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Coordinates: 51°30′7″N 15°12′21″E / 51.50194°N 15.20583°E / 51.50194; 15.20583
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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Iłowa
| name = Iłowa
| image_skyline = Pałac w Iłowej.jpg
| image_caption = Palace in Iłowa
| image_shield = POL Iłowa COA.svg
| image_shield = POL Iłowa COA.svg
| image_map = Mapa ilowa.PNG
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_map = Poland
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|51|30|7|N|15|12|21|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
| coordinates_region = PL
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
⚫
| subdivision_name2 = [[Żagań County|Żagań]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]
⚫
| subdivision_name2 = [[Żagań County|Żagań]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Iłowa|Iłowa]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gmina Iłowa|Iłowa]]
| leader_title = Mayor
⚫
| leader_name = Adam Mieczysław Gliniak
| established_title = Established
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 10th century
| established_date = 10th century
| established_title2 = City rights
| established_title2 = City rights
| established_date2 = 1679-1830 <br> 1962 -
| established_date2 = 1679–1830, since 1962
| elevation_m = 125
| leader_title = Mayor
⚫
| leader_name = Paweł Lichtański
| area_total_km2 = 9.11
| area_total_km2 = 9.11
| elevation_m = 125
| population_as_of = 2006
| population_as_of = 2019-06-30<ref>{{cite web |title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html|website=stat.gov.pl|publisher=Statistics Poland|date=2019-10-15|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>
| population_total = 3975
| population_total = 3892
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
⚫
| postal_code_type = Postal code
⚫
| postal_code = 68-120
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| latd = 51
| latm = 30
| lats = 7
| latNS = N
| longd = 15
| longm = 12
| longs = 21
| longEW = E
⚫
| postal_code_type = Postal code
⚫
| postal_code = 68-120
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_info = FZG
| blank_info = FZG
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]]
⚫
| website = http://www.ilowa.pl
| blank_info_sec2 = [[File:A18-PL.svg|32px|link=A18 autostrada (Poland)]]
⚫
}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Voivodeship road]]s
⚫
'''Iłowa''' {{IPAc-pl|i|'|ł|o|w|a}} ({{lang-de|Halbau}}) is a town in [[Żagań County]], [[Lubusz Voivodeship]], [[Poland]], the administrative seat of the [[Gmina Iłowa]]. It lies in the Polish part of the [[Upper Lusatia]] region at the Czerna Mała river, a tributary to the [[Bóbr]], just south of the future [[Autostrada A18 (Poland)|A18]] motorway.
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[File:DW296-PL.svg|32px]] [[File:DW300-PL.svg|32px]]
[[File:Pałac w Iłowej.jpg|thumb|left|Iłowa Palace]]
⚫
| website = http://www.ilowa.pl
⚫
The settlement was mentioned in a 1356 deed by the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]] and Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV of Luxembourg]], when he granted ''das halbe Dorf an der Czirne'' (half the village at the Czerna) at the border with the [[Silesia]]n duchy of [[Duchy of Żagań|Żagań]] to the Kottwitz noble family. Mining and smelting of [[bog iron]] in the area is documented since the 15th century. The Kottwitz had a castle built here, that nevertheless became a notorious [[robber baron]] stronghold and thus was destroyed by armed forces of the City of [[Görlitz]] in 1440.
⚫
}}
⚫
'''Iłowa''' {{IPAc-pl|i|'|ł|o|w|a}} ({{langx|de|Halbau}}) is a [[town]] in [[Żagań County]], in [[Lubusz Voivodeship]], in western [[Poland]], the administrative seat of the [[Gmina Iłowa]].


==Geography==
⚫
According to an annex to the [[Peace of Prague (1635)|1635 Peace of Prague]] Iłowa together with Upper Lusatia passed from Bohemia to [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|Elector John George I of Saxony]]. Under the rule of his successor [[John George II, Elector of Saxony|Elector John George II]] a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] church was built and the settlement received [[town privileges]] in 1679. In 1815 Iłowa became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] province of [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]] and finally belongs to [[Poland]] since 1945.
It lies in the easternmost part of the historic [[Upper Lusatia]] region, at the border with [[Lower Silesia]]. The settlement is located on the Czerna Mała river, a tributary to the [[Bóbr]], in the [[Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands]]. It is situated on the rim of the [[Lower Silesian Wilderness]] and just south of the [[A18 autostrada (Poland)|A18 autostrada]].


==History==
==International relations==
The settlement arose in the 10th century, at the crossroad of the trade routes from [[Görlitz]] to [[Żagań]] and from [[Gubin, Poland|Gubin]] to [[Legnica]]. The medieval chronicler [[Thietmar of Merseburg]] (975–1018) mentioned a castle of ''Ilva'', where in 1000 AD the [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|Polish]] duke [[Bolesław I Chrobry]] met with Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] on his journey from the canonization of Bishop [[Adalbert of Prague]] to the [[Congress of Gniezno]]. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, from the 12th century onwards, the border fortress was controlled by the [[Silesian Piasts|Piast]] dukes of [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesia]]. Iłowa's inhabitants took part in the 1241 [[Battle of Legnica]] against the [[First Mongol invasion of Poland|invading Mongols]].<ref name=ILO>{{cite web|url=http://ilowa.pl/o-gminie/historia|title=Historia|website=Gmina Iłowa|access-date=July 26, 2019|language=Polish}}</ref>
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}

⚫
===Twin towns — Sister cities===
⚫
Iłowa itself is first documented in a 1356 deed by the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] king and Emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], when he granted the [[fief]] of ''das halbe Dorf an der Czirne'' (i.e. half the village on the Czerna River, later called ''Halbau'') at the border with the Silesian [[Duchy of Żagań]] to the [[Kotowice, Trzebnica County|Kotowice]] noble family. Mining and smelting of [[bog iron]] in the area is documented since the 15th century. The Kotowice family had a castle built here, that later became a notorious [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robber baron]] stronghold and was later destroyed by armed forces of the [[Lusatian League]] at the behest of the Görlitz citizens in 1440. The Kotowice dynasty sold the estates of Halbau together with neighbouring [[Konin Żagański|Konin]] to the Upper Lusatian [[state country]] of [[Königsbrück]] in 1567.
Iłowa is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
[[File:Gut Schlesisch-Halbau Sammlung Duncker.jpg|thumb|left|19th-century view of the palace]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Jänschwalde]], [[Germany]]
⚫
According to an annex to the 1635 [[Peace of Prague (1635)|Peace of Prague]], Iłowa together with Upper Lusatia passed from the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] to the [[House of Wettin|Wettin]] elector [[John George I, Elector of Saxony|John George I of Saxony]]. Under the rule of his successor Elector [[John George II, Elector of Saxony|John George II]], a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] church was built and the settlement received [[German town law|town privileges]] in 1679. From 1682 it was incorporated as a southern exclave into the [[Lower Lusatia]]n lordship of [[Żary]] held by the Promnitz noble family. Between 1697 and 1815 it was also under rule of Polish monarchs in personal union.
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Rietschen]], [[Germany]]

After the [[Congress of Vienna]] the town was annexed by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1815, and became part of the province of [[Province of Silesia|Silesia]].

During [[World War II]], the Germans operated the Dulag A and Dulag B transit camps for [[Polish people|Polish]] prisoners of war in the town in 1939–1940,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]], [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|page=124|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> and a [[List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen|subcamp]] of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]], whose prisoners were mostly Poles, but also Russians, Czechs, Italians, French, Greeks, Yugoslavs, Dutch and Germans, in 1944–1945.<ref name=gr>{{cite web|url=https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/|title=Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen|website=Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica|access-date=26 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Toczewski|first=Andrzej|year=2017|title=Filie obozów koncentracyjnych na Środkowym Nadodrzu|journal=Ziemia Lubuska|location=Zielona Góra|language=pl|volume=3|page=116|issn=2450-3355}}</ref> On 12 February 1945, most prisoners were sent on a [[Death marches during the Holocaust|death march]] to the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]], whereas those sick or unable to march were left in the subcamp, where they were eventually liberated by 20 February.<ref name=gr/> After [[Nazi Germany]]'s defeat in the war, the abandoned town once again became part of Poland. Iłowa's first post-war Polish [[wójt]] was Stefan Urbański, a former [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labourer]] returning from Germany.<ref name=ILO/>

After the war the village Żaków and the eastern part of the village Karolinów have been incorporated into the town limits.<ref name=ILO/> Town privileges were restored in 1962.
[[File:Iłowa, Park, rzeka Czerna Mała opływa pałac - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Park and Czerna Mała River in Iłowa]]

==Notable people==
*[[Friedrich Boser]] (1811–1881), artist

⚫
==Twin towns – sister cities==
See [[Gmina Iłowa#Twin towns – sister cities|twin towns of Gmina Iłowa]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Iłowa}}
*[http://www.ilowa.pl/ Official town webpage]
* [http://www.ilowa.pl/ Official town webpage]


⚫
{{coord|51|30|07|N|15|12|21|E|type:city|display=title}}
<br>
{{Gmina Iłowa}}
{{Gmina Iłowa}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilowa}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lubusz Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lubusz Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Żagań County]]
[[Category:Żagań County]]
[[Category:10th-century establishments in Poland]]


{{Lubusz-geo-stub}}

[[de:Iłowa]]
[[eo:Iłowa]]
[[jv:Iłowa]]
[[nl:Iłowa]]
[[pl:Iłowa]]
[[pt:Iłowa]]
[[ro:Iłowa]]
[[ru:Илова]]
[[sk:Iłowa]]
[[uk:Ілова]]

Latest revision as of 14:53, 28 October 2024

Iłowa
Palace in Iłowa
Palace in Iłowa
Coat of arms of Iłowa
Coat of arms
Iłowa is located in Poland
Iłowa
Iłowa
Coordinates: 51°30′7″N 15°12′21″E / 51.50194°N 15.20583°E / 51.50194; 15.20583
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLubusz
CountyŻagań
GminaIłowa
Established10th century
City rights1679–1830, since 1962
Government
 • MayorPaweł Lichtański
Area
 • Total
9.11 km2 (3.52 sq mi)
Elevation
125 m (410 ft)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total
3,892
 • Density430/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
68-120
Car platesFZG
Highways
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttp://www.ilowa.pl

Iłowa [iˈwɔva] (German: Halbau) is a town in Żagań County, in Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland, the administrative seat of the Gmina Iłowa.

Geography

[edit]

It lies in the easternmost part of the historic Upper Lusatia region, at the border with Lower Silesia. The settlement is located on the Czerna Mała river, a tributary to the Bóbr, in the Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands. It is situated on the rim of the Lower Silesian Wilderness and just south of the A18 autostrada.

History

[edit]

The settlement arose in the 10th century, at the crossroad of the trade routes from Görlitz to Żagań and from Gubin to Legnica. The medieval chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) mentioned a castle of Ilva, where in 1000 AD the Polish duke Bolesław I Chrobry met with Emperor Otto III on his journey from the canonization of Bishop Adalbert of Prague to the Congress of Gniezno. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, from the 12th century onwards, the border fortress was controlled by the Piast dukes of Silesia. Iłowa's inhabitants took part in the 1241 Battle of Legnica against the invading Mongols.[2]

Iłowa itself is first documented in a 1356 deed by the Bohemian king and Emperor Charles IV, when he granted the fief of das halbe Dorf an der Czirne (i.e. half the village on the Czerna River, later called Halbau) at the border with the Silesian Duchy of Żagań to the Kotowice noble family. Mining and smelting of bog iron in the area is documented since the 15th century. The Kotowice family had a castle built here, that later became a notorious robber baron stronghold and was later destroyed by armed forces of the Lusatian League at the behest of the Görlitz citizens in 1440. The Kotowice dynasty sold the estates of Halbau together with neighbouring Konin to the Upper Lusatian state country of Königsbrück in 1567.

19th-century view of the palace

According to an annex to the 1635 Peace of Prague, Iłowa together with Upper Lusatia passed from the Lands of the Bohemian Crown to the Wettin elector John George I of Saxony. Under the rule of his successor Elector John George II, a Protestant church was built and the settlement received town privileges in 1679. From 1682 it was incorporated as a southern exclave into the Lower Lusatian lordship of Żary held by the Promnitz noble family. Between 1697 and 1815 it was also under rule of Polish monarchs in personal union.

After the Congress of Vienna the town was annexed by Prussia in 1815, and became part of the province of Silesia.

During World War II, the Germans operated the Dulag A and Dulag B transit camps for Polish prisoners of war in the town in 1939–1940,[3] and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, whose prisoners were mostly Poles, but also Russians, Czechs, Italians, French, Greeks, Yugoslavs, Dutch and Germans, in 1944–1945.[4][5] On 12 February 1945, most prisoners were sent on a death march to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, whereas those sick or unable to march were left in the subcamp, where they were eventually liberated by 20 February.[4] After Nazi Germany's defeat in the war, the abandoned town once again became part of Poland. Iłowa's first post-war Polish wójt was Stefan Urbański, a former forced labourer returning from Germany.[2]

After the war the village Żaków and the eastern part of the village Karolinów have been incorporated into the town limits.[2] Town privileges were restored in 1962.

Park and Czerna Mała River in Iłowa

Notable people

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

See twin towns of Gmina Iłowa.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-04-05.
  2. ^ a b c "Historia". Gmina Iłowa (in Polish). Retrieved July 26, 2019.
  3. ^ Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
  4. ^ a b "Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen". Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  5. ^ Toczewski, Andrzej (2017). "Filie obozów koncentracyjnych na Środkowym Nadodrzu". Ziemia Lubuska (in Polish). 3. Zielona Góra: 116. ISSN 2450-3355.
[edit]
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