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[[File:St Casimir Church Exterior At Dusk, Vilnius, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Church of St. Casimir, Vilnius|Church of St. Casimir]], the first Baroque style church in [[Lithuania]]'s capital Vilnius]]
[[File:St Casimir Church Exterior At Dusk, Vilnius, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Church of St. Casimir, Vilnius|Church of St. Casimir]], the first Baroque style church in [[Lithuania]]'s capital Vilnius]]
'''Vilnian Baroque''' is a name of late [[Baroque architecture]] style in church architecture of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] and on territories covered by the [[Union of Brest]].<ref name="VilniusBaroqueVWH">{{cite web |title=Baroque Vilnius |url=https://visitworldheritage.com/en/eu/baroque-vilnius/bed60a87-d5d1-4539-981e-2c13445280a2 |website=VisitWorldHeritage.com |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> The style was formed by alumnus of the {{ill|Vilnius University|ru|Виленский университет}}, mostly buildings in this style are preserved in [[Vilnius]].{{sfn|Morozova|2007}}{{sfn|Raugalienė|2011|p=32-40}}<ref name="Irena Aleksaitė 2001 218">{{cite book |author=Irena Aleksaitė|title=Lithuania: an outline |year=2001 |page=218|publisher=Akreta |isbn=9955-463-02-3 }}</ref>
The '''Vilnian Baroque''' ({{langx|lt|Vilnietiškas barokas}}, {{langx|pl|barok wileński}}, {{langx|be|Віленскае барока}}) or the '''School of Vilnius Baroque''' ({{langx|lt|Vilniaus baroko mokykla}}, {{langx|pl|wileńska szkoła baroku}}, {{langx|be|Школа віленскага барока}}) is a name of late [[Baroque architecture]] style in [[Catholic]] [[church architecture]] of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], which expanded well into [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholic]] church architecture on territories covered by the [[Union of Brest]].<ref name="VilniusBaroqueVWH">{{cite web |title=Baroque Vilnius |url=https://visitworldheritage.com/en/eu/baroque-vilnius/bed60a87-d5d1-4539-981e-2c13445280a2 |website=VisitWorldHeritage.com |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Vilnius Historic Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/541/ |website=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="MokyklaVle">{{cite web |title=Vilniaus baroko mokykla |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-baroko-mokykla/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=lt}}</ref> The style was formed by alumnus of the Catholic [[Jesuit]]s' [[Vilnius University]]. Most preserved buildings in this style are in [[Vilnius]].{{sfn|Morozova|2007}}{{sfn|Raugalienė|2011|p=32-40}}<ref name="Irena Aleksaitė 2001 218">{{cite book |author=Irena Aleksaitė|title=Lithuania: an outline |year=2001 |page=218|publisher=Akreta |isbn=9955-463-02-3 }}</ref><ref name="MokyklaVle"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaladžinskaitė-Jocienė |first1=Auksė |title=Paskaita "Vilniaus vėlyvojo Baroko architektūros mokykla ir jos sklaida" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-o4k7YdfRg |website=[[Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania]] via YouTube.com |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>


The architect [[Johann Christoph Glaubitz]] is considered to be one of the founders of Vilnian Baroque. Working on restoration of churches in Vilnius, he was often inspired by contemporary buildings of [[Austria]] and [[Bavaria]]. Polish churches created by {{ill|Paolo Fontana|it|Paolo Fontana}} are also made in Vilnian Baroque style. Vilnian Baroque was most popular among the [[Belarusian Greek Catholic Church|Uniates]] which gave the style its second name ‘Uniate Baroque’.{{sfn|Gabrus|1996}} Another famous architect [[Thomas Zebrowski]] also designed and supervised constructions of Vilnian Baroque churches in Lithuania and Belarus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Matulaitytė |first1=Stasė |title=Tomas Žebrauskas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tomas-zebrauskas/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=lt}}</ref>
The architect [[Johann Christoph Glaubitz]] is considered to be one of the founders of Vilnian Baroque. Working on restoration of churches in Vilnius, he was often inspired by contemporary buildings of [[Austria]] and [[Bavaria]]. Polish churches created by {{ill|Paolo Fontana|it|Paolo Fontana}} are also made in Vilnian Baroque style. Although being predominantly [[Catholicism|Catholic]] style of architecture, Vilnian Baroque was also popular among the [[Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church#History|Uniates]] which gave the style its second name ‘Uniate Baroque’.{{sfn|Gabrus|1996}} Another famous architect [[Thomas Zebrowski]] also designed and supervised constructions of Vilnian Baroque churches in Lithuania and Belarus.<ref name="Zebrauskas">{{cite web |last1=Matulaitytė |first1=Stasė |title=Tomas Žebrauskas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tomas-zebrauskas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=12 February 2023 |language=lt}}</ref>


Vilnian Baroque is characterized by upward striving outlooks, two towers symmetry, overall lightness of shapes. In this regard the style is opposed to the so-called {{ill|Sarmatian|ru|Сарматское барокко}} that was widespread in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in the late XVII — early XVIII centuries.{{sfn|Gabrus|2015|p=24-30}}
Vilnian Baroque is characterized by upward striving outlooks, two towers symmetry, overall lightness of shapes. In this regard the style is opposed to the so-called{{By whom|date=December 2023}} {{ill|Sarmatian|ru|Сарматское барокко}}{{Dubious|date=December 2023}} that was widespread in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] in the late XVII — early XVIII centuries.{{sfn|Gabrus|2015|p=24-30}}<ref name="Raila">{{cite web |last1=Raila |first1=Eligijus |title=Baroko architektūros sklaida |url=http://www.xn--altiniai-4wb.info/index/details/111 |website=Šaltiniai.info |publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Science (Lithuania)|Ministry of Education and Science of Lithuania]], Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, [[Vilnius University]]|access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="unesco"/><ref name="MokyklaVle"/> Other features of the Vilnian Baroque include differently decorated compartments, undulation of [[cornice]]s and walls, decorativeness in bright colors, and multi-colored [[marble]] and [[stucco]] altars in the interiors.<ref name="Raila"/><ref name="MokyklaVle"/><ref name="Vitkauskiene">{{cite web |last1=Vitkauskienė |first1=Birutė Rūta |title=Barokas Lietuvos architektūroje |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/barokas-lietuvos-architekturoje/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=11 March 2023 |language=lt}}</ref>


== Monuments of Vilnian Baroque by country ==
== Monuments of Vilnian Baroque by country ==
Line 12: Line 12:
[[File:Gate of the Greek Catholic Church of Holy Trinity in Vilnius in 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Gates of the [[Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]]]]
[[File:Gate of the Greek Catholic Church of Holy Trinity in Vilnius in 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|Gates of the [[Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]]]]
; Vilnius
; Vilnius
* {{ill|Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Consolation in Vilnius|fr|Église Notre-Dame de Consolation (Vilnius)}};
* [[Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Consolation in Vilnius]];
* [[Church of St. Catherine, Vilnius|Church of St. Catherine]];
* [[Church of St. Catherine, Vilnius|Church of St. Catherine]];
* [[Church of St. Casimir, Vilnius|Church of St. Casimir]];
* [[Church of St. Casimir, Vilnius|Church of St. Casimir]];
* {{ill|Church of Ascension in Vilnius|fr|Église de l'Ascension de Vilnius}};
* [[Church of Ascension in Vilnius]];
* {{ill|Church of Holy Trinity in Trinapolis|pl|Kościół Świętej Trójcy i klasztor Trynitarzy w Trynopolu}};
* {{ill|Church of Holy Trinity in Trinapolis|pl|Kościół Świętej Trójcy i klasztor Trynitarzy w Trynopolu}};
* [[Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross, Vilnius|Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross]]
* [[Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross, Vilnius|Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross]]
* [[Church of Jesus the Redeemer, Vilnius|Church of Jesus the Redeemer]];
* [[Church of Jesus the Redeemer, Vilnius|Church of Jesus the Redeemer]];
* {{ill|Church of the Holy Cross in Vilnius|fr|Église de la Sainte-Croix de Vilnius}};
* [[Church of the Holy Cross in Vilnius]];
* [[Church of St. Raphael the Archangel, Vilnius|Church of St. Raphael the Archangel]];
* [[Church of St. Raphael the Archangel, Vilnius|Church of St. Raphael the Archangel]];
* [[Church of All Saints, Vilnius|Church of All Saints]];
* [[Church of All Saints, Vilnius|Church of All Saints]];
* [[Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit]];
* [[Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit]];
* [[Church of St. Johns, Vilnius|Church of St. Johns]];
* [[Church of St. Johns, Vilnius|Church of St. Johns]];
* {{ill|Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Vilnius|fr|Église du Sacré-Cœur-de-Jésus de Vilnius}};
* [[Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Vilnius]];
* [[Church of St. Philip and St. Jacob, Vilnius|Church of St. Philip and St. Jacob]];
* [[Church of St. Philip and St. Jacob, Vilnius|Church of St. Philip and St. Jacob]];
* [[Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius|Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit]];
* [[Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit, Vilnius|Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit]];
* [[Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas, Vilnius|Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas]];
* [[Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas, Vilnius|Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas]];
* {{ill|Church of St. George in Vilnius|lt|Vilniaus Šv. Jurgio bažnyčia}};
* [[Church of St. George in Vilnius]];
* Gates of the [[Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]].
* Gates of the [[Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Vilnius|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]];
* [[Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Vilnius|Church of St. Peter and St. Paul]];
* [[Church of St. Theresa, Vilnius|Church of St. Theresa]].


; Kaunas
; Kaunas
* [[Church of St. Francis Xavier, Kaunas|Church of St. Francis Xavier]];
* [[Church of St. Francis Xavier, Kaunas|Church of St. Francis Xavier]];
* [[Pažaislis Monastery]].
* [[Pažaislis Monastery]];


; Kražiai
; Kražiai
* {{ill|Church of the Immaculate Conception of Saint Virgin Mary|lt|Kražių Švč. Mergelės Marijos Nekaltojo Prasidėjimo bažnyčia}};
* {{ill|Church of the Immaculate Conception of Saint Virgin Mary|lt|Kražių Švč. Mergelės Marijos Nekaltojo Prasidėjimo bažnyčia}}.<ref name="Zebrauskas"/>


=== Belarus ===
=== Belarus ===
Line 44: Line 46:
* [[Zhyrovichy Monastery]];
* [[Zhyrovichy Monastery]];
* {{ill|Church of the Assumption in Viciebsk|fr|Église de la Dormition de Vitebsk}};
* {{ill|Church of the Assumption in Viciebsk|fr|Église de la Dormition de Vitebsk}};
* [[Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin, Hlybokaye]]
* {{ill|Church of Saint Mary in Hłybokaje|pl|Sobór Narodzenia Najświętszej Bogurodzicy w Głębokiem}}.


=== Ukraine ===
=== Ukraine ===

Latest revision as of 05:47, 28 October 2024

Church of St. Casimir, the first Baroque style church in Lithuania's capital Vilnius

The Vilnian Baroque (Lithuanian: Vilnietiškas barokas, Polish: barok wileński, Belarusian: Віленскае барока) or the School of Vilnius Baroque (Lithuanian: Vilniaus baroko mokykla, Polish: wileńska szkoła baroku, Belarusian: Школа віленскага барока) is a name of late Baroque architecture style in Catholic church architecture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which expanded well into Greek Catholic church architecture on territories covered by the Union of Brest.[1][2][3] The style was formed by alumnus of the Catholic Jesuits' Vilnius University. Most preserved buildings in this style are in Vilnius.[4][5][6][3][7]

The architect Johann Christoph Glaubitz is considered to be one of the founders of Vilnian Baroque. Working on restoration of churches in Vilnius, he was often inspired by contemporary buildings of Austria and Bavaria. Polish churches created by Paolo Fontana [it] are also made in Vilnian Baroque style. Although being predominantly Catholic style of architecture, Vilnian Baroque was also popular among the Uniates which gave the style its second name ‘Uniate Baroque’.[8] Another famous architect Thomas Zebrowski also designed and supervised constructions of Vilnian Baroque churches in Lithuania and Belarus.[9]

Vilnian Baroque is characterized by upward striving outlooks, two towers symmetry, overall lightness of shapes. In this regard the style is opposed to the so-called[by whom?] Sarmatian [ru][dubious – discuss] that was widespread in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the late XVII — early XVIII centuries.[10][11][2][3] Other features of the Vilnian Baroque include differently decorated compartments, undulation of cornices and walls, decorativeness in bright colors, and multi-colored marble and stucco altars in the interiors.[11][3][12]

Monuments of Vilnian Baroque by country

[edit]

Lithuania

[edit]
Church of St. Catherine
Church of St. Johns
Gates of the Monastery of the Holy Trinity
Vilnius
Kaunas
Kražiai

Belarus

[edit]
Saint Sophia Cathedral

Ukraine

[edit]

Latvia

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Baroque Vilnius". VisitWorldHeritage.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Vilnius Historic Centre". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d "Vilniaus baroko mokykla". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  4. ^ Morozova 2007.
  5. ^ Raugalienė 2011, p. 32-40.
  6. ^ Irena Aleksaitė (2001). Lithuania: an outline. Akreta. p. 218. ISBN 9955-463-02-3.
  7. ^ Kaladžinskaitė-Jocienė, Auksė. "Paskaita "Vilniaus vėlyvojo Baroko architektūros mokykla ir jos sklaida"". Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania via YouTube.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  8. ^ Gabrus 1996.
  9. ^ a b Matulaitytė, Stasė. "Tomas Žebrauskas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  10. ^ Gabrus 2015, p. 24-30.
  11. ^ a b Raila, Eligijus. "Baroko architektūros sklaida". Šaltiniai.info. Ministry of Education and Science of Lithuania, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Vilnius University. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  12. ^ Vitkauskienė, Birutė Rūta. "Barokas Lietuvos architektūroje". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 11 March 2023.

Sources

[edit]
  • Gabrus, T. V. (2015). Носьбіты ідэалогіі сарматызму [Sarmatian Baroque]. Minsk: Пытанні мастацтвазнаўства, этналогіі і фалькларыстык. p. 24.
  • Morozova, Svetlana (2007). Виленское барокко [Vilnian Baroque]. Grodno: Гродзенскі дзяржаўны універсітэт імя Янкі Купалы.
  • Raugalienė, J. (2011). Vilniaus architektūros stiliai (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vilniaus senamiesčio atnaujinimo agentūra. p. 32-40.
  • Gabrus, T. (1996). Асаблівасці архітэктуры уніяцкіх храмаў слонімскага рэгіёна ў кантэксце віленскага барока [Uniates churches in Slonim region as examples of Vilnian Baroque]. Наш Радавод. p. 361-364.
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