Masked depression: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Proposed form of clinical depression}} |
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{{Cleanup|reason=This article does not meet the requirements of the guidelines “[[WP:Verifiability#Non-English sources|Citing non-English sources]].” Please substitute the corresponding sources in English for those in Russian and in Polish|date=January 2013}} |
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{{Cleanup|reason=This article does not meet the requirements of the guidelines "[[WP:Verifiability#Non-English sources|Citing non-English sources]]." Please substitute the corresponding sources in English for those in Russian and in Polish|date=January 2013}} |
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{{Infobox disease |
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| Name = Masked Depression |
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'''Masked depression''' ('''MD''') was a proposed form of [[atypical depression]]<ref name=Miodek>{{cite journal |
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| Image = |
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| first1 = Anna |last1=Miodek |
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| first2 = Paweł |last2=Szemraj |
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| DiseasesDB = |
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| first3 = Józef |last3=Kocur |
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| first4 = Anna |last4=Ryś |
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| ICDO = |
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}} |
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'''Masked depression''' (MD) was a proposed form of [[atypical depression]]<ref name=Miodek>{{cite journal |
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| author1 = Anna Miodek |
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| authorlink = |
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| author2 = Paweł Szemraj, Józef Kocur, Anna Ryś |
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| year = 2007 |
| year = 2007 |
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| month = |
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| title = Depresja maskowana – historia i współczesność |
| title = Depresja maskowana – historia i współczesność |
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| trans-title = Masked Depression – History and Present Days |
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| journal = [[Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski|Pol. Merk. Lek.]] |
| journal = [[Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski|Pol. Merk. Lek.]] |
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| volume = XXIII |
| volume = XXIII |
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| issue = |
| issue = 133 |
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| series = |
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| pages = 78–80 |
| pages = 78–80 |
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| location = |
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| publisher = MEDPRESS |
| publisher = MEDPRESS |
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| language = |
| language = pl |
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| issn = 1426-9686 |
| issn = 1426-9686 |
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| access-date = 2013-01-04 |
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| accessdate = 2013-01-04 |
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| url = http://pml.strefa.pl/ePUBLI/133/24.pdf |
| url = http://pml.strefa.pl/ePUBLI/133/24.pdf |
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}} The paper is accompanied with an abstract in English.</ref> in which [[Somatic symptom disorder|somatic]] symptoms or behavioural disturbances dominate the clinical picture and disguise the underlying [[affective disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verster | first1 = G. C. | last2 = Gagiano | first2 = C. A. |date= August 1995 | title = Gemaskerde depressie | trans-title = Masked depression | journal = [[South African Medical Journal]] | volume = 85 | issue = 8 | pages = 759–762 | publisher = [[Health and Medical Publishing Group]] | pmid = 8553144 | language = af | issn = 0256-9574 | url = http://archive.samj.org.za/1995%20VOL%2085%20Jan-Dec/Articles/08%20August/1.8%20GEMASJERDE%20DEPRESSIE,%20G.C.Verster,%20C.A.Gagiano.pdf}} Revue : Anglais</ref> The concept is not currently supported by the mental health profession.<ref>{{cite book|title=Treating Child and Adolescent Depression|year=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-4511-5303-3 |pages=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NF1--KSqTAsC&pg=PA5}}</ref> |
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| postscript = The paper is accompanied with an abstract in English |
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}}</ref> in which [[somatic]] symptoms or behavioural disturbances dominate the clinical picture and disguise the underlying [[affective disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Verster | first1 = G. C. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Gagiano | first2 = C. A. | authorlink2 = | date = | year = 1995 | month = August | title = Gemaskerde depressie | trans_title = Masked depression | journal = [[South African Medical Journal]] | volume = 85 | issue = 8 | series = | pages = 759–762 | location = | publisher = [[Health and Medical Publishing Group]] | language = Afrikaans | format = | id = | isbn = | issn = 0256-9574 | oclc = | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = | doi = | accessdate = | url = http://archive.samj.org.za/1995%20VOL%2085%20Jan-Dec/Articles/08%20August/1.8%20GEMASJERDE%20DEPRESSIE,%20G.C.Verster,%20C.A.Gagiano.pdf | archiveurl = | archivedate = | laysource = | laysummary = | laydate = | quote = | ref = | separator = | postscript = Revue : Anglais }}</ref> The concept is not currently supported by the mental health profession.<ref>{{cite book|title=Treating Child and Adolescent Depression|year=2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=1451153031|pages=5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NF1--KSqTAsC&pg=PA5}}</ref> |
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== Clinical manifestations == |
== Clinical manifestations == |
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Somatic manifestations of MD are distinguished by an extreme diversity<ref name=Korkina1>{{ |
Somatic manifestations of MD are distinguished by an extreme diversity<ref name=Korkina1>{{in lang|ru}} Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko|Личко А. Е.]] Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 1995. — 608 с.; ил. — [Учеб. лит. для студентов мед. вузов] {{ISBN|5-225-00856-9}}</ref>{{rp|110|}} and include headaches, back pain, abdominal pain etc. Pathological behaviour masking [[Depression (mood)|depression]] may take the form of [[compulsive gambling]], compulsive work, changes in arousal or orgasmic function, decreased libido or, on the contrary, [[Hypersexuality#Impulsivity model of hypersexuality|impulsive sexual behaviour]], [[alcoholism]], or [[drug addiction]]. |
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[[Chronic pain]] is more often noted as a connection to MD by non-psychiatrists than [[psychiatrist]]s, while lack of concentration is often noted by psychiatrists.<ref name=Shetty18>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shetty P, Mane A, Fulmali S, Uchit G |title=Understanding masked depression: A Clinical scenario |journal=Indian J Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |date=2018 |pmid=29736070 |pmc=5914271 |doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_272_17 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Dispute about the concept == |
== Dispute about the concept == |
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MD has been variously described as "depression equivalent, a vegetative equivalent, a depression without a depression, and a hidden depression.<ref name=Shetty18/><ref>For more detail, see: {{cite journal | last1 = Katon | first1 = W. | last2 = Kleinman | first2 = A. | last3 = Rosen | first3 = G. |date= Jan 1982 | title = Depression and somatization: a review. Part I. | journal = [[Am. J. Med.]] | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–35 | doi = 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90599-x| pmid = 7058818 }}</ref> Most investigators, especially those in the German-speaking countries, assumed masked depression ({{langx|de|die larvierte Depression}}<ref>[http://www.proz.com/kudoz/german_to_english/medical_general/2802487-larvierte_depression.html Steffen Walter's entry] at [[ProZ.com]].</ref>) to be [[endogenous depression]].<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Вертоградова О.П. К проблеме депрессий в общесоматической практике // Сб. Депрессии в амбулаторной и общесоматической практике (вопросы диагностики и терапии). М., 1984, с. 12–17.</ref> The term was largely used in the 1970s and 1980s, but at the end of the 20th century there was a decline in interest in the study of masked depression. Today this diagnosis does not play a significant clinical or scientific role.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frank |first=R.G. |chapter=Masked Depression |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2130 |editor-last=Kreutzer |editor-first=J.S. |editor2-last=DeLuca |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Caplan |editor3-first=B. |title=Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2130 |date=2018 |isbn=978-3-319-57111-9 }}</ref> |
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MD has been variously described as "depression ''sine'' (without) depression" ([[Kurt Schneider|K. Schneider]], 1925), "latent" depression (Lange J., 1928), "vegetative depression" (R. Lemke, 1949<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thormann | first1 = J. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Himmerich | first2 = H. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Steinberg | first3 = H. | authorlink3 = | date = | year = 2011 | month = December | title = The concept of "vegetative depression" (1949) by Rudolf Lemke | journal = Pharmacopsychiatry | volume = 21 | issue = 06 | series = | pages = A110 | location = | publisher = | id = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = | doi = 10.1055/s-0031-1292551 | accessdate = | url = }}</ref>) "hidden" or "masked" depression ([[Juan José López Ibor|Lopez Ibor J.J.]], 1972;<ref>{{cite journal |
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| author = López Ibor J.J. |
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| authorlink = :es:Juan José López Ibor |
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| year = 1972 |
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| month = March |
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| title = Masked Depressions |
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| journal = [[British Journal of Psychiatry|Br. J. Psychiatry]] |
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| volume = 120 |
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| issue = 556 |
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| pages = 245–258 |
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| doi = 10.1192/bjp.120.556.245 |
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}}</ref> Kielholz J.J., 1983; Pichot P.; Hasson J., 1973), "larvate" or "[[somatisation]] depression" (Gayral L., 1972), "depressive equivalents" etc.<ref>For more detail, see: {{cite journal | last1 = Katon | first1 = W. | authorlink1 = | last2 = Kleinman | first2 = A. | authorlink2 = | last3 = Rosen | first3 = G. | date = | year = 1982 | month = Jan | title = Depression and somatization: a review. Part I. | journal = [[Am. J. Med.]] | volume = 72 | issue = 1 | series = | pages = 127–35 | location = | publisher = | id = | isbn = | issn = | oclc = | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = | doi = | accessdate = | url = }}</ref> Most investigators, especially those in the German-speaking countries, assumed masked depression ({{lang-de|die larvierte Depression}}<ref>[http://www.proz.com/kudoz/german_to_english/medical_general/2802487-larvierte_depression.html Steffen Walter’s entry] at [[ProZ.com]].</ref>) to be [[endogenous depression]].<ref>{{Ru icon}} Вертоградова О.П. К проблеме депрессий в общесоматической практике // Сб. Депрессии в амбулаторной и общесоматической практике (вопросы диагностики и терапии). М., 1984, с. 12–17.</ref> The term was largely used in the 1970s and 1980s, but at the end of the 20th century there was a decline in interest in the study of masked depression. Today this diagnosis does not play a significant clinical or scientific role.<ref>[http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/184725.html Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology > Masked Depression]</ref> |
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==Epidemiology== |
==Epidemiology== |
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MD is supposed to be a common clinical phenomenon.<ref name=Fisch>{{cite journal |
MD is supposed to be a common clinical phenomenon.<ref name=Fisch>{{cite journal |
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| last = Fisch |first=R.Z. |
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| authorlink = |
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| date = |
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| year = 1987 |
| year = 1987 |
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| month = |
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| title = Masked depression: its interrelations with somatization, hypochondriasis and conversion |
| title = Masked depression: its interrelations with somatization, hypochondriasis and conversion |
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| journal = Int J Psychiatry Med |
| journal = Int J Psychiatry Med |
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| volume = 17 |
| volume = 17 |
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| issue = 4 |
| issue = 4 |
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| pages = |
| pages = 367–379 |
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| id = |
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| pmid = 3326856 |
| pmid = 3326856 |
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| doi = 10.2190/cr7j-wu5n-hc5x-2jq5 |
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| s2cid = 39199561 |
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}}</ref> According to some authors, masked depression is as frequent as overt depression.<ref name= Alexopoulos >{{cite book |
}}</ref> According to some authors, masked depression is as frequent as overt depression.<ref name= Alexopoulos >{{cite book |
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| last = Alexopoulos |
| last = Alexopoulos |
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| first = George S. |
| first = George S. |
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| author-link = George Alexopoulos |
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| editor1-last = Tasman | editor1-first = Allan |
| editor1-last = Tasman | editor1-first = Allan |
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| editor2-last = Goldfinger | editor2-first = Stephen M. |
| editor2-last = Goldfinger | editor2-first = Stephen M. |
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| editor3-last = Kaufmann | editor3-first = Charles A. |
| editor3-last = Kaufmann | editor3-first = Charles A. |
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| title = American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry |
| title = American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry |
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| volume = 9 |
| volume = 9 |
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| origyear = |
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| year = 1990 |
| year = 1990 |
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| publisher = [[American Psychiatric Press]] |
| publisher = [[American Psychiatric Press]] |
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| page = 250 |
| page = 250 |
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| pages = |
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| chapter = Clinical and Biological Findings in Late-Onset Depression |
| chapter = Clinical and Biological Findings in Late-Onset Depression |
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| isbn = 978-0-88048-248-6 |
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| chapterurl = http://books.google.ru/books?id=IZSP3lHRwTkC&pg=PA249&hl=ru&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZSP3lHRwTkC&pg=PA249 |
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}}</ref> Although masked depression can be found at any age, it has been observed more commonly after mid-life.<ref name= Alexopoulos /> |
}}</ref> Although masked depression can be found at any age, it has been observed more commonly after mid-life.<ref name= Alexopoulos /> |
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Making the diagnosis and the management of MD in clinical practice are complicated by the fact that he who has got MD is unaware of his mental illness. |
Making the diagnosis and the management of MD in clinical practice are complicated by the fact that he who has got MD is unaware of his mental illness. |
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Patients with MD are reluctant to associate their physical symptoms with an affective disorder<ref>{{cite journal |
Patients with MD are reluctant to associate their physical symptoms with an affective disorder<ref>{{cite journal |
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| title = Physical Symptoms in Depression |first=Thomas W. |last=Koenig |
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| title = Physical Symptoms in Depression: Interview with Thomas W. Koenig, MD |
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| journal = Advanced Studies in Medicine |
| journal = Advanced Studies in Medicine |
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| date=2004 |volume=4 |issue=1 A |pages=S11–4 |
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| url = http://www.jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/program_p11-14(V4-1).pdf }}</ref> and refuse [[mental health care]]. As a rule, these patients attribute their disturbances to physical illness, seek medical care for them, and report only somatic complaints to their physicians,<ref>{{cite journal |last= Brody |first= D.S. |last2=Thompson |first2=T.L. |display-authors=etal |title= Recognizing and managing depression in primary care |journal= Gen Hosp Psychiatry |date=March 1995 |
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|volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 93–107|doi= 10.1016/0163-8343(94)00093-s|pmid=7789790|doi-access= free}}</ref> with the consequence that many of such depressions are not recognized or are misdiagnosed and mistreated<ref name= Fisch /> Estimates of depressed patients who are correctly identified and treated range from 5% to 60%.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| pages = |
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| first = Patricia A. |last=Carney |display-authors=etal |
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|date= December 1999 |
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| url = http://www.jhasim.com/files/articlefiles/pdf/program_p11-14(V4-1).pdf }}</ref> and refuse [[mental health care]]. As a rule, these patients attribute their disturbances to physical illness, seek medical care for them, and report only somatic complaints to their physicians,<ref>{{cite journal |last= Brody |first= D.S. |coauthors= Thompson T.L. etc. |title= Recognizing and managing depression in primary care |journal= Gen Hosp Psychiatry | year = 1995 | month = March |
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|volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 93–107|doi= |accessdate=|pmid=7789790}}</ref> with the consequence that many of such depressions are not recognized or are misdiagnosed and mistreated<ref name= Fisch /> Estimates of depressed patients who are correctly identified and treated range from 5% to 60%.<ref>{{cite journal |
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| author = Patricia A. Carney etc. |
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| date = |
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| year = 1999 |
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| month = December |
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| title = Recognizing and Managing Depression in Primary Care A Standardized Patient Study |
| title = Recognizing and Managing Depression in Primary Care A Standardized Patient Study |
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| journal = The Journal of Family Practice |
| journal = The Journal of Family Practice |
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| volume = 48 |
| volume = 48 |
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| issue = 12 |
| issue = 12 |
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| url =http://www.jfponline.com/pages.asp?aid=2720 }}</ref> Data show that about 10% of people who consult a physician for any reason, originally has affective disorders disguised by physical symptoms.<ref name= Alexopoulos /><ref name= Schneider>{{cite journal|last= Schneider |first=Frank |first2=Sandra |last2=Kratz |display-authors=etal |title= Insufficient depression treatment in outpatient settings |journal= Ger Med Sci. |date = February 26, 2004 |volume=2|pages=Doc01|pmid= 19675684|pmc=2703210}}</ref> |
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| url =http://www.jfponline.com/pages.asp?aid=2720 }}</ref> Recent data show that about 10% of people who consult a physician for any reason originally suffer from affective disorders disguised by physical symptoms.<ref name= Alexopoulos /><ref name= Schneider>{{cite journal|last= Schneider |first=Frank |coauthors=Sandra Kratz etc. |title= Insufficient depression treatment in outpatient settings |journal= Ger Med Sci. |date = February 26, 2004 |volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|url= http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC2703210/ |accessdate=|pmid=}}</ref> |
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==Official diagnostic status== |
==Official diagnostic status== |
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Current classifications: [[ICD-10]] and |
Current classifications: [[ICD-10]] and DSM-5 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=DSM-5 / PsychiatryOnline Renewal 2020-2021|url=https://ehlbc.ca/offers-renewals/dsm-5-psychiatryonline-renewal-2020-2021|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Electronic Health Library of British Columbia|language=en}}</ref> do not contain the term "masked depression".<ref name= Miodek /> Some{{Who|date=March 2024}} [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[psychiatrist]]s claim that MD is to be qualified as "depression with somatic symptoms" in the ICD-10 (F 3x.01).<ref>{{in lang|ru}} ''Подкорытов В. С., Чайка Ю. Ю.'' [http://medic-books.net/psihiatriy/566-depressii-sovremennaya-terapiya-podkorytov-v-s.html Депрессии. Современная терапия] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229161402/http://medic-books.net/psihiatriy/566-depressii-sovremennaya-terapiya-podkorytov-v-s.html |date=2017-12-29 }}. — [[Kharkiv|Харьков]]: Торнадо, 2003. — С. 54. — {{ISBN|966-635-495-0}}</ref> This means that those who struggle with masked depression often have more physical symptoms such as back pain, abdominal pain, headaches, and even pain during sexual activity or painful periods. For those with more clinical depression, while they still may have physical symptoms, their symptoms are usually more mental or emotional. This includes feelings of helplessness, extreme and/or persisting sadness, numbness, tiredness, drowsiness, exhaustion, and even suicidal thoughts or feelings. |
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== Diagnostic criteria == |
== Diagnostic criteria == |
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{{Expand section|date=January 2013}} |
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}} |
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Affective disorders in patients with MD can only be detected by means of a clinician-administered diagnostic interview.<ref name=Korkina1/>{{rp|408|}}<ref>{{ |
Affective disorders in patients with MD can only be detected by means of a clinician-administered diagnostic interview.<ref name=Korkina1/>{{rp|408|}}<ref>{{in lang|ru}} Психиатрия: Учебник. / Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko|Личко А. Е.]], Сергеев И. И. — 2-е изд., доп., перераб. — М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. {{ISBN|5-901712-12-9}}</ref>{{rp|576|}}<ref name=Tulpin>{{in lang|ru}} Жариков Н. М., Тюльпин Ю. Г. Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 2000. — С. 193. {{ISBN|5-225-04189-2}}</ref> Organic exclusion rules<ref name=Tulpin/> and other criteria are used in making the diagnosis of MD.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=gZI45wX9GCcC Психиатрия. Национальное руководство] / Под ред. [[Tatyana Dmitrieva|Т.Б. Дмитриевой]], В.Н. Краснова, Н.Г. Незнанова, В.Я. Семке, А.С. Тиганова. — М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. — 1000 с. — (Национальные руководства). — 3000 экз. — {{ISBN|978-5-9704-2030-0}}</ref>{{rp|185–188|}} Some physical symptoms of masked depression include general aches, pains including headache, backache, musculoskeletal aches, and other non-painful symptoms such as changes in appetite and libido, lack of energy, sleep disturbance, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, and gastrointestinal tract disturbances.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tylee|first1=André|last2=Gandhi|first2=Paul|date=2005|title=The Importance of Somatic Symptoms in Depression in Primary Care|journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=7|issue=4|pages=167–176|doi=10.4088/pcc.v07n0405 |pmc=1192435|pmid=16163400}}</ref> Some of the main recorded symptoms of MD are insomnia, a general lack of interest in normal activities, headache, anorexia, and fatigue in that order.<ref name=Shetty18 /> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Masked+Depression Masked depression] // The Free Dictionary |
* [http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Masked+Depression Masked depression] // The Free Dictionary |
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* [http://www.sharecare.com/question/what-is-masked-depression What is masked depression?] // [[Sharecare]] (includes the answer by [[the Honor Society of Nursing]]) |
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{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = mood}} |
{{Mental and behavioural disorders|selected = mood}} |
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{{Antidepressants}} |
{{Antidepressants}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Depression (mood)]] |
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Latest revision as of 11:33, 28 October 2024
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Masked depression (MD) was a proposed form of atypical depression[1] in which somatic symptoms or behavioural disturbances dominate the clinical picture and disguise the underlying affective disorder.[2] The concept is not currently supported by the mental health profession.[3]
Clinical manifestations
[edit]Somatic manifestations of MD are distinguished by an extreme diversity[4]: 110 and include headaches, back pain, abdominal pain etc. Pathological behaviour masking depression may take the form of compulsive gambling, compulsive work, changes in arousal or orgasmic function, decreased libido or, on the contrary, impulsive sexual behaviour, alcoholism, or drug addiction.
Chronic pain is more often noted as a connection to MD by non-psychiatrists than psychiatrists, while lack of concentration is often noted by psychiatrists.[5]
Dispute about the concept
[edit]MD has been variously described as "depression equivalent, a vegetative equivalent, a depression without a depression, and a hidden depression.[5][6] Most investigators, especially those in the German-speaking countries, assumed masked depression (German: die larvierte Depression[7]) to be endogenous depression.[8] The term was largely used in the 1970s and 1980s, but at the end of the 20th century there was a decline in interest in the study of masked depression. Today this diagnosis does not play a significant clinical or scientific role.[9]
Epidemiology
[edit]MD is supposed to be a common clinical phenomenon.[10] According to some authors, masked depression is as frequent as overt depression.[11] Although masked depression can be found at any age, it has been observed more commonly after mid-life.[11]
Making the diagnosis and the management of MD in clinical practice are complicated by the fact that he who has got MD is unaware of his mental illness. Patients with MD are reluctant to associate their physical symptoms with an affective disorder[12] and refuse mental health care. As a rule, these patients attribute their disturbances to physical illness, seek medical care for them, and report only somatic complaints to their physicians,[13] with the consequence that many of such depressions are not recognized or are misdiagnosed and mistreated[10] Estimates of depressed patients who are correctly identified and treated range from 5% to 60%.[14] Data show that about 10% of people who consult a physician for any reason, originally has affective disorders disguised by physical symptoms.[11][15]
Official diagnostic status
[edit]Current classifications: ICD-10 and DSM-5 [16] do not contain the term "masked depression".[1] Some[who?] Ukrainian psychiatrists claim that MD is to be qualified as "depression with somatic symptoms" in the ICD-10 (F 3x.01).[17] This means that those who struggle with masked depression often have more physical symptoms such as back pain, abdominal pain, headaches, and even pain during sexual activity or painful periods. For those with more clinical depression, while they still may have physical symptoms, their symptoms are usually more mental or emotional. This includes feelings of helplessness, extreme and/or persisting sadness, numbness, tiredness, drowsiness, exhaustion, and even suicidal thoughts or feelings.
Diagnostic criteria
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Affective disorders in patients with MD can only be detected by means of a clinician-administered diagnostic interview.[4]: 408 [18]: 576 [19] Organic exclusion rules[19] and other criteria are used in making the diagnosis of MD.[20]: 185–188 Some physical symptoms of masked depression include general aches, pains including headache, backache, musculoskeletal aches, and other non-painful symptoms such as changes in appetite and libido, lack of energy, sleep disturbance, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, and gastrointestinal tract disturbances.[21] Some of the main recorded symptoms of MD are insomnia, a general lack of interest in normal activities, headache, anorexia, and fatigue in that order.[5]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Miodek, Anna; Szemraj, Paweł; Kocur, Józef; Ryś, Anna (2007). "Depresja maskowana – historia i współczesność" [Masked Depression – History and Present Days] (PDF). Pol. Merk. Lek. (in Polish). XXIII (133). MEDPRESS: 78–80. ISSN 1426-9686. Retrieved 2013-01-04. The paper is accompanied with an abstract in English.
- ^ Verster, G. C.; Gagiano, C. A. (August 1995). "Gemaskerde depressie" [Masked depression] (PDF). South African Medical Journal (in Afrikaans). 85 (8). Health and Medical Publishing Group: 759–762. ISSN 0256-9574. PMID 8553144. Revue : Anglais
- ^ Treating Child and Adolescent Depression. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4511-5303-3.
- ^ a b (in Russian) Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., Личко А. Е. Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 1995. — 608 с.; ил. — [Учеб. лит. для студентов мед. вузов] ISBN 5-225-00856-9
- ^ a b c Shetty P, Mane A, Fulmali S, Uchit G (2018). "Understanding masked depression: A Clinical scenario". Indian J Psychiatry. 60 (1): 97–102. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_272_17. PMC 5914271. PMID 29736070.
- ^ For more detail, see: Katon, W.; Kleinman, A.; Rosen, G. (Jan 1982). "Depression and somatization: a review. Part I.". Am. J. Med. 72 (1): 127–35. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(82)90599-x. PMID 7058818.
- ^ Steffen Walter's entry at ProZ.com.
- ^ (in Russian) Вертоградова О.П. К проблеме депрессий в общесоматической практике // Сб. Депрессии в амбулаторной и общесоматической практике (вопросы диагностики и терапии). М., 1984, с. 12–17.
- ^ Frank, R.G. (2018). "Masked Depression". In Kreutzer, J.S.; DeLuca, J.; Caplan, B. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2130. ISBN 978-3-319-57111-9.
- ^ a b Fisch, R.Z. (1987). "Masked depression: its interrelations with somatization, hypochondriasis and conversion". Int J Psychiatry Med. 17 (4): 367–379. doi:10.2190/cr7j-wu5n-hc5x-2jq5. PMID 3326856. S2CID 39199561.
- ^ a b c Alexopoulos, George S. (1990). "Clinical and Biological Findings in Late-Onset Depression". In Tasman, Allan; Goldfinger, Stephen M.; Kaufmann, Charles A. (eds.). American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry. Vol. 9. American Psychiatric Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-88048-248-6.
- ^ Koenig, Thomas W. (2004). "Physical Symptoms in Depression" (PDF). Advanced Studies in Medicine. 4 (1 A): S11–4.
- ^ Brody, D.S.; Thompson, T.L.; et al. (March 1995). "Recognizing and managing depression in primary care". Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 17 (2): 93–107. doi:10.1016/0163-8343(94)00093-s. PMID 7789790.
- ^ Carney, Patricia A.; et al. (December 1999). "Recognizing and Managing Depression in Primary Care A Standardized Patient Study". The Journal of Family Practice. 48 (12).
- ^ Schneider, Frank; Kratz, Sandra; et al. (February 26, 2004). "Insufficient depression treatment in outpatient settings". Ger Med Sci. 2: Doc01. PMC 2703210. PMID 19675684.
- ^ "DSM-5 / PsychiatryOnline Renewal 2020-2021". Electronic Health Library of British Columbia. 2020-08-04. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
- ^ (in Russian) Подкорытов В. С., Чайка Ю. Ю. Депрессии. Современная терапия Archived 2017-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. — Харьков: Торнадо, 2003. — С. 54. — ISBN 966-635-495-0
- ^ (in Russian) Психиатрия: Учебник. / Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., Личко А. Е., Сергеев И. И. — 2-е изд., доп., перераб. — М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. ISBN 5-901712-12-9
- ^ a b (in Russian) Жариков Н. М., Тюльпин Ю. Г. Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 2000. — С. 193. ISBN 5-225-04189-2
- ^ (in Russian) Психиатрия. Национальное руководство / Под ред. Т.Б. Дмитриевой, В.Н. Краснова, Н.Г. Незнанова, В.Я. Семке, А.С. Тиганова. — М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. — 1000 с. — (Национальные руководства). — 3000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-9704-2030-0
- ^ Tylee, André; Gandhi, Paul (2005). "The Importance of Somatic Symptoms in Depression in Primary Care". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 7 (4): 167–176. doi:10.4088/pcc.v07n0405. PMC 1192435. PMID 16163400.
External links
[edit]- Masked depression // The Free Dictionary