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Coordinates: 45°54′33″S 71°42′02″W / 45.90917°S 71.70056°W / -45.90917; -71.70056
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{{Refimprove|date=June 2007}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Balmaceda
| official_name = Balmaceda
| native_name =
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| image_skyline =
|imagesize = 350px
| imagesize = 350px
| image_caption = Balmaceda
| image_caption = Balmaceda
| image_flag =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Chile
| pushpin_map = Chile
| pushpin_map_narrow = 1
| pushpin_map_narrow = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|45|54|33|S|71|42|02|W|region:CL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|45|54|33|S|71|42|02|W|region:CL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Chile}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Chile}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Aysén Region|Aysén]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Aysén Region|Aysén]]
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_type2 = Province
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coyhaique Province|Coyhaique]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coyhaique Province|Coyhaique]]
| subdivision_type3 = Municipalidad
| subdivision_type3 = Municipalidad
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coyhaique]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coyhaique]]
| subdivision_type4 = Comuna
| subdivision_type4 = Comuna
| subdivision_name4 = [[Coyhaique]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Coyhaique]]
| established_title = Balmaceda
| established_title = Balmaceda
| established_date = January 1st, 1917
| established_date = January 1, 1917
| government_type = Municipalidad
| government_type = Municipalidad
| leader_title = Alcade
| leader_title = Alcade
| leader_name = Alejandro Huala Canumán (2012-2016)
| leader_name = Alejandro Huala Canumán (2012-2016)
| elevation_m = 518
| elevation_m = 518
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geonames.org/3898880/balmaceda.html |title=Balmaceda, Chile |website=geonames.org |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geonames.org/3898880/balmaceda.html |title=Balmaceda, Chile |website=geonames.org |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190823/http://www.geonames.org/3898880/balmaceda.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 456
| population_total = 456
| population_as_of = 2002 census<ref>http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/demografia/demografia.php</ref>
| population_as_of = 2002 census<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/demografia/demografia.php |title=DEMOGRAFICAS Y VITALES
|access-date=2008-05-22 |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528151936/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/demografia/demografia.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
| timezone = Chilean Standard ([[Time in Chile|CLT]])
| utc_offset = −04:00
| timezone = Chilean Standard ([[Time in Chile|CLT]])
| timezone_DST = Chilean Daylight (CLST)
| utc_offset = −04:00
| utc_offset_DST = −03:00
| timezone_DST = Chilean Daylight (CLST)
| utc_offset_DST = −03:00
| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
⚫
| postal_code =
| area_code = Country + town = 56 + 67
| postal_code =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| area_code = Country + town = 56 + 67
| blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Cold-summer Mediterranean climate|Csc]]
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Mediterranean climate#Warm-summer Mediterranean climate|Csb]]
| website =
⚫
| website =
}}
}}


'''Balmaceda''' is a [[Chile]]an village ({{lang-es|aldea}}) located south east of [[Coyhaique, Chile|Coyhaique]] in [[Aysén Region]]. Balmaceda has around 500 inhabitants, and has Aysén Region's largest airport and meteorological station, [[Balmaceda Airport]].
'''Balmaceda''' is a [[Chile]]an village ({{langx|es|aldea}}) located south east of [[Coyhaique, Chile|Coyhaique]] in [[Aysén Region]]. Balmaceda has around 500 inhabitants, and has Aysén Region's largest airport and meteorological station, [[Balmaceda Airport]].


==History==
==History==
The first settlers arrived into the zone in early-20th century after being expelled from [[Argentina]] since the borders between Chile and Argentina were drawn in 1902. In 1917 Balmaceda was officially founded and was named after the Chilean president [[José Manuel Balmaceda]]. Balmaceda was initially one of the largest inland Chilean settlements in what is now the Aysén Region.
The first settlers arrived into the zone in the early-20th century after being expelled from [[Argentina]] since the borders between Chile and Argentina were drawn in 1902. In 1917 Balmaceda was officially founded and was named after the Chilean president [[José Manuel Balmaceda]]. Balmaceda was initially one of the largest inland Chilean settlements in what is now the Aysén Region.


==Transport==
==Transport==
Balmaceda is linked to Route 40, in Argentina, via a 102km gravel extension road (not pavement - May/2019 info).
Balmaceda is linked to Route 40, in Argentina, via a 102&nbsp;km gravel extension road (not pavement - May/2019 info).


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
The climate of Balmaceda is an unusual combination of the dry-summer [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] characteristic more typical of [[Zona Central, Chile|Central Chile]] with the [[subpolar oceanic climate|subpolar oceanic]] characteristics more typical of [[Zona Austral|southern Chile]]. Uniquely to the region surrounding [[Lago General Carrera]],<ref>[http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/1976-2000.pdf World Climate Map]</ref> it has the extremely rare [[Mediterranean_climate#Cold-summer_Mediterranean_climate|cold-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csc'', bordeline ''Dsc''), with short, though dry summers, and long, snowy though not severe winters. Precipitation, however, is markedly lower than on the coast of Chile owing to the rain shadow of the Andes, being about one-sixth to one-seventh what is received on the coast at the same latitude. Snow is very common during the winter but rarely stays on the ground.<ref>[http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=85874&CONT=samk&R=161&LEVEL=162&REGION=0016&LAND=CH&MOD=tab&ART=SNW&FMM=01&FYY=2000&LMM=12&LYY=2008&NOREGION=1 Balmaceda Airport Snow depths]</ref>
The climate of Balmaceda is an unusual combination of the dry-summer [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] characteristic more typical of [[Zona Central, Chile|Central Chile]] with the [[subpolar oceanic climate|subpolar oceanic]] characteristics more typical of [[Zona Austral|southern Chile]]. It has the [[Warm-summer mediterranean climate|warm-summer Mediterranean climate]], bordering the extremely rare [[Mediterranean climate#Cold-summer Mediterranean climate|cold-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csb'', bordeline ''Csc''), with short, though dry summers, and long, somewhat snowy though not severe winters. Precipitation, however, is markedly lower than on the coast of Chile owing to the rain shadow of the Andes, being about one-sixth to one-seventh what is received on the coast at the same latitude. Snow is very common during the winter but rarely stays on the ground.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=85874&CONT=samk&R=161&LEVEL=162&REGION=0016&LAND=CH&MOD=tab&ART=SNW&FMM=01&FYY=2000&LMM=12&LYY=2008&NOREGION=1 |title=Balmaceda Airport Snow depths |access-date=2011-12-07 |archive-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513123051/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=85874&CONT=samk&R=161&LEVEL=162&REGION=0016&LAND=CH&MOD=tab&ART=SNW&FMM=01&FYY=2000&LMM=12&LYY=2008&NOREGION=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Weather box|width=auto
{{Weather box|width=auto
| location = Balmaceda (1981–2010, extremes 1952–present)
| location = Balmaceda (1991–2020, extremes 1952–present)
| single line = Yes
| single line = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| metric first = Yes
Line 72: Line 73:
| Dec record high C = 32.0
| Dec record high C = 32.0
| year record high C = 35.3
| year record high C = 35.3
| Jan high C = 18.0
| Jan high C = 18.4
| Feb high C = 18.7
| Feb high C = 19.0
| Mar high C = 16.1
| Mar high C = 16.3
| Apr high C = 12.1
| Apr high C = 12.5
| May high C = 7.8
| May high C = 8.2
| Jun high C = 4.2
| Jun high C = 4.6
| Jul high C = 4.1
| Jul high C = 4.3
| Aug high C = 6.7
| Aug high C = 6.9
| Sep high C = 10.0
| Sep high C = 10.2
| Oct high C = 12.6
| Oct high C = 12.8
| Nov high C = 14.6
| Nov high C = 14.9
| Dec high C = 16.6
| Dec high C = 16.9
| year high C = 11.8
| year high C = 12.1
| Jan mean C = 12.1
| Jan mean C = 12.6
| Feb mean C = 11.9
| Feb mean C = 12.6
| Mar mean C = 9.5
| Mar mean C = 10.4
| Apr mean C = 6.3
| Apr mean C = 7.4
| May mean C = 3.2
| May mean C = 4.2
| Jun mean C = 0.5
| Jun mean C = 1.4
| Jul mean C = 0.0
| Jul mean C = 0.8
| Aug mean C = 1.9
| Aug mean C = 2.8
| Sep mean C = 4.3
| Sep mean C = 5.2
| Oct mean C = 6.7
| Oct mean C = 7.4
| Nov mean C = 8.9
| Nov mean C = 9.4
| Dec mean C = 10.9
| Dec mean C = 11.4
| year mean C = 6.4
| year mean C = 7.1
| Jan low C = 6.8
| Jan low C = 6.9
| Feb low C = 6.1
| Feb low C = 6.1
| Mar low C = 4.5
| Mar low C = 4.5
| Apr low C = 2.3
| Apr low C = 2.2
| May low C = 0.0
| May low C = 0.3
| Jun low C = -2.2
| Jun low C = -1.9
| Jul low C = -2.9
| Jul low C = -2.7
| Aug low C = -1.3
| Aug low C = -1.2
| Sep low C = 0.2
| Sep low C = 0.3
| Oct low C = 2.1
| Oct low C = 1.9
| Nov low C = 4.0
| Nov low C = 4.0
| Dec low C = 5.7
| Dec low C = 5.9
| year low C = 2.1
| year low C = 2.2
| Jan record low C = -4.3
| Jan record low C = -5.9
| Feb record low C = -7.2
| Feb record low C = -7.2
| Mar record low C = -10.3
| Mar record low C = -10.3
Line 120: Line 121:
| Aug record low C = -20.1
| Aug record low C = -20.1
| Sep record low C = -15.8
| Sep record low C = -15.8
| Oct record low C = -10.0
| Oct record low C = -11.6
| Nov record low C = -7.7
| Nov record low C = -7.7
| Dec record low C = -6.0
| Dec record low C = -6.0
| year record low C = −28.3
| year record low C = −28.3
| precipitation colour = green
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 24.2
| Jan precipitation mm = 23.4
| Feb precipitation mm = 20.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 21.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 40.2
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 51.1
| Apr precipitation mm = 49.7
| May precipitation mm = 64.9
| May precipitation mm = 69.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 82.7
| Jun precipitation mm = 79.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 66.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 65.2
| Aug precipitation mm = 54.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 55.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 38.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 31.5
| Oct precipitation mm = 39.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 34.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 28.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 30.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 30.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.5
| year precipitation mm = 541.0
| year precipitation mm = 523.3
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 7.6
| Jan precipitation days = 4.2
| Feb precipitation days = 5.8
| Feb precipitation days = 4.1
| Mar precipitation days = 8.7
| Mar precipitation days = 5.5
| Apr precipitation days = 10.9
| Apr precipitation days = 7.2
| May precipitation days = 14.4
| May precipitation days = 9.4
| Jun precipitation days = 15.2
| Jun precipitation days = 10.1
| Jul precipitation days = 13.2
| Jul precipitation days = 8.2
| Aug precipitation days = 13.2
| Aug precipitation days = 8.4
| Sep precipitation days = 10.2
| Sep precipitation days = 6.2
| Oct precipitation days = 10.0
| Oct precipitation days = 5.2
| Nov precipitation days = 8.5
| Nov precipitation days = 5.0
| Dec precipitation days = 8.3
| Dec precipitation days = 4.2
| year precipitation days = 125.9
| year precipitation days = 77.8
| Jan humidity = 72
| Jan humidity = 72
| Feb humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 74
Line 180: Line 181:
| source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity, 1970–2000)<ref name=climatenormals>
| source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity, 1970–2000)<ref name=climatenormals>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/productos/RE3006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530200448/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/450005
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/datosNormales/450005
| title = Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos
| title = Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos
| accessdate = 8 December 2018
| accessdate = 30 May 2023
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = Spanish}}</ref><ref name=DMC>
| language = es}}</ref><ref name=DMC>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaIII.pdf
| url = http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaIII.pdf
Line 196: Line 199:
| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=saclim>
| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=saclim>
{{cite web
{{cite web
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/index/productos/RE3002
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230530200652/https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/450005
| archive-date = 30 May 2023
| url = https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/historico/temperaturaHistoricaAnual/450005
| title = Temperatura Mensual Histórica de la Estación Balmaceda Ad. (450005)
| title = Temperatura Mensual Histórica de la Estación Balmaceda Ad. (450005)
| accessdate = 8 December 2018
| accessdate = 30 May 2023
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| publisher = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile
| language = Spanish}}</ref>
| language = Spanish}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[World Meteorological Organization]] (precipitation days 1981–2010),<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (precipitation days 1991–2020),<ref>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211009200311/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-III/Chile/WMO_Normals_Chile%20%285%29.xlsx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230804190605/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Balmacedaad_85874.csv
| archive-date = 9 October 2021
| archive-date = 4 August 2023
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-III/Chile/WMO_Normals_Chile%20(5).xlsx
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-3-WMO-Normals-9120/Chile/CSV/Balmacedaad_85874.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| title = Ba;maceda Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 9 October 2021}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| access-date = 4 August 2023}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| url = ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt

Latest revision as of 12:52, 28 October 2024

Balmaceda
Balmaceda is located in Chile
Balmaceda
Balmaceda
Coordinates: 45°54′33″S 71°42′02″W / 45.90917°S 71.70056°W / -45.90917; -71.70056
Country Chile
RegionAysén
ProvinceCoyhaique
MunicipalidadCoyhaique
ComunaCoyhaique
BalmacedaJanuary 1, 1917
Government
 • TypeMunicipalidad
 • AlcadeAlejandro Huala Canumán (2012-2016)
Elevation
[1]
518 m (1,699 ft)
Population
 (2002 census[2])
 • Total
456
Time zoneUTC−04:00 (Chilean Standard (CLT))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−03:00 (Chilean Daylight (CLST))
Area codeCountry + town = 56 + 67
ClimateCsb

Balmaceda is a Chilean village (Spanish: aldea) located south east of Coyhaique in Aysén Region. Balmaceda has around 500 inhabitants, and has Aysén Region's largest airport and meteorological station, Balmaceda Airport.

History

[edit]

The first settlers arrived into the zone in the early-20th century after being expelled from Argentina since the borders between Chile and Argentina were drawn in 1902. In 1917 Balmaceda was officially founded and was named after the Chilean president José Manuel Balmaceda. Balmaceda was initially one of the largest inland Chilean settlements in what is now the Aysén Region.

Transport

[edit]

Balmaceda is linked to Route 40, in Argentina, via a 102 km gravel extension road (not pavement - May/2019 info).

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Balmaceda is an unusual combination of the dry-summer Mediterranean characteristic more typical of Central Chile with the subpolar oceanic characteristics more typical of southern Chile. It has the warm-summer Mediterranean climate, bordering the extremely rare cold-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb, bordeline Csc), with short, though dry summers, and long, somewhat snowy though not severe winters. Precipitation, however, is markedly lower than on the coast of Chile owing to the rain shadow of the Andes, being about one-sixth to one-seventh what is received on the coast at the same latitude. Snow is very common during the winter but rarely stays on the ground.[3]

Climate data for Balmaceda (1991–2020, extremes 1952–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.2
(91.8) 		35.3
(95.5) 		32.0
(89.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		32.0
(89.6) 		35.3
(95.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.4
(65.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		12.5
(54.5) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.6
(40.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.1
(53.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		7.4
(45.3) 		4.2
(39.6) 		1.4
(34.5) 		0.8
(33.4) 		2.8
(37.0) 		5.2
(41.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		9.4
(48.9) 		11.4
(52.5) 		7.1
(44.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		6.1
(43.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		1.9
(35.4) 		4.0
(39.2) 		5.9
(42.6) 		2.2
(36.0)
Record low °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−10.3
(13.5) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−17.3
(0.9) 		−28.3
(−18.9) 		−25.2
(−13.4) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−11.6
(11.1) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−28.3
(−18.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 23.4
(0.92) 		21.1
(0.83) 		38.6
(1.52) 		49.7
(1.96) 		69.5
(2.74) 		79.6
(3.13) 		65.2
(2.57) 		55.7
(2.19) 		31.5
(1.24) 		34.3
(1.35) 		30.2
(1.19) 		24.5
(0.96) 		523.3
(20.60)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.2 4.1 5.5 7.2 9.4 10.1 8.2 8.4 6.2 5.2 5.0 4.2 77.8
Average relative humidity (%) 72 74 77 82 86 87 86 83 79 75 72 72 79
Mean monthly sunshine hours 303 266 236 156 117 94 114 161 203 291 292 310 2,543
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity, 1970–2000)[4][5][6]
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020),[7] Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)[8][a]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Station ID for Balmaceda is 85874 Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Balmaceda, Chile". geonames.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  2. ^ "DEMOGRAFICAS Y VITALES". Archived from the original on 2017-05-28. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  3. ^ "Balmaceda Airport Snow depths". Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
  4. ^ "Datos Normales y Promedios Históricos Promedios de 30 años o menos" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Estadistica Climatologica Tomo III (pg 319-343)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  6. ^ "Temperatura Mensual Histórica de la Estación Balmaceda Ad. (450005)" (in Spanish). Dirección Meteorológica de Chile. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  7. ^ "Ba;maceda Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  8. ^ "Station 85874: Balmaceda". Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 2017-10-17. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
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