscari University, Venice, June 23, 2014) | publisher=Brill | series=Islamic History and Civilization | year=2016 | isbn=978-90-04-33452-6 | page=56}}</ref>
 ==See also==

v t e Mamluk sultans of Cairo
Salihi Mamluks	Izz al-Din Aybak (1250–1257) Nur al-Din Ali (1257–1259) Sayf al-Din Qutuz (1259–1260)
Bahri dynasty	Rukn al-Din Baybars (1260–1277) Nasir al-Din Barakah (1277–1279) Badr al-Din Salamish (1279) Sayf al-Din Qalawun (1279–1290) Salah al-Din Khalil (1290–1293) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1293–1294) Zayn al-Din Kitbugha (1294–1296) Husam al-Din Lajin (1296–1299) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1299–1309) Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir (1309–1310) Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1310–1341) Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr (1341) Ala'a al-Din Kujuk (1341–1342) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1342) Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (1342–1345) Sayf al-Din Sha'ban (1345–1346) Sayf al-Din Hajji (1346–1347) Badr al-Din Hasan (1347–1351) Salah al-Din Salih (1351–1354) Badr al-Din Hasan (1354–1361) Salah al-Din Muhammad (1361–1363) Zayn al-Din Sha'ban (1363–1377) Ala'a al-Din Ali (1377–1381) Salah al-Din Hajji (1381–1382)
Burji dynasty	Sayf al-Din Barquq (1382–1389) As-Salih Hajji (1389–1390) Sayf al-Din Barquq (1390–1399) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1399–1405) Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz (1405) Nasir al-Din Faraj (1405–1412) Al-Musta'in Billah (1412) Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (1412–1421) Al-Muzaffar Ahmad (1421) Sayf al-Din Tatar (1421) Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad (1421–1422) Sayf al-Din Barsbay (1422–1438) Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf (1438) Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq (1438–1453) Fakhr al-Din Uthman (1453) Sayf al-Din Inal (1453–1461) Shihab al-Din Ahmad (1461) Sayf al-Din Khushqadam (1461–1467) Sayf al-Din Bilbay (1467) Timurbugha (1467–1468) Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay (1468–1496) An-Nasir Muhammad (1496–1498) Abu Sa'id Qansuh (1498–1500) Al-Ashraf Janbalat (1500–1501) Sayf al-Din Tumanbay (1501) Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501–1516) Tumanbay II (1516–1517)