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{{Short description|Chinese martial arts discipline}}
{{Short description|Chinese martial arts discipline}}
{{For|the form derived from Choy Gar and Hung Ga|Jow-Ga kung fu}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=February 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{third-party|date=February 2018}}
{{third-party|date=February 2018}}
}}
}}
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| country = [[China]]
| country = [[China]]
| creator = Chow Ah Naam
| creator = Chow Ah Naam
| parenthood = Southern [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], Shanxi gongfa
| parenthood = Southern [[Shaolin Kung Fu]], Shanxi kung fu
| descendant arts =
| descendant arts =
| famous_pract = Lau Soei ({{lang|zh-Hans|劉水}}), Yip Shui ({{lang|zh-Hans|葉瑞}})
| famous_pract = Lau Soei ({{lang|zh-Hans|劉水}}), Yip Shui ({{lang|zh-Hans|葉瑞}})
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{{Chinese martial arts}}
{{Chinese martial arts}}


'''Tung Kong Chow Gar Tong Long''' ({{Lang-zh|c=東江周家螳螂|p=dōngjiāng zhōujiā tángláng|l=[[Dong River (China)|Dong River]] Chow School Praying Mantis}}), or simply '''Chow Gar''' ({{Lang|zh-Hans|周家}}), is a southern [[Chinese martial art]] (kung fu) of the [[Hakka]] ({{Lang|zh-Hans|客家}}) people.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} It is one of the four major schools of [[Southern Praying Mantis]], the other schools being {{Lang|zh-Latn|Chu Gar}} ({{Zh|c=朱家|l=Chu School|labels=no}}), {{Lang|zh-Latn|Kwong Sai Jook Lum}} ({{Zh|c=江西竹林|l=[[Jiangxi]] Bamboo Forest|labels=no}}), and {{Lang|zh-Latn|Tit Ngau}} ({{Zh|c=鐵牛|labels=no|l=Iron Ox}}). It is an aggressive style of kung fu with an emphasis on close-range fighting. These skills are developed by utilizing a range of training techniques that have been developed over several centuries.
'''Tung Kong Chow Gar Tong Long''' ({{zh|c=東江周家螳螂|p=dōngjiāng zhōujiā tángláng|l=[[Dong River (China)|Dong River]] Chow Family Praying Mantis}}), or simply '''Chow Gar''' ({{lang|zh-Hans|周家}}), is a southern [[Chinese martial art]] (kung fu) of the [[Hakka]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|客家}}) people.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} It is one of the four major schools of [[Southern Praying Mantis]], the other schools being {{lang|zh-Latn|Chu Gar}} ({{zh|c=朱家|l=Chu Family|labels=no}}), {{lang|zh-Latn|Kwong Sai Jook Lum}} ({{zh|c=江西竹林|l=[[Jiangxi]] Bamboo Forest|labels=no}}), and {{lang|zh-Latn|Tit Ngau}} ({{zh|c=鐵牛|labels=no|l=Iron Ox}}). It is an aggressive style of kung fu with an emphasis on close-range fighting. These skills are developed by utilizing a range of training techniques that have been developed over several centuries.


This style is unrelated to [[Jow-Ga kung fu]] ({{lang|zh|周家}}), a southern Chinese martial art founded by Jow Lung in the early 1900s. It is also unrelated to the [[Northern Praying Mantis]] systems such as Seven Star Praying Mantis ({{Lang|zh-Hans|七星螳螂拳}}), Plum Blossom Praying Mantis ({{Lang|zh-Hans|梅花螳螂拳}}), and Tai Chi Praying Mantis ({{Lang|zh-Hans|太極螳螂拳}}).
This style is unrelated to [[Jow-Ga kung fu]] ({{lang|zh|周家}}), a southern Chinese martial art founded by Jow Lung in the early 1900s. It is also unrelated to the [[Northern Praying Mantis]] systems such as Seven Star Praying Mantis ({{lang|zh-Hans|七星螳螂拳}}), Plum Blossom Praying Mantis ({{lang|zh-Hans|梅花螳螂拳}}), and Tai Chi Praying Mantis ({{lang|zh-Hans|太極螳螂拳}}).


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
{{More citations needed|section|date=May 2023}}

===History===
===History===
The history of Chow Gar was transmitted orally with little supporting documentation until the 1900s. The origins of the system are similar to other martial arts of the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] community with references to the [[Southern Shaolin Monastery]] and exploits centered around southern China. Information before the turn of the 20th century is speculative at best. In the modern era, Lau Soei is recognized by both Chow Gar and Chu Gar practitioners as the leading promoter of this style. The leading authorities on Chow Gar are the students of Yip Shui, and their schools can be found worldwide.
The history of Chow Gar was transmitted orally with little supporting documentation until the 1900s. The origins of the system are similar to other martial arts of the [[Hakka]] community with references to the [[Southern Shaolin Monastery]] and exploits centered around southern China. Information before the turn of the 20th century is speculative at best. In the modern era, Lau Soei is recognized by both Chow Gar and Chu Gar practitioners as the leading promoter of this style. The leading authorities on Chow Gar are the students of Yip Shui, and their schools can be found worldwide.


===Lineage of past masters===
===Lineage of past masters===
* ''Chow Ah Naam'' ({{lang|zh|周亞南}}) is the traditional founder of Chow Gar in the 19th century. He is said{{By whom|date=May 2023}} to have spent many years in the Southern Shaolin Monastery under the guidance of the abbot Sim See Yan. He later developed a new style which he called ''Praying Mantis'' after watching a fight between a [[praying mantis]] and a bird. His style is not related to the [[Northern Praying Mantis]] style created by Wang Lang ({{lang|zh|王朗}}) during the [[Song Dynasty]] (960–1279). Chow taught the style to many people in the region, including his student Wong Fook Go.
* ''Chow Ah Naam'' ({{lang|zh|周亞南}}) is the traditional founder of Chow Gar in the 19th century. He is said{{By whom|date=May 2023}} to have spent many years in the Southern Shaolin Monastery under the guidance of the abbot Sim See Yan. He later developed a new style which he called ''Praying Mantis'' after watching a fight between a [[praying mantis]] and a bird. His style is not related to the [[Northern Praying Mantis]] style created by Wang Lang ({{lang|zh|王朗}}) during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). Chow taught the style to many people in the region, including his student Wong Fook Go.
* ''Wong Fook Go'' ({{lang|zh|黃福高}}) was initially a layperson but later became a traveling monk. He traveled throughout southern China including [[Waiyeung]] (Huiyang) village in the area of [[Tungkun]] (Dongguan).
* ''Wong Fook Go'' ({{lang|zh|黃福高}}) was initially a layperson but later became a traveling monk. He traveled throughout southern China including [[Waiyeung]] (Huiyang) village in the area of [[Tungkun]] (Dongguan).
* ''Lau Soei'' ({{lang|zh|劉水}}; 1866–1942) was an accomplished teacher of martial arts in his home village of Waiyeung in [[Guangdong]] Province, before meeting Wong. Oral traditions suggest that Lau challenged Wong but was soundly defeated by him. Lau then became a student of Wong and became proficient in Chow Gar. Using this knowledge, he further enhanced his reputation and earned the nickname "Number one of the three Dongjiang tigers" ({{lang|zh|東江三虎之一}}).<ref>
* ''Lau Soei'' ({{lang|zh|劉水}}; 1866–1942) was an accomplished teacher of martial arts in his home village of Waiyeung in [[Guangdong]] Province, before meeting Wong. Oral traditions suggest that Lau challenged Wong but was soundly defeated by him. Lau then became a student of Wong and became proficient in Chow Gar. Using this knowledge, he further enhanced his reputation and earned the nickname "Number one of the three Dongjiang tigers" ({{lang|zh|東江三虎之一}}).<ref>
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After the passing of Grandmaster Yip Shui in 2004, the legacy of Chow Gar continues to be taught and passed down to future generations. Listed below are some of the masters who are currently teaching the system in Hong Kong:
After the passing of Grandmaster Yip Shui in 2004, the legacy of Chow Gar continues to be taught and passed down to future generations. Listed below are some of the masters who are currently teaching the system in Hong Kong:


* Yip Chee Keung ({{Lang|zh-Hans|葉志強}}), the son of Yip Shui, continues the family tradition as the inheritor, gatekeeper, and Grandmaster of the system. Chee Keung emigrated to [[London, England]] in the 1970s, where he established a Chow Gar school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonkungfu.com/|title=London home of Chow Family Kung Fu|author=Yip Chee Keung|date=|website=|publisher=Tung Kong Chow Family Praying Mantis Kung Fu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331020123/http://www.londonkungfu.com/|archive-date=March 31, 2015|accessdate=2008-04-14}}</ref> Chee Keung currently{{When|date=September 2023}} resides in Hong Kong but regularly travels abroad to teach in [[Hungary]] and the UK.
* Yip Chee Keung ({{lang|zh-Hans|葉志強}}), the son of Yip Shui, continues the family tradition as the inheritor, gatekeeper, and Grandmaster of the system. Chee Keung emigrated to [[London, England]] in the 1970s, where he established a Chow Gar school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonkungfu.com/|title=London home of Chow Family Kung Fu|author=Yip Chee Keung|date=|website=|publisher=Tung Kong Chow Family Praying Mantis Kung Fu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331020123/http://www.londonkungfu.com/|archive-date=March 31, 2015|accessdate=2008-04-14}}</ref> Chee Keung currently{{When|date=September 2023}} resides in Hong Kong but regularly travels abroad to teach in [[Hungary]] and the UK.
* Ng Si Kay ({{lang|zh|吳士麒}}), Yip Shui's son-in-law, is the current head instructor for the Chow Gar Mantis Association (International) based in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web | author = Ng Si Kay | title = 東江周家螳螂國術協會 | publisher = Chow Gar Mantis Association International | url = http://hk.geocities.com/ngsikay/ngsikay.htm | accessdate = 2008-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023152/http://hk.geocities.com/ngsikay/ngsikay.htm|archivedate=2007-03-25}}</ref>
* Ng Si Kay ({{lang|zh|吳士麒}}), Yip Shui's son-in-law, is the current head instructor for the Chow Gar Mantis Association (International) based in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web | author = Ng Si Kay | title = 東江周家螳螂國術協會 | publisher = Chow Gar Mantis Association International | url = http://hk.geocities.com/ngsikay/ngsikay.htm | accessdate = 2008-04-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325023152/http://hk.geocities.com/ngsikay/ngsikay.htm|archivedate=2007-03-25}}</ref>
* Li Tin Loi ({{lang|zh|李天來}}), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Hong Kong Tung Kong Chow Gar Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association ({{lang|zh|香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會}}).<ref>{{cite web | author = Li Tin Loi | title = 香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會 | publisher = Hong Kong Tong Kong Chow Ka-Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association | url = http://www.tongkongchowka-prayingmantis-litinloi.hk/index.html | accessdate = 2008-09-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In recent years, master Li has joined together with other masters of Hakka kung fu to form the Hakka Kung Fu and Culture Research Society,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakkakungfu.com/ |title=Home |website=hakkakungfu.com}}</ref> with the goal of preserving and promoting the traditions of Hakka martial arts and culture such as the Unicorn [[Qilin]] dance.
* Li Tin Loi ({{lang|zh|李天來}}), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Hong Kong Tung Kong Chow Gar Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association ({{lang|zh|香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會}}).<ref name=":0">{{cite web | author = Li Tin Loi | title = 香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會 | publisher = Hong Kong Tong Kong Chow Ka-Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association | url = http://www.tongkongchowka-prayingmantis-litinloi.hk/index.html | accessdate = 2008-09-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In recent years, master Li has joined with other masters of Hakka kung fu to form the Hakka Kung Fu and Culture Research Society,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hakkakungfu.com/ |title=Home |website=hakkakungfu.com}}</ref> with the goal of preserving and promoting the traditions of Hakka martial arts and culture such as the Unicorn [[Qilin]] dance.
* Ng Woon Hang ({{lang|zh|吳煥亨}}), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Chow Gar Praying Mantis Kung Fu Association ({{lang|zh|周家螳螂國技會}}) in [[Mong Kok]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ng |first=Woon Hang |title=周家螳螂國技會 |url=http://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_131628596899989&ap=1 |publisher=Chow Gar Mantis Kung Fu Association}}</ref>
* Ng Woon Hang ({{lang|zh|吳煥亨}}), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Chow Gar Praying Mantis Kung Fu Association ({{lang|zh|周家螳螂國技會}}) in [[Mong Kok]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ng |first=Woon Hang |title=周家螳螂國技會 |url=http://www.facebook.com/home.php?sk=group_131628596899989&ap=1 |publisher=Chow Gar Mantis Kung Fu Association}}</ref>


===Masters around the world===
===Masters around the world===
In the UK, Paul Whitrod started training in Chow Gar at the age of 15 at Yip Chee Keung's school in 1975. Whitrod later visited and trained in Hong Kong where he stayed at Grandmaster Yip Shui's home and became a ''closed-door student'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|入室弟子}}), learning the finer details of the system and traditional ''[[dit da]]'' medicine. In the fall of 1986, Whitrod opened his first full-time school in London, and the following year invited his ''[[Chinese titles#Martial arts|Sigung]]'' Yip Shui and ''[[Sifu]]'' Yip Chee Keung to London, where they made Whitrod the UK representative of Chow Gar.<ref>{{cite web | author = Paul Whitrod | title = History | publisher = Hakka Chow Gar Southern Mantis Association UK | url = http://www.chowgarsouthernmantis.com/ | accessdate = 2008-04-10 }}</ref> Whitrod continues to teach at his school in [[Stratford, London]], and has taught many students over the years, many of whom have gone on to spread the art in other countries, including Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Greece, and the US.
In the UK, Paul Whitrod started training in Chow Gar at the age of 15 at Yip Chee Keung's school in 1975. Whitrod later visited and trained in Hong Kong where he stayed at Grandmaster Yip Shui's home and became a ''closed-door student'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|入室弟子}}), learning the finer details of the system and traditional ''[[dit da]]'' medicine. In the fall of 1986, Whitrod opened his first full-time school in London, and the following year invited his ''[[Chinese titles#Martial arts|Sigung]]'' Yip Shui and ''[[Sifu]]'' Yip Chee Keung to London, where they made Whitrod the UK representative of Chow Gar.<ref>{{cite web |author=Whitrod |first=Paul |title=History |url=http://www.chowgarsouthernmantis.com/ |accessdate=2008-04-10 |publisher=Hakka Chow Gar Southern Mantis Association UK}}</ref> Whitrod continues to teach at his school in [[Stratford, London]], and has taught many students over the years, many of whom have gone on to spread the art in other countries, including Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Greece, and the US.


Australian Chow Gar practitioner Paul Brennan, an original student of Yip Chee Keung and his father Yip Shui, then became a closed-door student of Master Ng Si Kay and {{As of|2023|lc=y}} offers classes at several locations in [[Queensland, Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chowgar.com.au/|title=Chowgar Home|last=Farlow|first=Dan|website=chowgar.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>
Australian Chow Gar practitioner Paul Brennan, an original student of Yip Chee Keung and his father Yip Shui, then became a closed-door student of Master Ng Si Kay and {{As of|2023|lc=y}} offers classes at several locations in [[Queensland, Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chowgar.com.au/|title=Chowgar Home|last=Farlow|first=Dan|website=chowgar.com.au|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>
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==Forms==
==Forms==
There are many different forms in the Chow Gar system and each instructor may teach a variety of them. In addition to the solo forms, there are also numerous pair forms for empty hands and weapons, and many two-person drills ({{zh|c=樁|p=zhuāng|labels=no}}) to train techniques, sensitivity, and power.
There are many different forms in the Chow Gar system and each instructor may teach a variety of them. In addition to the solo forms, there are also numerous pair forms for empty hands and weapons, and many two-person drills ({{zh|c=樁|p=zhuāng|labels=no}}) to train technique, sensitivity, and power.


The names for some of the solo forms found in the system include:<ref name=":0" />
The names for some of the solo forms found in the system include:<ref>{{cite web | author = Li Tin Loi | title = 香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會 | publisher = Hong Kong Tong Kong Chow Ka-Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association | url = http://www.tongkongchowka-prayingmantis-litinloi.hk/kungfulessonEnglish.html | accessdate = 2008-09-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


===Core fist forms===
===Core fist forms===
Chow Gar has a core set of basic forms that all instructors from different schools and lineages teach. The first three forms are known as the seed forms ({{lang|zh-Hans|拳種}}) of the system and are usually the first three forms taught to beginner students to familiarize them with the correct mantis structure and shape. The next two forms in the list are also commonly taught by every school.
Chow Gar has a core set of basic forms that all instructors from different schools and lineages teach. The first three forms are known as the seed forms ({{lang|zh-Hans|拳種}}, {{lit|boxing}}) of the system and are usually the first three forms taught to beginner students to familiarize them with the correct mantis structure and shape. The last two forms in the list are also commonly taught by every school:


* Sarm Bo Jin (三步箭, "three-step arrow")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Bo Jin}} ({{zh|c=三步箭|l=three-step arrow|labels=no}})
* Sarm Jin Yiu Kiu (三箭搖橋, "three arrows shaking bridge")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Jin Yiu Kiu}} ({{zh|c=三箭搖橋|l=three arrows shaking bridge|labels=no}})
* Sarm Jin Pai Kiu (三箭批橋, "three arrows shave/slice bridge")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Jin Pai Kiu}} ({{zh|c=三箭批橋|l=three arrows shaving bridge|labels=no}})
* Sarm Gong Pin Kiu or Sarm Gong Bik Kiu (三弓片橋/三弓迫橋, "three bows slicing/pressing bridge")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Gong Pin Kiu}} or {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Gong Bik Kiu}} ({{zh|c=三弓片橋/三弓迫橋|l=three bows slicing or pressing bridge|labels=no}})
* Fut Sau, (佛手, "Buddhist hand")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Fut Sau}}, ({{zh|c=佛手|l=[[Buddha's hand]]|labels=no}})


===Intermediate forms===
===Intermediate forms===
Chow Gar has a modular syllabus; the names and order of the forms may vary depending on the instructor. Some of these intermediate-level forms ({{lang|zh-Hans|中級}}) have relatively short sequences and can be trained in combination with other sections. Some of the intermediate forms are:
Chow Gar has a modular syllabus; the names and order of the forms may vary depending on the instructor. Some of the intermediate-level forms ({{lang|zh-Hans|中級}}) have relatively short sequences and can be trained in combination with other sections. Some of the intermediate forms are:


* Yum Yeung Sau (陰陽手, "Yin-Yang hands"), Yum Yeung Tow Jeung (陰陽吐掌, "Yin-Yang spitting palms"), or Yum Yeung Kam Sau (陰陽冚手, "Yin-Yang cover hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Yum Yeung Sau}} ({{zh|c=陰陽手|l=[[yin yang]] hands|labels=no}}), {{lang|zh-Latn|Yum Yeung Tow Jeung}} ({{zh|c=陰陽吐掌|labels=no|l=yin yang spitting palms}}), or {{lang|zh-Latn|Yum Yeung Kam Sau}} ({{zh|c=陰陽冚手|l=yin yang covering hand|labels=no}})
* Sup Jee Kau Da Sau (十字扣打手, "ten-stroke striking hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sup Jee Kau Da Sau}} ({{zh|c=十字扣打手|l=ten-stroke striking hands|labels=no}})
* Law Suen Sau (螺旋手; "spiral hand")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Law Suen Sau}} ({{zh|c=螺旋手|l=spiral hands}})
* "Banging on the drum"
* Banging on the drum
* Tow Mow Sau (吐霧手; "spitting mist")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tow Mow Sau}} ({{zh|c=吐霧手|l=spitting mist hands|labels=no}})
* Seong Tow Sau (雙吐手; "double spitting hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Seong Tow Sau}} ({{zh|c=雙吐手|l=double spitting hands|labels=no}})
* Pao Tow Fist (拋吐拳)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Pao Tow Quan}} ({{zh|c=拋吐拳|l=throwing punches|labels=no}})
* Leep Kiu (獵橋, "hunting the bridge")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Leep Kiu}} ({{zh|c=獵橋|l=hunting the bridge|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Gau Si Mun Sau}}<!-- Extrapolated from romanization, unsure: ({{zh|c=絞絲門手|l=skein gate hand|labels=no}}) -->
* Gau Si Mun Sau
* Mo Ying Sau (無影手; "shadowless hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Mo Ying Sau}} ({{zh|c=無影手|l=shadowless hands|labels=no}})
* Chor Kui (挫橋; "smashing/breaking the bridge")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Chor Kui}} ({{zh|c=挫橋|l=breaking the bridge|labels=no}})
* Say Ban Gen Tan (四板驚彈; "four-direction shock power")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Say Ban Gen Tan}} ({{zh|c=四板驚彈|l=four-direction shock power|labels=no}})
* Gen Tan Geng Sau (驚彈勁手; "shock power hand")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Gen Tan Geng Sau}} ({{zh|c=驚彈勁手|l=shock power hand|labels=no}})


===Advanced forms (高級)===
===Advanced forms===
* Second/Third Level Sarm Bo Jin (二級/三級三步箭; "three-step arrow")
* Second and third level {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Bo Jin}} ({{lang|zh-Hans|二, 三級三步箭}})
* Poon loong keok (蟠龍腳; "coiling/rolling dragon leg")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Poon Loong Keok}} ({{zh|c=蟠龍腳|l=coiling dragon leg|labels=no}})
* Sup Baat Yau Loong Sau (十八游龍手; "18 swimming dragon hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sup Baat Yau Loong Sau}} ({{zh|c=十八游龍手|l=18 swimming dragon hands|labels=no}})
* Bic Saan Quan (迫山拳; "pressing the mountain fist")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Bic Saan Quan}} ({{zh|c=迫山拳|l=pressing the mountain fist|labels=no}})
* Chin Si Sau (纏絲手; "silk-reeling hands")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Chin Si Sau}} ({{zh|c=纏絲手|l=silk-wrapped hands|labels=no}})
* Dai Siu Lin Wan Sau (大小連環手; "big & small circular handshake")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Dai Siu Lin Wan Sau}} ({{zh|c=大小連環手|l=large and small circular handshake|labels=no}})
* Bo Sim Sau (螳螂捕蟬手; "mantis searching insect hand")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Bo Sim Sau}} ({{zh|c=捕蟬手|l=cicada-catching hand|labels=no}})
* Say Mun Sau (四門手; "four-gate hand")
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Say Mun Sau}} ({{zh|c=四門手|l=four-gate hand|labels=no}})
* Hall of Light Steps
* Hall of light steps


===Qigong/Hay Gung Sets (氣功)===
===Qigong sets===
There are many internal energy (hay gung) exercises found in the system, which can be broadly put into 3 categories: exercises for maintaining health (養生功; yern sun gong), exercises for protecting the body from physical attacks (護體功; wu tai gong), exercises for developing the body and power for fighting (博擊功; bok gik gong).
There are many internal energy ({{zh|c=氣功|p=[[qigong]]|j=hei3 gung1}}) exercises found in the system, which can be broadly put into three categories: exercises for maintaining health ({{zh|c=養生功|j=joeng5sang1 gung1|labels=no}}), exercises for protecting the body from physical attacks ({{zh|c=護體功|j=wu6 tai2 gung1|labels=no}}), and exercises for developing the body and power for fighting ({{zh|c=博擊功|j=bok3 gik1 gung1|labels=no}}).


Some of the key sets are:
Some of the key sets are:
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sup Baat Um Geng Sau}} ({{zh|c=十八暗勁手|l=18 hidden power hands|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Hap Jeung Gong}} ({{zh|c=合掌功|l=clamping palm power|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Hoot Sar Jeung}} ({{zh|c=血沙掌|l=blood [and] sand palm|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|But Saan Gong}} ({{zh|c=拔山功|l=lifting the mountain power|labels=no}})


===Weapons===
* 18 Um Gen Sau (十八暗勁手; "18 hidden power hands")
The main weapon in Chow Gar is a [[Gun (staff)|long pole]], the {{lang|zh-Latn|dan tou gun}} ({{zh|c=單頭棍|l=single-headed staff|labels=no}}). This type of [[polearm]] is typically around {{convert|7|ft|2|in|m}} and is tapered.
* Hap Jeung Gong (合掌功; "clamping palm")
* Hoot Sar Jeung (血沙掌; "blood [and] sand palm")
* But Saan Gong (拔山功; "lifting the mountain")

===Weapons (兵器)===
The main weapon in Chow Gar is the long pole, the {{lang|zh-Latn|dan tau gwun}} or single headed long pole. This type of pole is typically around 7&nbsp;ft 2&nbsp;in and is tapered.


The long pole forms include:
The long pole forms include:
* Ng Hang Gwun (五行棍; 5 Element Pole)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Ng Hang Gwun}} ({{zh|c=五行棍|l=five element pole|labels=no}})
* Dook Sair Gwun (毒蛇棍; Poison Snake Pole)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Dook Sair Gwun}} ({{zh|c=毒蛇棍|l=poison snake pole|labels=no}})
* Bo Sim Gwun (捕蟬棍; Catching Cicada Pole)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Bo Sim Gwun}} ({{zh|c=捕蟬棍|l=cicada-catching pole|labels=no}})
* Lau Seoi Gwun (劉水棍; Master Lau Soei's pole form)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Lau Seoi Gwun}} ({{zh|c=劉水棍|l=Lau Soei's pole [form]|labels=no}})
* Wong Ngau Chin Joi Gwun (黃牛鑽咀棍; Yellow Cow Twisting Tongue)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Wong Ngau Chin Joi Gwun}} ({{zh|c=黃牛鑽咀棍|l=yellow cattle drill bit pole|labels=no}})


Other weapons include:
Other weapons include:
* Tse Mo Sheung Do (子母雙刀; son and mother double knives)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tse Mo Sheung Do}} ({{zh|c=子母雙刀|l=mother and son double knives|labels=no}})
* Tit Chek (鐵尺; Iron rulers aka Sai)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|[[sai (weapon)|Tit Chek]]}} ({{zh|c=鐵尺|l=iron ruler|labels=no}})
* Tong Long Joi Fung Gim (螳螂追風劍; Mantis Chasing Wind Sword)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Joi Fung Gim}} ({{zh|c=追風劍|l=wind-chasing sword|labels=no}})
* Dan Do (單刀; Broadsword)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|[[changdao|Dan Do]]}} ({{zh|c=單刀|l=broadsword|labels=no}})
* Dai Paa (大耙; Trident/Tiger fork)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Dai Paa}} ({{zh|c=大耙|l=trident' or 'big rake|labels=no}})
* Hakka Til (客家挑 / 雙頭棍; Double headed stick)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Hakka Til}} or {{lang|zh-Latn|Sheung Tau Gwun}} ({{zh|c=客家挑 or 雙頭棍|l=Hakka pick' or 'double-headed staff|labels=no}})
* Tit Jim (鐡針; Metal Needle/Spear)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tit Jim}} ({{zh|c=鐵針|l=metal needle|labels=no}})
* Walking Stick
* Walking stick
* Umbrella (螳螂傘)
* Umbrella ({{lang|zh-Hans|傘}})


Weapons Pair work (軍械對拆):
Weapons pair work includes:
* Pole vs Pole (棍對棍, "Gwun doi Gwun")
* Pole vs pole
* Pole vs Tit Chek
* Pole vs {{lang|zh-Latn|tit chek}}
* Empty hand vs Butterfly Knives
* Empty hand vs [[Butterfly sword|butterfly knives]]
* Spear vs Broadsword and Shield
* Spear vs broadsword and shield


==Techniques==
==Techniques==


===Basic movements (散手)===
===Basic movements===
In 1965, Grandmaster Yip Shui published his famous book ''Mantis Boxing Basic Techniques'' (螳螂拳散手; Tong Long Quan San Sau), wherein he described the history of the style along with explanations and instructions for some of the most common basic techniques (散手; san sau) and fundamental training methods found within the system.
In 1965, Grandmaster Yip Shui published the book ''Mantis Boxing Basic Techniques'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|螳螂拳散手}}; {{lang|zh-Latn|Tong Long Quan San Sau}}), wherein he described the history of the style along with explanations and instructions for some of the most common basic techniques ({{lang|zh-Hans|散手}}; {{lang|zh-Latn|San Sau}}) and fundamental training methods found within the system.


There are at least 36 basic movements consisting of one or three moves, known as San Sau. They include:
There are at least 36 basic movements consisting of one or three moves, including:


# Bow Chong (包樁; cover hand, meaning to wrap up)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Bow Chong}} ({{zh|c=包椿|l=wrap up punch|labels=no}})
# Gau Choi (絞槌; hammer fist to come down)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Gau Choi}} ({{zh|c=絞槌|l=twisting punch|labels=no}})
# Yui Sau (搖手; shake off hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Yui Sau}} ({{zh|c=搖手|l=shake off hand|labels=no}})
# Chuen Sau (傳手; transmit hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Chuen Sau}} ({{zh|c=傳手|l=passing hand|labels=no}})
# Cye Sau (拪手; deflect hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Cye Sau}} ({{zh|c=拪手|l=deflecting hand|labels=no}})
# Narp Sau (押手; pressing hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Narp Sau}} ({{zh|c=押手|l=pressing hand|labels=no}})
# Saw Sau (鎖手; lock hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Saw Sau}} ({{zh|c=鎖手|l=lock hand|labels=no}})
# Man Dan Sau (掹單手; single pull and punch hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Man Dan Sau}} ({{zh|c=掹單手|l=single hand throw|labels=no}})
# Doa Sau (抖手; spring hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Doa Sau}} ({{zh|c=抖手|l=trembling hand|labels=no}})
# Kum La Sau aka. Kum La Ja Jook (擒拿手; seize and hold hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Kum La Sau}} or {{lang|zh-Latn|Kum Na Ja Jook}} ({{zh|c=擒拿手 or 擒拿揸捉|l=grappling hand' or 'capture|labels=no}})
# Kum Jin Sau (擒箭手; seizing arrow hand, meaning to grab and attack)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Kum Jin Sau}} ({{zh|c=擒箭手|l=seizing arrow hand|labels=no}})
# Ying Kum Sau (鷹擒手; eagle seizing hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Ying Kum Sau}} ({{zh|c=鷹擒手|l=eagle seizing hand|labels=no}})
# Got Sau (割手; cut backhand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Got Sau}} ({{zh|c=割手|l=backhand cut|labels=no}})
# Kok Choi (角槌; angular fist)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Kok Choi}} ({{zh|c=角槌|l=angled punch|labels=no}})
# Suet Sau aka. Mut Sau (扌雪手; sweeping/cleaning hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Suet Sau}} ({{zh|c=雪手|l=sweeping hand|labels=no}}) or {{lang|zh-Latn|Mut Sau}}
# Yong Sau (?手;upward reach hand/upward testing hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Yong Sau}} ({{lit|upward reaching hand}})
# Pai Sau (批手; slicing hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Pai Sau}} ({{zh|c=批手|l=slicing hand|labels=no}})
# Chum Chung sau (沉掙手; sinking elbow hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Chum Chung Sau}} ({{zh|c=沉掙手|l=sinking elbow hand|labels=no}})
# Lim Chung sau (拈掙手; elbow picking hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Lim Chung Sau}} ({{zh|c=拈掙手|l=picking elbow hand|labels=no}})
# Dun Chung (墩掙; backward elbow)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Dun Chung}} ({{zh|c=墩掙|l=backward elbow|labels=no}})
# Tai Sau (帶手; pulling/carrying hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Tai Sau}} ({{zh|c=帶手|l=carrying hand|labels=no}})
# Chup Sau (插手; straight thrusting hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Chup Sau}} ({{zh|c=插手|l=straight thrusting hand|labels=no}})
# Yum Yearn Kum Sau (陰陽冚手; yin yang cover hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Yum Yearn Kum Sau}} ({{zh|c=陰陽冚手|l=yin yang covering hand|labels=no}})
# Jor Yau Biu Sau (左右標手; left and right finger thrusting hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Jor Yau Biu Sau}} ({{zh|c=左右標手|l=left and right finger thrusting hand|labels=no}})
# Din Sau (鼎手; rivet/raising support/tripod hand, *a "din" is an ancient Chinese three legged ceremonial cauldron)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Din Sau}} ({{zh|c=鼎手|l=ding hand|labels=no}}; a {{lang|zh-Latn|[[ding (vessel)|ding]]}} is an ancient Chinese three-legged ceremonial cauldron)
# Jin Sau (剪手; scissor/shearing hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Jin Sau}} ({{zh|c=剪手|l=scissor or shearing hand|labels=no}})
# Soc Sau (索手; shock pulling hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Soc Sau}} ({{zh|c=索手|l=shock pulling hand|labels=no}})
# Lau Sau (漏手; leaking hand)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Lau Sau}} ({{zh|c=漏手|l=leaking hand|labels=no}})
# Deng Choi (釘槌; nailing hook punch)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Deng Choi}} ({{zh|c=釘槌|l=nailing hook punch|labels=no}})
# Cheet Jeung (切掌; cutting palm strike)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Cheet Jeung}} ({{zh|c=切掌|l=cutting palm strike|labels=no}})
# Yum Yearn Yuet Jeung (陰陽乙掌; yin yang palms)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Yum Yearn Yuet Jeung}} ({{zh|c=陰陽乙掌|l=yin yang second palm|labels=no}})
# Pin Chung (掽掙; forward bumping elbow)
# {{lang|zh-Latn|Pin Chung}} ({{zh|c=掽掙|l=bumping elbow|labels=no}})


Other techniques not mentioned in the book:
Other techniques not mentioned in the book:
* Noi Choi fun sau (aka Fun Sau) (分手; splitting hand)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Noi Choi Fun Sau}} or {{lang|zh-Latn|Fun Sau}} ({{zh|c=分手|l=splitting hand|labels=no}})
* Larp Sau (?手; snatch hand)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Larp Sau}} ({{lit|snatch hand}})
* Kwor Sau (?手; circle over hand)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Kwor Sau}} ({{lit|circle over hand}})
* Pik Sau (辟手; ? hand)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Pik Sau}} ({{zh|c=辟手|l=opening hand|labels=no}})
* Jin Choi (箭槌; straight arrow punch)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Jin Choi}} ({{zh|c=箭槌|l=straight arrow punch|labels=no}})
* Siep Choi (?槌; "to slip in" punch)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Siep Choi}} ({{lit|to slip in punch}})
* Pin Kiu (片橋; slicing bridge)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Pin Kiu}} ({{zh|c=片橋|l=slicing bridge|labels=no}})
* Chor Kiu (挫橋; smashing bridge)
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Chor Kiu}} ({{zh|c=挫橋|l=smashing bridge|labels=no}})

==== Fundamental training methods ====
* Chy Sau (搓手; grinding hand)
* Doy Chong (對樁; double arm training)
* Sarm Bo Jin (三步箭; 3 step arrows)


==Training methods==
==Training methods==
The Chow Gar Tong Long system has numerous training methods for both solo and partner training. There are a few very important exercises that every practitioner of Chow Gar Tong Long must train from the beginning and then continue to train constantly and consistently, even in the advanced levels. These are Saam Bo Gin, Chy Sau, Doi Chong and Chuen Saan Gap.
The Chow Gar system has numerous training methods for both solo and partner training. There are a few very important exercises that every Chow Gar practitioner must practice from the beginning and continue to train constantly and consistently, even at the advanced levels. These are {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Bo Jin}}, {{lang|zh-Latn|Chy Sau}}, {{lang|zh-Latn|Doi Chong}}, and {{lang|zh-Latn|Chuen Saan Gap}}.


===Saam Bo Gin===
===Sarm Bo Jin===
{{lang|zh-Latn|Saam bo gin}} (三步箭) means 3-step arrow, it is the first and most important form that is learnt in the system. It develops all the foundations required to progress in this system, and training in this form never stops.
{{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Bo Jin}} is the first and most important form that is learnt in the system. It develops all the foundations required to progress in this system, and training in this form never stops.


===Chy Sau===
===Chy Sau===
{{lang|zh-Latn|Chy sau}} (搓手; grinding hands or grinding arm), this exercise is trained with a partner and aims to develop the power of the body into the arms and the bridge.
The {{lang|zh-Latn|Chy sau}} ({{zh|c=搓手|l=grinding hands' or 'grinding arm|labels=no}}) exercise is done with a partner and aims to develop the power of the body into the arms and the bridge. There are several variations of this exercise with emphasis on different aspects of training.


===Pair drills===
There are several variations of this exercise with emphasis on different aspects of training.
{{lang|zh-Latn|Doi chong}} ({{zh|c=對樁|l=pair drills|labels=no}}) are exercises that take the skills developed from {{lang|zh-Latn|Sarm Bo Jin}} and {{lang|zh-Latn|Chy sau}}, and teach how to use them on a partner and how to handle incoming attacks, both while staying balanced and with the correct structure and form.


The exercises are initially done with both arms together, {{lang|zh-Latn|Seong Chong}} ({{zh|c=雙樁|l=double [arm] drill|labels=no}}), then progress to alternating each arm {{lang|zh-Latn|Dan Chong}} ({{zh|c=單樁|l=single [arm] drill|labels=no}}) which is done with increasing resistance, speed and intensity. Eventually, every technique within the system can be trained in this format as a pair drill.
===Doi Chong===
{{lang|zh-Latn|Doi chong}} (對樁; paired drills) are exercises that take the energy that is developed from Saam Bo Gin and Chy Sau and teaches how to release the power onto a partner, and also how to receive the incoming attack, both while keeping balance and with the correct structure and shape.


There are many pair drills in the system that are used to help train different techniques, conditioning, sensitivity and power. They include:
The exercises are initially done with both arms together, {{lang|zh-Latn|seong chong}} (雙樁; double arm drill), and then progresses to alternating single arm {{lang|zh-Latn|Dan Chong}} (單樁; single arm drill) which is done with increasing resistance, speed and intensity. Eventually, every technique within the system can be trained in this format as a paired drill (對樁; doi chong).
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Seong Chong}}
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Dan Chong}}
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Lim Chung Chong}} ({{zh|c=拈掙樁|l=elbow pick drill|labels=no}}), or {{lang|zh-Latn|Cye Sau Gau Choi Chong}} ({{zh|c=篩手絞搥樁|l=deflecting hand hammer fist drill|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Gau Choi Chong}}
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Hoi Kui Chong}} ({{zh|c=開橋樁|l=opening the bridge drill|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sheung Toi Chong}} ({{zh|c=上退樁|l=advance and retreat drill|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Man Dan Sak Kiu}} ({{zh|c=掹單殺橋|l=single hand throw kill the bridge [drill]|labels=no}})
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sher Ying Shu Bo}} ({{zh|c=蛇形鼠步|l=serpentine rat steps|labels=no}})


===Pangolin press-up===
There are many partner drills in this system that are used to help train different techniques, conditioning, sensitivity and power. They include:
{{lang|zh-Latn|Chuen Saan Gap}} ({{zh|c=穿山甲|l=[[pangolin]]|labels=no}}) is a type of [[press-up]] where the practitioner dives to the ground and then back up again. The action resembles that of a pangolin when it burrows into the ground, hence the name. As this practice advances to later stages, this can be done on the fingertips with the hands in the shape of a claw, and also one-handed. Over time, this exercise can develop tremendous strength in the fingers, elbows and arms.

* Seong Chong (雙樁; double arm drill)
* Dan Chong (單樁; single arm drill)
* Lim Chung Chong (拈掙樁; elbow Pick drill, aka. 篩手絞搥樁 cye say gau choi chong)
* Gau Choi Chong (絞搥樁; hammer fist drill)
* Hoi Kui Chong (開橋樁; opening the bridge drill)
* Sheung Toi Chong (上退樁; advance and retreat drill)
* Maan Dan Sak Kiu (掹單殺橋; single pull and punch kill the bridge drill)
* Sher Ying Shu Bo (蛇形鼠步; snake shape rat steps)

===Chuen Saan Gap===
Chuen Saan Gap (穿山甲; Drill through the Mountain Armour/Pangolin) is a type of press up where you dive into the ground and then back up again, the shape resembles that of the [[pangolin]] when it burrows into the ground, hence the name. As this practice advances in later stages, this can be done on the fingertips with the hands in the shape of a claw, and also one-handed. Over time, this exercise can develop tremendous strength into the fingers, elbows and arms.


==Special skills and characteristics of the style==
==Special skills and characteristics of the style==
All martial art styles will have their own unique flavour and special set of skills that distinguish them from other systems. The Chow Gar Praying Mantis also has some unique skills which aim to give the practitioner an advantage during a physical confrontation. Some of these skills are described below:
All martial art styles have their own unique aspects and special skill sets that distinguish them from other styles. Chow Gar also has some unique skills which aim to give the practitioner an advantage during a physical confrontation. Some of these skills are described below:


===Shock/Scared power (驚彈勁)===
===Shock power===
The short-range power that can translate into shock power or scared power ({{lang|zh|驚彈勁法}}) is a basic characteristic of this style. According to legend, this technique was created when founder Chow Ah Naam saw a praying mantis fighting off a blackbird using quick sudden movements.
The short-range shock power or startled power ({{lang|zh-Hans|驚彈勁法}}) is a basic characteristic of this style. According to legend, this technique was created when founder Chow Ah Naam saw a praying mantis fighting off a blackbird using quick sudden movements.


In the Chow Gar system, there are three stages of achieving this type of power. The initial stage is referred to as {{lang|zh-Latn|cho ging}} or rough unrefined natural power and strength. The second stage is a type of refined and trained controllable power called {{lang|zh-Latn|um ging}} or hidden power. The final stage is the shock power {{lang|zh-Latn|geng tan ging}}.
In Chow Gar, there are three stages of achieving this type of power. The initial stage is referred to as {{lang|zh-Latn|cho ging}} or rough unrefined natural power and strength. The second stage is a type of refined and trained controllable power called {{lang|zh-Latn|um ging}} or hidden power. The final stage is the shock power {{lang|zh-Latn|geng tan ging}}.


===Four directional power (四板勁)===
===Four directional power===
This skill trains the techniques so that within each movement, the power is never only in one single direction or plane, but in multiple directions. Essentially this skill allows defence and offence to be combined into one movement.
This skill trains the techniques so that within each movement, the power is never only in one single direction or plane, but in multiple directions ({{zh|c=四板勁|l=four plank power|labels=no}}). Essentially this skill allows defence and offence to be combined into one movement.

===Golden bell shroud/iron shirt (金鐘罩/鐵布衫)===
This type of skill is to condition the whole body to become hard as iron, so that it is able to withstand strikes from an opponent. To achieve this skill, there are various Qi-Gong sets that are trained alongside physical hitting drills, and then the correct traditional {{lang|zh-Latn|dit da}} herbal medicine must be applied to the area or ingested. All areas of the body are included, beginning with the arms, hands, feet, legs, hips, waist, back, chest, body, neck, head, etc. In the later advanced stages, the special exercises allow even the weak pressure points to be trained and closed off to prevent injuries.

This training requires a gradual step-by-step process and cannot be rushed, there must be proper supervision by a qualified master or else there is a risk of causing internal injuries to the body.

===Sook Chun Gong / Dil Yam Gong (testicle retraction)===
This skill trains the body to suck the testicles into the abdomen so that during a fight, the testicles cannot be kicked or grabbed. There are a number of unique Qi-Gong exercises specifically to train this skill.


==Principles and theory==
==Principles and theory==
{{cleanup|date=November 2022|reason=Untranslated phrases}}
{{Original research|section|date=September 2023|reason=Explanation for the translations}}
There are many poems and maxims related to Chow Gar which aim to help students understand how the system works and how they should train and practice.

There are many poems and maxims found within the Chow Gar system which aim to help students understand how the system works, and how they should train and practice.


===Morality and ethics===
===Morality and ethics===
* {{zh|c=遵親遵師遵教訓|p=Zūn qīn zūn shī zūn jiàoxùn|l=Obey [one's] parents, obey [one's] teachers, obey [their] lessons}}
* {{zh|c=遵親遵師遵教訓|p=Zūn qīn zūn shī zūn jiàoxùn|l=Obey [one's] parents, obey [one's] teachers, obey [their] lessons|links=no}}
* {{zh|c=學仁學義學功夫|p=Xué rén xué yìxué gōngfū|l=Learn benevolence, learn righteousness, learn kung fu}}
* {{zh|c=學仁學義學功夫|p=Xué rén xué yìxué gōngfū|l=Learn benevolence, learn righteousness, learn kung fu|labels=no}}


===Poems and maxims===
===Poems and maxims===
Each style has its own requirements on the body structure for application, which are expressed by the body, hands and steps. The Chow Gar system has some unique characteristics regarding its body structure that are passed down in poems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html|title=拳架造型和心法}}</ref>
Each style has its own requirements on the body structure for application, which are expressed by the body, hands and steps. The Chow Gar system has some unique characteristics regarding its body structure that are passed down in poems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=拳架造型和心法 |trans-title=Boxing form and mentality |url=http://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415105705/https://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Southern Mantis - Li Tin Loi |language=zh-HK}}</ref>

====Characteristics of posture (莊頭)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html|title=拳架造型和心法}}</ref>====
* 懸吊索{{snd}}Yuan Diu Sok; suspended sling/hanging noose. <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to the arms which should be like a suspended noose that suddenly opens and contracts)''</small>
* 擒拿揸捉{{snd}}Kum Na Ja Jook; Seize and catch <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to the hands which seize, hold and catch the limbs of the opponent).''</small>
* 千字頭{{snd}}Chin Jee Tau; Thousand Character Head <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to keeping the chin tucked into the neck like the Chinese character for 1,000. This is important for protecting the head and chin during a fight).''</small>
* 蛙仔膝{{snd}}Wa Jai Sut; Young Frog Knees <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to the legs and knees which should have a springy energy, ready to pounce. It emphasises the importance of sharpness, agility and mobility in the footwork).''</small>
* 筲箕背{{snd}}Sau Gei Bui; Weaved Basket Back <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to the shape of the upper back being curved or rounded like that of a basket to engage the posterior back muscles and not just the superficial muscles of the arms when applying the techniques).''</small>
* 鐵尺腰{{snd}}Tit Chek Yui; Iron ruler waist <small>''(Contributor's Note:This refers to the lower back/waist which must be strong, hard, tough and not broken, this is to connect the lower and top halves of the body as one).''</small>


====Characteristics of posture (莊頭)====
====Xin Fa; principle (心法)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html|title=拳架造型和心法}}</ref>====
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Yuan Diu Sok}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=懸吊索|l=suspended sling' or 'hanging noose|labels=no}}, referring to the arms which should be like a hanging noose that suddenly opens and contracts
* 馬步丁不丁, 八不八{{snd}}Maa Bo ding but ding, baat but baat; stance is like a 'T' but not a 'T', like a 'V' but not a 'V'.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Kum Na Ja Jook}}; seize and catch
* 手從心口發{{snd}}Sau Chong Sum How Faat; start your hands that come from the heart.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Chin Jee Tau}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=千字頭|l=thousand character head|labels=no}}, referring to keeping the chin tucked into the neck, in resemblance to the {{lang|zh-Hans|千}} character
* 你不來, 我不發{{snd}}Lei But Loi, Ngor But Faat; you don't come, I won't start.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Wa Jai Sut}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=蛙仔膝|l=young frog knees|labels=no}}
* 手從心發, 法從手出{{snd}}Sau Chong Sum Faat, Fat Chong Sau Chut; The hands released from the heart, the method leaves from the hands.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sau Gei Bui}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=筲箕背|l=woven basket back|labels=no}}, referring to the shape of the upper back being curved or rounded like that of a basket to engage the posterior back muscles and not just the superficial muscles of the arms when applying the techniques
* 手去身沉{{snd}}Sau Hoi Sun Chum; when the hands go out sink the body.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tit Chek Yui}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=鐵尺腰|l=iron ruler waist|labels=no}}
* 橋來橋上過{{snd}}Kiu Loi Kui Sheung Gor; if a bridge comes cross over it.
* 無橋自造橋{{snd}}Mo Kiu Ji Jo Kui; if there is no bridge make a bridge.
* 兩橋不歸隨手轉{{snd}}Don't retrieve the bridges, but change the hands. <small>''(Contributor's Note: This is referring to how the hands upon making contact with the opponent do not need to withdraw to attack again, they can stick to the opponent, to sense, adapt and change according to the situation).''</small>


====Principles (心法)====
====Shen Fa; body method/posture (身法)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southernmantis-litinloi.hk/fist.sturture.html|title=拳架造型和心法}}</ref>====
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Maa Bo Ding But Ding, Baat But Baat}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=馬步丁不丁, 八不八|l=[one's] stance is like a ''T'' but not a ''T'', like a ''V'' but not a ''V''|labels=no}}
* 要求沉肩墜肘{{snd}}Requirements, the sinking of the shoulders and dropping of the elbows.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sau Chong Sum How Faat}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=手從心口發|l=start [with] hands that come from the heart|labels=no}}
* 吞胸拔背 (含胸拔背){{snd}}Swallow the chest and curve the back.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Lei But Loi, Ngor But Faat}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=你不來, 我不發|l=if you do not come, I will not advance|labels=no}}
* 吞不能死, 吐不能盡{{snd}}Do not overdo the Swallow and Spit.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sau Chong Sum Faat, Fat Chong Sau Chut}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=手從心發, 法從手出|l=the hands come from the heart, the method comes from the hands|labels=no}}
* 有吞則吞, 無吞則側{{snd}}Swallow if it needs to, but if can not swallow turn to the side.
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Sau Hoi Sun Chum}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=手去身沉|l=[when] the hands go out sink the body|labels=no}}
* 及雙單要醒{{snd}}Get smart on the single and double. <small>''(Contributor's Note: This refers to the turning of the body half side on "single" and fully square on "double" and knowing when and why to switch back and forth during a fight).''</small>
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Kiu Loi Kui Sheung Gor}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=橋來橋上過|l=if a bridge comes cross over it|labels=no}}
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Mo Kiu Ji Jo Kiu}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=無橋自造橋|l=if there is no bridge, make one|labels=no}}
* {{zh|c=兩橋不歸隨手轉|l=Do not retrieve the bridges, but change the hands|labels=no}}, which refers to how the hands, upon making contact with the opponent, do not need to withdraw to attack again, but can stick to the opponent, to sense, adapt and change according to the situation


====Body posture (身法)====
<small>''(Contributor's Note: this poem is difficult to translate or understand without knowledge of kung fu and internal nei-gong practice. There are references to the energy systems of float, swallow, sink and spit and how to cycle through them, with the interaction between the breath and Qi.'')</small>
* Dropping the shoulders and elbows is required ({{lang|zh-Hans|要求沉肩墜肘}})
* Swallow the chest and arch the back ({{lang|zh-Hans|吞胸拔背}})
* Do not overdo the swallowing, do not spit ({{lang|zh-Hans|吞不能死, 吐不能盡}})
* Swallow if needed, but if not turn to the side ({{lang|zh-Hans|有吞則吞}}, {{lang|zh-Hans|無吞則側}})
* Get smart on the single and double ({{lang|zh-Hans|及雙單要醒}}). This refers to turning half to the side on "single" and fully square on "double" and knowing when and why to switch back and forth during a fight.


===The five large and small strengths===
===Five large and five small strengths===
五大勁 (Ng Dai Geng; The 5 large strengths):
The {{lang|zh-Latn|Ng Dai Geng}} ({{zh|c=五大勁|l=five large strengths|labels=no}}) are:


* 腰勁{{snd}}Yui Geng; waist power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Yui Geng}}{{snd}}腰勁; waist power
* 馬勁{{snd}}Ma Geng; stance or leg power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Ma Geng}}{{snd}}馬勁; stance or leg power
* 橋勁{{snd}}Kiu Geng; bridge or arm power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Kiu Geng}}{{snd}}橋勁; bridge or arm power
* 胸勁{{snd}}Hong Geng; chest or torso power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Hong Geng}}{{snd}}胸勁; chest or torso power
* 頭勁{{snd}}Tau Geng; head power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tau Geng}}{{snd}}頭勁; head power


五小勁 (Ng Siu Geng; 5 small strengths):
The {{lang|zh-Latn|Ng Siu Geng}} ({{zh|c=五小勁|l=five small strengths|labels=no}}) are:


* 額勁{{snd}}Ngak Geng; Forehead power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Ngak Geng}}{{snd}}額勁 forehead power
* 眼勁{{snd}}Ngan Geng; Eyes power
* 眼勁{{snd}}{{lang|zh-Latn|Ngan Geng}}; eyes power
* 牙勁{{snd}}Ngar Geng; Teeth power
* 牙勁{{snd}}{{lang|zh-Latn|Ngar Geng}}; teeth power
* 喉勁{{snd}}How Geng; Throat power
* 喉勁{{snd}}{{lang|zh-Latn|How Geng}}; throat power
* 頸勁{{snd}}Gen Geng; Neck power
* 頸勁{{snd}}{{lang|zh-Latn|Gen Geng}}; neck power


===Three treasures of towns and mountains (三大鎮山之寳)===
===Three treasures of towns and mountains (三大鎮山之寶)===
* 拿龍爪{{snd}}Nar Loong Jau; dragon seizing claw
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Nar Loong Jau}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=拿龍爪|l=grasping dragon claw|labels=no}}
* 拔山功{{snd}}But Saan Gong; lifting the mountain power
* Lifting the mountain power
* Shock power
* 驚彈勁{{snd}}Gen Tan Geng; shock power
* 疊骨功{{snd}}Dip Gwut Gong; Rib bone power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Dip Gwut Gong}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=疊骨功|l=rib bone power|labels=no}}
* 穿山甲{{snd}}Chuen Saan Gap; Pangolin press ups
* Pangolin press ups
* 鐵指功{{snd}}Tit Jee Gong; Iron finger power
* {{lang|zh-Latn|Tit Jee Gong}}{{snd}}{{zh|c=鐵指功|l=iron finger power|labels=no}}


== See also ==
== See also ==

Latest revision as of 17:09, 28 October 2024

For the form derived from Choy Gar and Hung Ga, see Jow-Ga kung fu.
Tung Kong Chow Gar Tong Long
東江周家螳螂
Also known asChow Gar
FocusStriking
Country of originChina
CreatorChow Ah Naam
Famous practitionersLau Soei (劉水), Yip Shui (葉瑞)
ParenthoodSouthern Shaolin Kung Fu, Shanxi kung fu
Olympic sportNo
Part of a series on
Chinese martial arts (Wushu)
Terms
Historical locations
Legendary figures
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Tung Kong Chow Gar Tong Long (Chinese: 東江周家螳螂; pinyin: dōngjiāng zhōujiā tángláng; lit. 'Dong River Chow Family Praying Mantis'), or simply Chow Gar (周家), is a southern Chinese martial art (kung fu) of the Hakka (客家) people.[citation needed] It is one of the four major schools of Southern Praying Mantis, the other schools being Chu Gar (朱家; 'Chu Family'), Kwong Sai Jook Lum (江西竹林; 'Jiangxi Bamboo Forest'), and Tit Ngau (鐵牛; 'Iron Ox'). It is an aggressive style of kung fu with an emphasis on close-range fighting. These skills are developed by utilizing a range of training techniques that have been developed over several centuries.

This style is unrelated to Jow-Ga kung fu (周家), a southern Chinese martial art founded by Jow Lung in the early 1900s. It is also unrelated to the Northern Praying Mantis systems such as Seven Star Praying Mantis (七星螳螂拳), Plum Blossom Praying Mantis (梅花螳螂拳), and Tai Chi Praying Mantis (太極螳螂拳).

Introduction

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History

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The history of Chow Gar was transmitted orally with little supporting documentation until the 1900s. The origins of the system are similar to other martial arts of the Hakka community with references to the Southern Shaolin Monastery and exploits centered around southern China. Information before the turn of the 20th century is speculative at best. In the modern era, Lau Soei is recognized by both Chow Gar and Chu Gar practitioners as the leading promoter of this style. The leading authorities on Chow Gar are the students of Yip Shui, and their schools can be found worldwide.

Lineage of past masters

[edit]
  • Chow Ah Naam (周亞南) is the traditional founder of Chow Gar in the 19th century. He is said[by whom?] to have spent many years in the Southern Shaolin Monastery under the guidance of the abbot Sim See Yan. He later developed a new style which he called Praying Mantis after watching a fight between a praying mantis and a bird. His style is not related to the Northern Praying Mantis style created by Wang Lang (王朗) during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Chow taught the style to many people in the region, including his student Wong Fook Go.
  • Wong Fook Go (黃福高) was initially a layperson but later became a traveling monk. He traveled throughout southern China including Waiyeung (Huiyang) village in the area of Tungkun (Dongguan).
  • Lau Soei (劉水; 1866–1942) was an accomplished teacher of martial arts in his home village of Waiyeung in Guangdong Province, before meeting Wong. Oral traditions suggest that Lau challenged Wong but was soundly defeated by him. Lau then became a student of Wong and became proficient in Chow Gar. Using this knowledge, he further enhanced his reputation and earned the nickname "Number one of the three Dongjiang tigers" (東江三虎之一).[1] In 1913, Lau moved to Hong Kong and established a Southern Praying Mantis school in Kowloon. Initially, he would teach his system only to members of the Hakka community. Near the end of his career, he opened up his teachings to the general public.
  • Yip Shui (葉瑞; 啟瑞; 1912–2004), who was one of Lau's first non-Hakka students, perpetuated his tradition after training extensively with his predecessor. He established a reputation for the effectiveness of the Chow Gar style by meeting all challenges[citation needed]. Yip died in 2004.

Masters in Hong Kong

[edit]

After the passing of Grandmaster Yip Shui in 2004, the legacy of Chow Gar continues to be taught and passed down to future generations. Listed below are some of the masters who are currently teaching the system in Hong Kong:

  • Yip Chee Keung (葉志強), the son of Yip Shui, continues the family tradition as the inheritor, gatekeeper, and Grandmaster of the system. Chee Keung emigrated to London, England in the 1970s, where he established a Chow Gar school.[2] Chee Keung currently[when?] resides in Hong Kong but regularly travels abroad to teach in Hungary and the UK.
  • Ng Si Kay (吳士麒), Yip Shui's son-in-law, is the current head instructor for the Chow Gar Mantis Association (International) based in Hong Kong.[3]
  • Li Tin Loi (李天來), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Hong Kong Tung Kong Chow Gar Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association (香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會).[4] In recent years, master Li has joined with other masters of Hakka kung fu to form the Hakka Kung Fu and Culture Research Society,[5] with the goal of preserving and promoting the traditions of Hakka martial arts and culture such as the Unicorn Qilin dance.
  • Ng Woon Hang (吳煥亨), a student of Yip Shui, teaches at the Chow Gar Praying Mantis Kung Fu Association (周家螳螂國技會) in Mong Kok.[6]

Masters around the world

[edit]

In the UK, Paul Whitrod started training in Chow Gar at the age of 15 at Yip Chee Keung's school in 1975. Whitrod later visited and trained in Hong Kong where he stayed at Grandmaster Yip Shui's home and became a closed-door student (入室弟子), learning the finer details of the system and traditional dit da medicine. In the fall of 1986, Whitrod opened his first full-time school in London, and the following year invited his Sigung Yip Shui and Sifu Yip Chee Keung to London, where they made Whitrod the UK representative of Chow Gar.[7] Whitrod continues to teach at his school in Stratford, London, and has taught many students over the years, many of whom have gone on to spread the art in other countries, including Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, Greece, and the US.

Australian Chow Gar practitioner Paul Brennan, an original student of Yip Chee Keung and his father Yip Shui, then became a closed-door student of Master Ng Si Kay and as of 2023 offers classes at several locations in Queensland, Australia.[8]

Chow Gar's Hungary branch has a following with many students. The school is led by Sifu Bálint Vitárius, who started his martial arts studies in 1996. He has been learning directly from Yip Chee Keung since 2005.[9]

In the United States, one of Yip Shui's first-generation students, Ngai Piu Tan, went to New York City in the late 1950s to 1960 in search of opportunity. He started to teach Praying Mantis, and by chance one of his kung fu brothers from Hong Kong also arrived in NYC and had a location for him to teach in Manhattan's Chinatown, where the exclusive club remains to this day.[when?] Over time other students of Yip Shui made their way to NYC. In the 1970s, Lee Kwun, Yip Shui's brother-in-law and one of his earliest students, emigrated to the city and took over the Chow Gar Praying Mantis club until his passing in May 2023. The club remains in its original location and is the first and oldest club in the country.

Forms

[edit]

There are many different forms in the Chow Gar system and each instructor may teach a variety of them. In addition to the solo forms, there are also numerous pair forms for empty hands and weapons, and many two-person drills (樁; zhuāng) to train technique, sensitivity, and power.

The names for some of the solo forms found in the system include:[4]

Core fist forms

[edit]

Chow Gar has a core set of basic forms that all instructors from different schools and lineages teach. The first three forms are known as the seed forms (拳種, lit. 'boxing') of the system and are usually the first three forms taught to beginner students to familiarize them with the correct mantis structure and shape. The last two forms in the list are also commonly taught by every school:

  • Sarm Bo Jin (三步箭; 'three-step arrow')
  • Sarm Jin Yiu Kiu (三箭搖橋; 'three arrows shaking bridge')
  • Sarm Jin Pai Kiu (三箭批橋; 'three arrows shaving bridge')
  • Sarm Gong Pin Kiu or Sarm Gong Bik Kiu (三弓片橋/三弓迫橋; 'three bows slicing or pressing bridge')
  • Fut Sau, (佛手; 'Buddha's hand')

Intermediate forms

[edit]

Chow Gar has a modular syllabus; the names and order of the forms may vary depending on the instructor. Some of the intermediate-level forms (中級) have relatively short sequences and can be trained in combination with other sections. Some of the intermediate forms are:

  • Yum Yeung Sau (陰陽手; 'yin yang hands'), Yum Yeung Tow Jeung (陰陽吐掌; 'yin yang spitting palms'), or Yum Yeung Kam Sau (陰陽冚手; 'yin yang covering hand')
  • Sup Jee Kau Da Sau (十字扣打手; 'ten-stroke striking hands')
  • Law Suen Sau (Chinese: 螺旋手; lit. 'spiral hands')
  • Banging on the drum
  • Tow Mow Sau (吐霧手; 'spitting mist hands')
  • Seong Tow Sau (雙吐手; 'double spitting hands')
  • Pao Tow Quan (拋吐拳; 'throwing punches')
  • Leep Kiu (獵橋; 'hunting the bridge')
  • Gau Si Mun Sau
  • Mo Ying Sau (無影手; 'shadowless hands')
  • Chor Kui (挫橋; 'breaking the bridge')
  • Say Ban Gen Tan (四板驚彈; 'four-direction shock power')
  • Gen Tan Geng Sau (驚彈勁手; 'shock power hand')

Advanced forms

[edit]
  • Second and third level Sarm Bo Jin (二, 三級三步箭)
  • Poon Loong Keok (蟠龍腳; 'coiling dragon leg')
  • Sup Baat Yau Loong Sau (十八游龍手; '18 swimming dragon hands')
  • Bic Saan Quan (迫山拳; 'pressing the mountain fist')
  • Chin Si Sau (纏絲手; 'silk-wrapped hands')
  • Dai Siu Lin Wan Sau (大小連環手; 'large and small circular handshake')
  • Bo Sim Sau (捕蟬手; 'cicada-catching hand')
  • Say Mun Sau (四門手; 'four-gate hand')
  • Hall of light steps

Qigong sets

[edit]

There are many internal energy (Chinese: 氣功; pinyin: qigong; Jyutping: hei3 gung1) exercises found in the system, which can be broadly put into three categories: exercises for maintaining health (養生功; joeng5sang1 gung1), exercises for protecting the body from physical attacks (護體功; wu6 tai2 gung1), and exercises for developing the body and power for fighting (博擊功; bok3 gik1 gung1).

Some of the key sets are:

  • Sup Baat Um Geng Sau (十八暗勁手; '18 hidden power hands')
  • Hap Jeung Gong (合掌功; 'clamping palm power')
  • Hoot Sar Jeung (血沙掌; 'blood [and] sand palm')
  • But Saan Gong (拔山功; 'lifting the mountain power')

Weapons

[edit]

The main weapon in Chow Gar is a long pole, the dan tou gun (單頭棍; 'single-headed staff'). This type of polearm is typically around 7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m) and is tapered.

The long pole forms include:

  • Ng Hang Gwun (五行棍; 'five element pole')
  • Dook Sair Gwun (毒蛇棍; 'poison snake pole')
  • Bo Sim Gwun (捕蟬棍; 'cicada-catching pole')
  • Lau Seoi Gwun (劉水棍; 'Lau Soei's pole [form]')
  • Wong Ngau Chin Joi Gwun (黃牛鑽咀棍; 'yellow cattle drill bit pole')

Other weapons include:

  • Tse Mo Sheung Do (子母雙刀; 'mother and son double knives')
  • Tit Chek (鐵尺; 'iron ruler')
  • Joi Fung Gim (追風劍; 'wind-chasing sword')
  • Dan Do (單刀; 'broadsword')
  • Dai Paa (大耙; 'trident' or 'big rake')
  • Hakka Til or Sheung Tau Gwun (客家挑 or 雙頭棍; 'Hakka pick' or 'double-headed staff')
  • Tit Jim (鐵針; 'metal needle')
  • Walking stick
  • Umbrella (傘)

Weapons pair work includes:

  • Pole vs pole
  • Pole vs tit chek
  • Empty hand vs butterfly knives
  • Spear vs broadsword and shield

Techniques

[edit]

Basic movements

[edit]

In 1965, Grandmaster Yip Shui published the book Mantis Boxing Basic Techniques (螳螂拳散手; Tong Long Quan San Sau), wherein he described the history of the style along with explanations and instructions for some of the most common basic techniques (散手; San Sau) and fundamental training methods found within the system.

There are at least 36 basic movements consisting of one or three moves, including:

  1. Bow Chong (包椿; 'wrap up punch')
  2. Gau Choi (絞槌; 'twisting punch')
  3. Yui Sau (搖手; 'shake off hand')
  4. Chuen Sau (傳手; 'passing hand')
  5. Cye Sau (拪手; 'deflecting hand')
  6. Narp Sau (押手; 'pressing hand')
  7. Saw Sau (鎖手; 'lock hand')
  8. Man Dan Sau (掹單手; 'single hand throw')
  9. Doa Sau (抖手; 'trembling hand')
  10. Kum La Sau or Kum Na Ja Jook (擒拿手 or 擒拿揸捉; 'grappling hand' or 'capture')
  11. Kum Jin Sau (擒箭手; 'seizing arrow hand')
  12. Ying Kum Sau (鷹擒手; 'eagle seizing hand')
  13. Got Sau (割手; 'backhand cut')
  14. Kok Choi (角槌; 'angled punch')
  15. Suet Sau (雪手; 'sweeping hand') or Mut Sau
  16. Yong Sau (lit. 'upward reaching hand')
  17. Pai Sau (批手; 'slicing hand')
  18. Chum Chung Sau (沉掙手; 'sinking elbow hand')
  19. Lim Chung Sau (拈掙手; 'picking elbow hand')
  20. Dun Chung (墩掙; 'backward elbow')
  21. Tai Sau (帶手; 'carrying hand')
  22. Chup Sau (插手; 'straight thrusting hand')
  23. Yum Yearn Kum Sau (陰陽冚手; 'yin yang covering hand')
  24. Jor Yau Biu Sau (左右標手; 'left and right finger thrusting hand')
  25. Din Sau (鼎手; 'ding hand'; a ding is an ancient Chinese three-legged ceremonial cauldron)
  26. Jin Sau (剪手; 'scissor or shearing hand')
  27. Soc Sau (索手; 'shock pulling hand')
  28. Lau Sau (漏手; 'leaking hand')
  29. Deng Choi (釘槌; 'nailing hook punch')
  30. Cheet Jeung (切掌; 'cutting palm strike')
  31. Yum Yearn Yuet Jeung (陰陽乙掌; 'yin yang second palm')
  32. Pin Chung (掽掙; 'bumping elbow')

Other techniques not mentioned in the book:

  • Noi Choi Fun Sau or Fun Sau (分手; 'splitting hand')
  • Larp Sau (lit. 'snatch hand')
  • Kwor Sau (lit. 'circle over hand')
  • Pik Sau (辟手; 'opening hand')
  • Jin Choi (箭槌; 'straight arrow punch')
  • Siep Choi (lit. 'to slip in punch')
  • Pin Kiu (片橋; 'slicing bridge')
  • Chor Kiu (挫橋; 'smashing bridge')

Training methods

[edit]

The Chow Gar system has numerous training methods for both solo and partner training. There are a few very important exercises that every Chow Gar practitioner must practice from the beginning and continue to train constantly and consistently, even at the advanced levels. These are Sarm Bo Jin, Chy Sau, Doi Chong, and Chuen Saan Gap.

Sarm Bo Jin

[edit]

Sarm Bo Jin is the first and most important form that is learnt in the system. It develops all the foundations required to progress in this system, and training in this form never stops.

Chy Sau

[edit]

The Chy sau (搓手; 'grinding hands' or 'grinding arm') exercise is done with a partner and aims to develop the power of the body into the arms and the bridge. There are several variations of this exercise with emphasis on different aspects of training.

Pair drills

[edit]

Doi chong (對樁; 'pair drills') are exercises that take the skills developed from Sarm Bo Jin and Chy sau, and teach how to use them on a partner and how to handle incoming attacks, both while staying balanced and with the correct structure and form.

The exercises are initially done with both arms together, Seong Chong (雙樁; 'double [arm] drill'), then progress to alternating each arm Dan Chong (單樁; 'single [arm] drill') which is done with increasing resistance, speed and intensity. Eventually, every technique within the system can be trained in this format as a pair drill.

There are many pair drills in the system that are used to help train different techniques, conditioning, sensitivity and power. They include:

  • Seong Chong
  • Dan Chong
  • Lim Chung Chong (拈掙樁; 'elbow pick drill'), or Cye Sau Gau Choi Chong (篩手絞搥樁; 'deflecting hand hammer fist drill')
  • Gau Choi Chong
  • Hoi Kui Chong (開橋樁; 'opening the bridge drill')
  • Sheung Toi Chong (上退樁; 'advance and retreat drill')
  • Man Dan Sak Kiu (掹單殺橋; 'single hand throw kill the bridge [drill]')
  • Sher Ying Shu Bo (蛇形鼠步; 'serpentine rat steps')

Pangolin press-up

[edit]

Chuen Saan Gap (穿山甲; 'pangolin') is a type of press-up where the practitioner dives to the ground and then back up again. The action resembles that of a pangolin when it burrows into the ground, hence the name. As this practice advances to later stages, this can be done on the fingertips with the hands in the shape of a claw, and also one-handed. Over time, this exercise can develop tremendous strength in the fingers, elbows and arms.

Special skills and characteristics of the style

[edit]

All martial art styles have their own unique aspects and special skill sets that distinguish them from other styles. Chow Gar also has some unique skills which aim to give the practitioner an advantage during a physical confrontation. Some of these skills are described below:

Shock power

[edit]

The short-range shock power or startled power (驚彈勁法) is a basic characteristic of this style. According to legend, this technique was created when founder Chow Ah Naam saw a praying mantis fighting off a blackbird using quick sudden movements.

In Chow Gar, there are three stages of achieving this type of power. The initial stage is referred to as cho ging or rough unrefined natural power and strength. The second stage is a type of refined and trained controllable power called um ging or hidden power. The final stage is the shock power geng tan ging.

Four directional power

[edit]

This skill trains the techniques so that within each movement, the power is never only in one single direction or plane, but in multiple directions (四板勁; 'four plank power'). Essentially this skill allows defence and offence to be combined into one movement.

Principles and theory

[edit]

There are many poems and maxims related to Chow Gar which aim to help students understand how the system works and how they should train and practice.

Morality and ethics

[edit]
  • Chinese: 遵親遵師遵教訓; pinyin: Zūn qīn zūn shī zūn jiàoxùn; lit. 'Obey [one's] parents', 'obey [one's] teachers', 'obey [their] lessons'
  • 學仁學義學功夫; Xué rén xué yìxué gōngfū; 'Learn benevolence', 'learn righteousness', 'learn kung fu'

Poems and maxims

[edit]

Each style has its own requirements on the body structure for application, which are expressed by the body, hands and steps. The Chow Gar system has some unique characteristics regarding its body structure that are passed down in poems.[10]

Characteristics of posture (莊頭)

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  • Yuan Diu Sok – 懸吊索; 'suspended sling' or 'hanging noose', referring to the arms which should be like a hanging noose that suddenly opens and contracts
  • Kum Na Ja Jook; seize and catch
  • Chin Jee Tau – 千字頭; 'thousand character head', referring to keeping the chin tucked into the neck, in resemblance to the 千 character
  • Wa Jai Sut – 蛙仔膝; 'young frog knees'
  • Sau Gei Bui – 筲箕背; 'woven basket back', referring to the shape of the upper back being curved or rounded like that of a basket to engage the posterior back muscles and not just the superficial muscles of the arms when applying the techniques
  • Tit Chek Yui – 鐵尺腰; 'iron ruler waist'

Principles (心法)

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  • Maa Bo Ding But Ding, Baat But Baat – 馬步丁不丁, 八不八; '[one's] stance is like a T but not a T', 'like a V but not a V'
  • Sau Chong Sum How Faat – 手從心口發; 'start [with] hands that come from the heart'
  • Lei But Loi, Ngor But Faat – 你不來, 我不發; 'if you do not come', 'I will not advance'
  • Sau Chong Sum Faat, Fat Chong Sau Chut – 手從心發, 法從手出; 'the hands come from the heart', 'the method comes from the hands'
  • Sau Hoi Sun Chum – 手去身沉; '[when] the hands go out sink the body'
  • Kiu Loi Kui Sheung Gor – 橋來橋上過; 'if a bridge comes cross over it'
  • Mo Kiu Ji Jo Kiu – 無橋自造橋; 'if there is no bridge', 'make one'
  • 兩橋不歸隨手轉; 'Do not retrieve the bridges', 'but change the hands', which refers to how the hands, upon making contact with the opponent, do not need to withdraw to attack again, but can stick to the opponent, to sense, adapt and change according to the situation

Body posture (身法)

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  • Dropping the shoulders and elbows is required (要求沉肩墜肘)
  • Swallow the chest and arch the back (吞胸拔背)
  • Do not overdo the swallowing, do not spit (吞不能死, 吐不能盡)
  • Swallow if needed, but if not turn to the side (有吞則吞, 無吞則側)
  • Get smart on the single and double (及雙單要醒). This refers to turning half to the side on "single" and fully square on "double" and knowing when and why to switch back and forth during a fight.

Five large and five small strengths

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The Ng Dai Geng (五大勁; 'five large strengths') are:

  • Yui Geng – 腰勁; waist power
  • Ma Geng – 馬勁; stance or leg power
  • Kiu Geng – 橋勁; bridge or arm power
  • Hong Geng – 胸勁; chest or torso power
  • Tau Geng – 頭勁; head power

The Ng Siu Geng (五小勁; 'five small strengths') are:

  • Ngak Geng – 額勁 forehead power
  • 眼勁 – Ngan Geng; eyes power
  • 牙勁 – Ngar Geng; teeth power
  • 喉勁 – How Geng; throat power
  • 頸勁 – Gen Geng; neck power

Three treasures of towns and mountains (三大鎮山之寶)

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  • Nar Loong Jau – 拿龍爪; 'grasping dragon claw'
  • Lifting the mountain power
  • Shock power
  • Dip Gwut Gong – 疊骨功; 'rib bone power'
  • Pangolin press ups
  • Tit Jee Gong – 鐵指功; 'iron finger power'

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Hong Kong Martial Arts Masters (香港武林名師)". Hong Kong Wushu & Art Service Centre. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  2. ^ Yip Chee Keung. "London home of Chow Family Kung Fu". Tung Kong Chow Family Praying Mantis Kung Fu. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
  3. ^ Ng Si Kay. "東江周家螳螂國術協會". Chow Gar Mantis Association International. Archived from the original on 2007-03-25. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  4. ^ a b Li Tin Loi. "香港東江周家螳螂李天來拳術會". Hong Kong Tong Kong Chow Ka-Praying Mantis Li Tin Loi Martial Arts Association. Retrieved 2008-09-01.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Home". hakkakungfu.com.
  6. ^ Ng, Woon Hang. "周家螳螂國技會". Chow Gar Mantis Kung Fu Association.
  7. ^ Whitrod, Paul. "History". Hakka Chow Gar Southern Mantis Association UK. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  8. ^ Farlow, Dan. "Chowgar Home". chowgar.com.au. Retrieved 2019-11-22.
  9. ^ "MyChowgar.com". Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  10. ^ "拳架造型和心法" [Boxing form and mentality]. Southern Mantis - Li Tin Loi (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 2023-04-15. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
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