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{{Short description|Battle between Croesus of Lydia and Cyrus the Great of Persian Empire}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Pteria
| conflict = Battle of Pteria
|partof=the [[Wars of Cyrus the Great|Campaigns of Cyrus the Great]]
| partof = the [[Wars of Cyrus the Great|Campaigns of Cyrus the Great]]
|image=
| image =
|caption=
| caption =
| map_type = West Asia
⚫
|date=Autumn 547 BC
| map_relief = yes
|place=[[Pteria (Turkey)|Pteria]], [[Cappadocia]]
⚫
| coordinates = {{coord|39.9167|N|35.3333|E|source:wikidata|display=inline, title}}
⚫
|casus=Lydian invasion of Pteria.
| map_size = 300
|territory=Pteria part of Anatolia, lost by Lydia, captured by Persia.
| map_marksize = 7
|result=[[Tactical victory|Tactical]] [[stalemate]];<br />[[Strategic victory|Strategic]] [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] victory.
| map_caption = Approximate location of the Battle of Pteria
|combatant1=[[Lydia|Lydian Empire]],<br />[[Babylonia]]n mercenaries,<br />[[Arabia]]n mercenaries,<br />Greek mercenaries
| map_label =
⚫
|combatant2=[[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]
⚫
| date = Autumn 547 BC
|commander1=[[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]],<br />[[Artacamas]] of [[Phrygia]],<br />[[Aribaeus]] of [[Cappadocia]],<br />[[Aragdus]] of [[Arabia]],<br />[[Gabaedus]] of [[Hellespont]],<br />unknown others
| place = [[Pteria (Turkey)|Pteria]], [[Cappadocia]]<br />(modern-day [[Kerkenes]], [[Yozgat Province|Yozgat]], [[Turkey]])
|commander2=[[Cyrus the Great]],<br />[[Abradatas]],<br />unknown others
⚫
| casus = Lydian invasion of Pteria.
⚫
|strength1=<br />95,000<ref> Spencer, C. Tucker ''Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict '', ABC-Clio Inc, (2010) p.563</ref>
| result = Indecisive<ref>{{Citation |last1=Schmitt |first1=Rüdiger |title=GREECE |date=2020-08-20 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/greece-COM_2460 |access-date=2024-03-12 |publisher=Brill |language=en |last2=Miller |first2=Margaret C. |last3=Duchesne-Guillemin |first3=Jacques |last4=Shaki |first4=Mansour |last5=Bichler |first5=Reinhold |last6=Rollinger |first6=Robert |last7=Boucharlat |first7=Rémy |last8=Rapin |first8=Claude |last9=Davis |first9=Dick|quote=When the Lydian and the Persian army confronted each other in Cappadocian Pteria (Herodotus 1.75 ff.), the battle ended inconclusively the same evening.}}</ref>
⚫
|strength2=<br />20,000<ref>Eggenberger, David, ''An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present'', Courier Dover Publications, (1985) p. 386</ref>
| combatant1 = [[Lydia|Lydian Empire]]
⚫
|casualties1=Heavy<sup>1</sup>
⚫
| combatant2 = [[File:Standard of Cyrus the Great.svg|20px]] [[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]
⚫
|casualties2=Heavy<sup>2</sup>
| commander1 = [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]]
|notes=<sup>1</sup> [[Herodotus]] states that the Lydian forces "fell very short of the enemy."<br /><sup>2</sup> "[...] upon both sides the number of the slain was great; nor had victory declared in favour of either party, [...]"
| commander2 = [[File:Standard of Cyrus the Great.svg|20px]] [[Cyrus the Great]]
| strength1 = 95,000{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=563}} (ancient sources)
| strength2 = 20,000{{sfn|Eggenberger|1985|p=386}} (ancient sources)
⚫
| casualties1 = Heavy
⚫
| casualties2 = Heavy
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Cyrus the Great}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Cyrus the Great}}
At the '''Battle of Pteria''' ({{lang-grc|Πτερία}}) in 547 BC, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] forces of [[Cyrus the Great]] fought a drawn battle with the invading [[Lydia]]n forces of [[Croesus]], forcing Croesus to withdraw back west into his own kingdom.
The '''Battle of Pteria''' ({{langx|grc|Πτερία}}) was fought in 547 BC between the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] forces of [[Cyrus the Great]] and the [[Lydia]]n forces of [[Croesus]]. Both armies suffered heavy casualties in this indecisive battle.


==Background==
==Background==
Formerly, the Lydians and [[Medes]] had arranged that the natural boundary between the two empires would be the [[Kızıl River|Halys River]]. Croesus learned of the sudden Persian uprising and defeat of his longtime rivals, the Medes. He attempted to opportunistically use these set of events to expand his borders upon the eastern frontier of Lydia. He made an alliance with Chaldea, Egypt and several Greek city-states, including Sparta.
Croesus learned of the sudden Persian uprising and defeat of his longtime rivals, the Medes. He attempted to use these set of events to expand his borders upon the eastern frontier of Lydia, by making an alliance with Chaldea, Egypt and several Greek city-states, including [[Sparta]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=35}} Prior to his invasion, Croesus asked the Oracle of Delphi for advice. The Oracle suggested vaguely that, "if King Croesus crosses the Halys River, a great empire will be destroyed."{{sfn|Mikalson|2003|p=56}} Croesus received these words most favorably, instigating a war that would ironically and eventually end not the Persian Empire but his own.{{sfn|Mikalson|2003|p=56}}


Croesus began the campaign with an invasion of [[Cappadocia]], crossing the [[Halys River|Halys]] and capturing [[Pteria (Turkey)|Pteria]],{{sfn|Brosius|2006|p=11}} then capital of the district and formidable as a fortress. The city was sacked,{{efn|McMahon and Steadman state Croesus demolished Pteria.{{sfn|McMahon|Steadman|2011|p=564}}}} and the inhabitants enslaved.{{sfn|Allen|1910|p=315}}
==Motives==

Croesus may have intended re-instating his brother-in-law, Astages on the Median throne. It is also possible that he was trying to pre-empt a Persian invasion of Lydia.
Cyrus advanced to halt the Lydian incursion.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2012|p=123}} He incorporated northern Mesopotamia, while receiving the voluntary capitulation of Armenia, Cappadocia, and Cilicia.{{sfn|Shahbazi|2012|p=123}}


==Battle==
==Battle==
Croesus began the campaign with an invasion of [[Cappadocia]], crossing the [[Halys]] and capturing [[Pteria]], then capital of the district and formidable as a fortress; The city was sacked, and the inhabitants enslaved. <ref>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', (Penguin Books, 1983), I., p. 71</ref>Meanwhile, Cyrus had advanced to halt the Lydian incursion, and the armies met in the vicinity of the fallen city. The battle appears to have been fierce, but indecisive; Both sides sustained considerable casualties; in the aftermath, the outnumbered Croesus withdrew across the Halys. The retreat of Croesus is represented by [[Herodotus]] as a stretegic decision to suspend operations until their armies were more evenly matched, by arrival of reinforcements from his allies the [[Babylonians]], the [[Egyptians]] and particularly the [[Spartans]].<ref>Herodotus ''The Histories'', (Penguin Books, 1983), I., p. 71</ref> Though losses were more or less equal, Croesus apparently thought he had inflicted sufficiently heavy losses on the [[Persians]] to cripple Cyrus for the winter, as he disbanded his army shortly after reaching his own territory.<ref>Herodotus, I., p. 72</ref>
Both armies met in the vicinity of the fallen city. Cyrus was said to have been heavily outnumbered, with only 25,000 men against what is said to have been near 100,000 (though this is likely an exaggeration). Fierce urban combat followed, during which Cyrus and Croesus both personally led teams of troops into the streets of the abandoned city. Cyrus' leadership and bravery, along with the refusal of the Persian Immortals to retreat when pressed, is said to allowed the Persians to hold off.{{sfn|Herodotus|1998|p=35}} The urban fighting continued till nightfall, but was inconclusive.{{sfn|Herodotus|1998|p=35}} Both sides sustained considerable casualties; in the aftermath, the outnumbered Croesus withdrew across the Halys.{{sfn|Herodotus|1998|p=35}} The retreat of Croesus was a strategic decision to suspend operations using winter to his advantage, awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from his allies the [[Babylonians]], the [[Egyptians]] and particularly the [[Spartans]].{{sfn|Briant|2002|p=35}}{{sfn|Young|1988|p=34}} This would prove to be a mistake, as Cyrus was able to quickly follow in his enemy's wake while the main Persian army (still mustering) assembled.


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
Despite the arrival of winter, Cyrus continued his march on [[Sardis]].{{sfn|Young|1988|p=34}}
Among historians, the outcome of the battle remains debatable and unclear. Before all of this, and prior to his invasion, Croesus asked the [[Oracle of Delphi]] for advice. The Oracle suggested vaguely that, "if King Croesus crosses the Halys River, a great empire will be destroyed."<ref>Diodorus. 9.31</ref> Croesus received these words with delight, instigating a war that would ironically and eventually end not the Persian Empire but his own. The dispersal of Croesus' army exposed Lydia to the unexpected invasion of Cyrus, who followed almost immediately on Croesus' steps, pursuing him to Sardis.<ref>Herodotus, I., p. 72</ref> The rival kings fought again at the [[Battle of Thymbra]], before Sardis, which ended in a decisive victory for Cyrus the Great.
The dispersal of Croesus' army exposed Lydia to the unexpected winter campaign of Cyrus, who almost immediately followed Croesus back to Sardis.{{sfn|Young|1988|p=34}} The rival kings fought again at the [[Battle of Thymbra]], before Sardis, which ended in a decisive victory for Cyrus the Great.{{sfn|Young|1988|p=34-35}}


==Sources==
==Notes==
{{noteslist}}
* Herodotus. ''The Histories''. Suffolk, England: Penguin Books, 1975.
* Diodorus Siculus. ''Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes with an English Translation by C. H. Oldfather''. Vol. 4-8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989.
* Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Trevor N. Dupuy. ''The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the present''. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.
* Fuller, J.F.C. ''A Military History of the Western World, Volume One''. N.P.: Minerva Press, 1954.
* Kevin Leloux, "La bataille de (la) Ptérie. La Lydie face à la Perse (ca. 547 av. J.-C.)", in Actes du 9e Congrès de l'Association des Cercles Francophones d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Belgique (Liège, 23-26 août 2012), Tome III, volume 2, 2017, p. 407-415. https://www.academia.edu/2102873/La_bataille_de_la_Pt%C3%A9rie._La_Lydie_face_%C3%A0_la_Perse_ca._547_av._J.-C._


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
⚫
{{coord|39.9167|N|35.3333|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Homeric Catalogue |first=T.W. |last=Allen |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies |publisher=The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies |volume=30 |pages=292–322 |year=1910 |doi=10.2307/624307 |jstor=624307 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1899403 }}
*{{cite book |title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire |first=Pierre |last=Briant |publisher=Pennsylvania University Press |year=2002 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Persians |first=Maria |last=Brosius |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 }}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Eggenberger |first=David |title=An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |year=1985 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Histories |last=Herodotus |translator-first=Robin |translator-last=Waterfield |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000-323 BCE) |editor-first1=Gregory |editor-last1=McMahon |editor-first2=Sharon R. |editor-last2=Steadman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book |title=Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars |first=Jon D. |last=Mikalson |publisher=University of North Carolina |year=2003 }}
*{{cite book |title= The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History |editor-first=Touraj |editor-last=Daryaee |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |chapter=The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE) |first=A. Shapour |last=Shahbazi }}
⚫
*{{cite book |first=Spencer C. |last=Tucker |title=Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Boardman |editor-first2=N.G.L. |editor-last2=Hammond |editor-first3=D.M. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first4=M. |editor-last4=Ostwald |volume=IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c.525-479 B.C. |chapter=The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses |first=T. Cuyler |last=Young |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 }}


{{Cyrus the Great}}
{{Cyrus the Great}}
{{Achaemenid Empire}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Pteria}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Pteria}}
[[Category:547 BC]]
[[Category:547 BC]]
[[Category:6th-century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:6th-century BC conflicts|Pteria]]
[[Category:Achaemenid Cappadocia]]
[[Category:Achaemenid Cappadocia]]
[[Category:Battles involving Lydia|Pteria]]
[[Category:Battles involving Lydia|Pteria]]
[[Category:6th century BC]]
[[Category:6th century BC]]
[[Category:Battles of Cyrus the Great]]
[[Category:Battles of Cyrus the Great|Pteria]]

Latest revision as of 19:03, 28 October 2024

Battle of Pteria
Part of the Campaigns of Cyrus the Great
DateAutumn 547 BC
Location
Pteria, Cappadocia
(modern-day Kerkenes, Yozgat, Turkey)
39°55′00″N 35°20′00″E / 39.9167°N 35.3333°E / 39.9167; 35.3333
Result Indecisive[1]
Belligerents
Lydian Empire Achaemenid Empire
Commanders and leaders
Croesus of Lydia Cyrus the Great
Strength
95,000[2] (ancient sources) 20,000[3] (ancient sources)
Casualties and losses
Heavy Heavy
Battle of Pteria is located in West and Central Asia
Battle of Pteria
class=notpageimage|
Approximate location of the Battle of Pteria

The Battle of Pteria (Ancient Greek: Πτερία) was fought in 547 BC between the Persian forces of Cyrus the Great and the Lydian forces of Croesus. Both armies suffered heavy casualties in this indecisive battle.

Background

[edit]

Croesus learned of the sudden Persian uprising and defeat of his longtime rivals, the Medes. He attempted to use these set of events to expand his borders upon the eastern frontier of Lydia, by making an alliance with Chaldea, Egypt and several Greek city-states, including Sparta.[4] Prior to his invasion, Croesus asked the Oracle of Delphi for advice. The Oracle suggested vaguely that, "if King Croesus crosses the Halys River, a great empire will be destroyed."[5] Croesus received these words most favorably, instigating a war that would ironically and eventually end not the Persian Empire but his own.[5]

Croesus began the campaign with an invasion of Cappadocia, crossing the Halys and capturing Pteria,[6] then capital of the district and formidable as a fortress. The city was sacked,[a] and the inhabitants enslaved.[8]

Cyrus advanced to halt the Lydian incursion.[9] He incorporated northern Mesopotamia, while receiving the voluntary capitulation of Armenia, Cappadocia, and Cilicia.[9]

Battle

[edit]

Both armies met in the vicinity of the fallen city. Cyrus was said to have been heavily outnumbered, with only 25,000 men against what is said to have been near 100,000 (though this is likely an exaggeration). Fierce urban combat followed, during which Cyrus and Croesus both personally led teams of troops into the streets of the abandoned city. Cyrus' leadership and bravery, along with the refusal of the Persian Immortals to retreat when pressed, is said to allowed the Persians to hold off.[10] The urban fighting continued till nightfall, but was inconclusive.[10] Both sides sustained considerable casualties; in the aftermath, the outnumbered Croesus withdrew across the Halys.[10] The retreat of Croesus was a strategic decision to suspend operations using winter to his advantage, awaiting the arrival of reinforcements from his allies the Babylonians, the Egyptians and particularly the Spartans.[4][11] This would prove to be a mistake, as Cyrus was able to quickly follow in his enemy's wake while the main Persian army (still mustering) assembled.

Aftermath

[edit]

Despite the arrival of winter, Cyrus continued his march on Sardis.[11] The dispersal of Croesus' army exposed Lydia to the unexpected winter campaign of Cyrus, who almost immediately followed Croesus back to Sardis.[11] The rival kings fought again at the Battle of Thymbra, before Sardis, which ended in a decisive victory for Cyrus the Great.[12]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ McMahon and Steadman state Croesus demolished Pteria.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger; Miller, Margaret C.; Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques; Shaki, Mansour; Bichler, Reinhold; Rollinger, Robert; Boucharlat, Rémy; Rapin, Claude; Davis, Dick (2020-08-20), "GREECE", Encyclopaedia Iranica Online, Brill, retrieved 2024-03-12, When the Lydian and the Persian army confronted each other in Cappadocian Pteria (Herodotus 1.75 ff.), the battle ended inconclusively the same evening.
  2. ^ Tucker 2010, p. 563.
  3. ^ Eggenberger 1985, p. 386.
  4. ^ a b Briant 2002, p. 35.
  5. ^ a b Mikalson 2003, p. 56.
  6. ^ Brosius 2006, p. 11.
  7. ^ McMahon & Steadman 2011, p. 564.
  8. ^ Allen 1910, p. 315.
  9. ^ a b Shahbazi 2012, p. 123.
  10. ^ a b c Herodotus 1998, p. 35.
  11. ^ a b c Young 1988, p. 34.
  12. ^ Young 1988, p. 34-35.

Sources

[edit]
  • Allen, T.W. (1910). "The Homeric Catalogue". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 30. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies: 292–322. doi:10.2307/624307. JSTOR 624307.
  • Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Pennsylvania University Press.
  • Brosius, Maria (2006). The Persians. Routledge.
  • Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Dover Publications.
  • Herodotus (1998). The Histories. Translated by Waterfield, Robin. Oxford University Press.
  • McMahon, Gregory; Steadman, Sharon R., eds. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000-323 BCE). Oxford University Press.
  • Mikalson, Jon D. (2003). Herodotus and Religion in the Persian Wars. University of North Carolina.
  • Shahbazi, A. Shapour (2012). "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 BCE)". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. ABC-CLIO.
  • Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L.; Lewis, D.M.; Ostwald, M. (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c.525-479 B.C. Cambridge University Press.
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