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{{Short description|Sound change in Slavic languages}}
{{IPA notice}}
{{IPA notice}}
'''Akanye''' or '''akanje'''<ref>Bethin, Christina Yurkiw. 1998. ''Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;152 ff.</ref> ({{lang-be|аканне}}, {{lang-ru|а́канье}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈakənʲjɪ}}, {{lang-sl|akanje}} {{IPA-sl|ˈaːkanjɛ}}), literally "''a''-ing", is a [[phonology|phonological]] phenomenon in [[Slavic languages]] in which the [[phoneme]]s {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/e/}} are realized as more or less close to {{IPA|[{{IPA link|a}}]}}. It is a case of [[vowel reduction]]. The most familiar example is probably [[vowel reduction in Russian|Russian akanye]] (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye also occurs in standard [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (represented orthographically) as well as in northern ([[Polesia|Polissia]]n) [[Ukrainian dialects]], [[Slovene dialects]] (e.g., Lower Carniolan dialects),<ref name="Toporisic">Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p.&nbsp;2.</ref> some subgroups of the [[Kajkavian dialect]] of [[Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="Gostencnik">{{cite web|url= https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/11808/1/03_SCN_1_2013_Gostencnik.pdf |title= Fonološki opis govora grada Gerovo |first= Januša |last= Gostenčnik |year= 2013 |p= 3}}</ref> and [[Bulgarian dialects]] (e.g., the Rhodope dialects, including the [[Smolyan dialect]]).<ref>
'''Akanye''' or '''akanje'''<ref>Bethin, Christina Yurkiw. 1998. ''Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;152 ff.</ref> ({{langx|be|аканне}}, {{langx|ru|а́канье}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈakənʲjɪ}}), literally "''a''-ing", is a [[sound change]] in [[Slavic languages]] in which the [[phoneme]]s {{IPA|/o/}} or {{IPA|/e/}} are realized as more or less close to {{IPAblink|a}}. It is a case of [[vowel reduction]].
The most familiar example is probably [[Vowel reduction in Russian#Back vowels|Russian akanye]] (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye also occurs in:
* Standard [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (represented orthographically)
* Northern ([[Polesia|Polissia]]n) [[Ukrainian dialects]]
* [[Slovene dialects]] (e.g., Lower Carniolan dialects),<ref name="Toporisic">Toporišič, Jože. 1992. ''Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika''. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p.&nbsp;2.</ref>
* Some subgroups of the [[Kajkavian dialect]] of [[Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="Gostencnik">{{cite web|url= https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/11808/1/03_SCN_1_2013_Gostencnik.pdf |title= Fonološki opis govora grada Gerovo |first= Januša |last= Gostenčnik |year= 2013 |page= 3}}</ref>
* [[Bulgarian dialects]] (e.g., the Rhodope dialects, including the [[Smolyan dialect]]).<ref> Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. ''Vowel reduction in optimality theory.'' London: Routledge, p.&nbsp;53.
Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. ''Vowel reduction in optimality theory.'' London: Routledge, p.&nbsp;53.
</ref>
</ref>
* [[Dialects of Polish|Polish dialects]] (Podlasie, Kresy)<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIALEKTOLOGIA POLSKA |url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&l3=podlasie&l4=podlasie-gwara-regionu-mwr |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl}}</ref>


== Description ==
== Description ==
In Belarusian ''аканне'' (akanne), both non-softened and softened {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} and other phonemes phonetically merge into [{{IPA link|a}}] in unstressed positions; see [[Belarusian phonology]].
In Belarusian ''аканне'' (akanne), both non-softened and softened {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} and other phonemes phonetically merge into {{IPAblink|a}} in unstressed positions; see [[Belarusian phonology]].


In Russian ''а́канье'' (akan'ye), (except for [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern dialects]]), {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} phonetically merge in unstressed positions. If not preceded by a [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized (soft)]] consonant, these phonemes give [{{IPA link|ɐ}}] (sometimes also transcribed as {{IPA|[ʌ]}}) in the syllable immediately before the stress<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett & Tabain|2005|p=16}}</ref> and in absolute word-initial position.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvcoltxt|Jones & Ward|1969|p=51}}</ref> In other unstressed locations, non-softened {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} are further reduced towards a short, poorly enunciated [{{IPA link|ə}}].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philol.msu.ru/~fonetica/nn/n50.htm|title=Qualitative reduction of the 2nd degree|language=Russian}}</ref> The dialects without reduction of unstressed o are called ''okanye'' ({{lang-ru|о́канье}}), literally "''o''-ing".
In Russian ''а́канье'' (akan'ye), (except for [[Northern Russian dialects|Northern dialects]]), {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} phonetically merge in unstressed positions. If not preceded by a [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized (soft)]] consonant, these phonemes give {{IPAblink|ɐ}} (sometimes also transcribed as {{IPA|[ʌ]}}) in the syllable immediately before the stress<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|Tabain|2005|p=16}}</ref> and in absolute word-initial position.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=51}}</ref> In other unstressed locations, non-softened {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} are further reduced towards a short, poorly enunciated {{IPAblink|ə}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philol.msu.ru/~fonetica/nn/n50.htm|title=Qualitative reduction of the 2nd degree|language=ru}}</ref> The phonemic dialectal feature of clear distinction of the unstressed o (i.e., no reduction) is called ''{{ill|okanye|ru|Оканье}}'' ({{langx|ru|о́канье}}), literally "''o''-ing".

After soft consonants, unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} are pronounced like [{{IPA link|ɪ}}] in most varieties of Russian (see [[vowel reduction in Russian]] for details); this reduction is not considered a manifestation of akanye. Unlike Belarusian akanne, Russian akanye does not affect softened vowels.
After soft consonants, unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/a/}} are pronounced like {{IPAblink|ɪ}} in most varieties of Russian (see [[vowel reduction in Russian]] for details); this reduction is not considered a manifestation of akanye. Unlike Belarusian akanne, Russian akanye does not affect softened vowels.


Slovene ''akanje'' may be partial (affecting only syllables before or after the stressed vowel) or complete (affecting all vowels in a word).<ref name="Toporisic"/> Examples from various Slovene dialects: ''domú'' → ''damú'' 'at home' (pretonic ''o''),<ref name="Toporisic"/> ''dnò'' → ''dnà'' 'bottom' (tonic ''o''),<ref name="Ramovs">Ramovš, Fran. 1936. ''Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika. I.'' Ljubljana: Akademska založba, pp. 233–235.</ref> ''léto'' → ''líəta'' (posttonic ''o''),<ref name="Ramovs"/> ''ne vém'' → ''na vém'' 'I don't know' (pretonic ''e''),<ref name="Toporisic"/> ''hléb'' → ''hlàb'' 'loaf' (tonic ''e''),<ref name="Ramovs"/> ''jêčmen'' → ''jèčman'' 'barley' (posttonic ''e'').<ref name="Ramovs"/>
Slovene ''akanje'' may be partial (affecting only syllables before or after the stressed vowel) or complete (affecting all vowels in a word).<ref name="Toporisic"/> Examples from various Slovene dialects: ''domú'' → ''damú'' 'at home' (pretonic ''o''),<ref name="Toporisic"/> ''dnò'' → ''dnà'' 'bottom' (tonic ''o''),<ref name="Ramovs">Ramovš, Fran. 1936. ''Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika. I.'' Ljubljana: Akademska založba, pp. 233–235.</ref> ''léto'' → ''líəta'' (posttonic ''o''),<ref name="Ramovs"/> ''ne vém'' → ''na vém'' 'I don't know' (pretonic ''e''),<ref name="Toporisic"/> ''hléb'' → ''hlàb'' 'loaf' (tonic ''e''),<ref name="Ramovs"/> ''jêčmen'' → ''jèčman'' 'barley' (posttonic ''e'').<ref name="Ramovs"/>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Vowel reduction in Russian]] - about ikanye.
* [[Vowel reduction in Russian]] – about ikanye.


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last1=Jones |first1=Daniel |last2=Ward |first2=Dennis |year=1969 |title=The Phonetics of Russian |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{citation |last1=Padgett |first1=Jaye |last2=Tabain |first2=Marija |year=2005
|title=Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian |journal=Phonetica |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=14–54 |doi=10.1159/000087223 |pmid=16116302 |s2cid=2551922 |url=https://jayepadgett.sites.ucsc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/300/2015/10/adaptive_dispersion_theory.pdf}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Akanye}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akanye}}
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Phonology]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Slavic phonological features]]


{{phonology-stub}}

Latest revision as of 13:56, 28 October 2024

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Akanye or akanje[1] (Belarusian: аканне, Russian: а́канье, Russian pronunciation: [ˈakənʲjɪ]), literally "a-ing", is a sound change in Slavic languages in which the phonemes /o/ or /e/ are realized as more or less close to [a]. It is a case of vowel reduction.

The most familiar example is probably Russian akanye (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye also occurs in:

Description

[edit]

In Belarusian аканне (akanne), both non-softened and softened /o/ and /a/ and other phonemes phonetically merge into [a] in unstressed positions; see Belarusian phonology.

In Russian а́канье (akan'ye), (except for Northern dialects), /o/ and /a/ phonetically merge in unstressed positions. If not preceded by a palatalized (soft) consonant, these phonemes give [ɐ] (sometimes also transcribed as [ʌ]) in the syllable immediately before the stress[6] and in absolute word-initial position.[7] In other unstressed locations, non-softened /o/ and /a/ are further reduced towards a short, poorly enunciated [ə].[8] The phonemic dialectal feature of clear distinction of the unstressed o (i.e., no reduction) is called okanye [ru] (Russian: о́канье), literally "o-ing".

After soft consonants, unstressed /o/ and /a/ are pronounced like [ɪ] in most varieties of Russian (see vowel reduction in Russian for details); this reduction is not considered a manifestation of akanye. Unlike Belarusian akanne, Russian akanye does not affect softened vowels.

Slovene akanje may be partial (affecting only syllables before or after the stressed vowel) or complete (affecting all vowels in a word).[2] Examples from various Slovene dialects: domú → damú 'at home' (pretonic o),[2] dnò → dnà 'bottom' (tonic o),[9] léto → líəta (posttonic o),[9] ne vém → na vém 'I don't know' (pretonic e),[2] hléb → hlàb 'loaf' (tonic e),[9] jêčmen → jèčman 'barley' (posttonic e).[9]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Bethin, Christina Yurkiw. 1998. Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152 ff.
  2. ^ a b c d Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 2.
  3. ^ Gostenčnik, Januša (2013). "Fonološki opis govora grada Gerovo" (PDF). p. 3.
  4. ^ Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. Vowel reduction in optimality theory. London: Routledge, p. 53.
  5. ^ "DIALEKTOLOGIA POLSKA". www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  6. ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005:16)
  7. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:51)
  8. ^ "Qualitative reduction of the 2nd degree" (in Russian).
  9. ^ a b c d Ramovš, Fran. 1936. Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika. I. Ljubljana: Akademska založba, pp. 233–235.

Sources

[edit]
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